Mwanjira ina, Misonkhano Yapachaka ya Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) sabata yamawa ku Marrakech idzayang'ana kwambiri za chivomezi choopsa komanso kuwonongeka kwa kusefukira kwa madzi ku Morocco ndi Libya, motsatana - kuwonetsa kusowa kwa zomangamanga zokhazikika, makamaka pambuyo pake. boma lidalemala chifukwa cha kusintha kwa boma la NATO mu 2011 ndipo madamu osalimba a Derna sanasamalidwe. Zosowa zandalama zomanganso ndizambiri, koma kodi ma BWI ogwirizana nawo, atapatsidwa mbiri yawo?
Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti, msonkhano wa BRICS + ku Johannesburg, South Africa, udadzutsa nkhawa zapadziko lonse lapansi (kapena ngakhale olakwika ndikuyembekeza) kuti ena mwa maulamuliro ankhanza kwambiri padziko lapansi akulumikizana ndipo atha kukumana ndi 'Kumadzulo' mwa zina chifukwa cha ma BWI's olemedwa. ngongole yovomerezeka. Mamembala asanu mwa asanu ndi mmodziwo akuchokera ku Middle East ndi Horn of Africa, kuphatikizapo zowopsa-ngongole Egypt ndi Ethiopia, pomwe membala wina watsopano, Argentina, ali pansi pa Washington chala chachikulu. Ndipo malingaliro amenewo mwina akakamiza kuyambiranso kuchitapo kanthu kwa maulamuliro a BRICS+ ndi Purezidenti watsopano wa Banki Yadziko Lonse, Ajay Banga, ndi Mtsogoleri Woyang'anira Bungwe la International Monetary Fund (IMF) Kristalina Georgiaieva (onani Mkati mwa Mabungwe, Kodi mgwirizano wa njonda ndi chiyani?).
Mbiri yakale ya Banga m'tauni ya Johannesburg ku Soweto Zimene mgwirizano wa Mastercard ndi banki 'kuphatikizidwa ndi ndalama' olimba (Cash Paymaster Services) kuti mu 2020 adakakamizika kulandila atalephera kulipira chindapusa chachinyengo chokulirapo motsutsana ndi boma (kudzera pazabwino zachinyengo mtumiki) ndi mamiliyoni a anthu osauka kwambiri (onani Wopenya chilimwe 2023). Momwemonso, Georgieva anali mkulu wa Banki Yadziko Lonse asanasamuke ku Fund mu 2019, ndipo amakumbukiridwa makamaka chifukwa cha udindo wake mu '.data yozunza'mu Mabanki Akuchita Bizinesi malipoti m'malo mwa pulogalamu ya China ya Foreign Direct Investment. Chinyengo chomwe amanenedwacho chinali chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti adatsala pang'ono kukakamizidwa kusiya utsogoleri wa IMF mu 2021 (onani Wopenya Kutha 2021). Mu mzimu womwewo, oyang'anira ake a IMF omwe adamutsogolera akuphatikizapo Rodrigo Rato, yemwe anali amangidwa chifukwa chachinyengo chachuma mu 2017, Christine Lagarde yemwe anali woweruzidwa mu French ziphuphu zandale mlandu mu 2016, ndi Dominique Strauss-Kahn yemwe anasiya atagwiriridwa mu hotelo ku New York mu 2011 ndipo adazengedwa mlandu (ngakhale kuti mlanduwo udathetsedwa, chigamulo cha wozunzidwayo, woyeretsa hotelo, pambuyo pake adathetsedwa kukhothi).
[Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF] anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito positiyi mu 2011 kuti akhalebe ndi mikhalidwe yofunikira m'mbuyomu, kwinaku akugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chomwe chimawonetsa njira yatsopano komanso yogwirizana ndi zolinga zachilungamo pazachiwembuzo.ADAM HANIEH, POLITICAL SCIENTIST.
Nanga bwanji za njira zopatulika zapadziko lonse za Washington zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa akuluakulu a BWIs kuti athetse katangale wa intra-elite? Kunena zowona, kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa geopolitics nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa mfundo zachuma, monga katswiri wazachuma Rudiger Dornbusch. adanena mu 1998, "IMF ndi chidole cha United States kutsata ndondomeko yake yazachuma kumtunda," vuto lomwe silidzatha pamene Washington ikusungabe mphamvu za veto pa ndondomeko ndi ntchito za Bank ndi Fund, ndikuthandizira olamulira ankhanza (onani M'ma Institutes, IMF ndi World Bank kupanga zisankho ndi utsogoleri). Zaposachedwa kumuyalutsa momwe US โโidagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake ku IMF kuti ithamangitse ngongole ya $ 2 biliyoni ku Pakistan, posinthana ndi zida zankhondo zachangu za $ 900 miliyoni ku Ukraine, ndizochitika zaposachedwa.
Koma pali chifukwa chokulirapo cha ziphuphu zosalekeza: Malingaliro a Neoliberal. Kuchokera kumpoto kwa Africa kupita ku South Africa, kupanga mgwirizano wachuma ndi maboma omwe ali ndi katangale ndizovuta kwambiri ku Bank ndi IMF, ngakhale bungwe la BRICS 'lomwe' lina, New Development Bank, likuwoneka kuti lili ndi vuto lomwelo. mogwirizana ndi khumi ndi awiri aku South Africa mbiri ngongole. Kuphatikiza apo, (adakali pano) BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement imapatsa mphamvu IMF chifukwa ngati dziko likufuna kubwereka ndalama zopitirira 30 peresenti ya gawo lake, liyenera kulembetsa kaye pulogalamu yosinthira - yokonzedwa pa 18th & H Streets NW. Washington DC. Mabungwe a BRICS si njira zina kwenikweni, koma amakulitsa utsogoleri woyipa, potengera kukakamizidwa kwa ndale kuti agwirizane ndi zofuna za obwereketsa - mwachitsanzo a Vladimir Putin. capitalism wamba kapena boma la South Africa utumiki wa mabungwe kupita ku minerals-energy complex - ndi bungwe losapeลตeka la New York lomwe likuwongolera ngongole (onani Wopenya chilimwe 2020). Izi, zomwe zidakakamiza New Development Bank kuti Funsani Zilango zaku Western zachuma motsutsana ndi omwe ali nawo 18 peresenti ku Moscow atangomenya nkhondo ya February 2022 ku Ukraine, ndikuwasunga ngakhale pansi pa utsogoleri wa Banki wa 2023 wa Putin. angakuthandizeni, Dilma Rousseff.
Maphunziro a Arab Spring sanaphunzire ku Washington
Zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, thandizo la IMF ndi Bank likuyandikira kugwa kumpoto kwa Africa. Mu 2011, mamiliyoni a ziwonetsero zolimbikitsa demokalase ku Tunisia, Egypt, Libya ndi Algeria adalimbana ndi nkhanza zochitidwa ndi maboma ankhanza komanso achinyengo kwambiri. Kumbuyo kwa zochitika zonse kunali akuluakulu a Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF omwe ankathandizira (ndipo nthawi zambiri amapereka ndalama) zopanda chilungamo pazachuma, ngakhale kuti kuvutika maganizo kumaika chitsenderezo chosapiririka pa anthu. Wodziwika kwambiri anali Strauss-Kahn, yemwe mu 2008 adalandiridwa ndi wankhanza wa ku Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Mutu wa IMF unapatsidwa Dongosolo la Republic of Tunisia chifukwa cha "zothandizira zake pakulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma padziko lonse lapansi." Strauss-Kahn adachitanso chimodzimodzi, kuthetsa Mfundo zazachuma za Ben Ali "chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri kumayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumeneโฆ.Tunisia ikupita patsogolo mochititsa chidwi pakukonzekera kusintha zinthu ndipo chiyembekezo chake ndi chabwino."
Codifying Strauss-Kahn kuyamika Ben Ali, awiri mwa akatswiri azachuma - Joรซl Toujas-Bernate ndi Rina Bhattacharya - anatengeka in Magazini ya IMF Survey mu 2010 momwe wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Tunisia adalimbikitsa "kusintha kwazinthu zambiri zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo bizinesi komanso kupititsa patsogolo kupikisana kwachuma chake." Iwo adayamika "nzeru zake zoyendetsera chuma chachikulu," "njira yolimbikitsira malonda akunja," mapangano osiyanasiyana amalonda aulere, ndipo, pazachuma, akukonzekera kumasula zomwe "zidzasintha Tunisia kukhala likulu la mabanki komanso msika wandalama m'chigawo."
Mu mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, Toujas-Bernate ndi Bhattacharya anayamika akuluakulu a ku Tunis chifukwa cha "kusintha kwa ndondomeko za msika wa ntchito, maphunziro, ndi ntchito za anthu ogwira ntchito zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu aziyenda komanso kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa kufunikira ndi kupezeka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosinthazi kudzathandizidwa ndi Ngongole zingapo za World Bank Development Policy โ(onani Mkati mwa Institutions, Kodi World Bank Development Policy Financing ndi chiyani?). Mu "kukonzanso dongosolo lachitetezo cha anthu" (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa komwe kungapangitse "kukhazikika kwachuma kwa penshoni") ndikuyesa kuchepetsa "ndalama zothandizira chakudya ndi mafuta," Ben Ali adatamandidwa chifukwa cha "kusintha komwe kumapangitsa kuti boma la misonkho likhale bizinesi yambiri. ochezekaโ kuphatikiza malonjezano โochepetsa mitengo ya misonkho pamabizinesi ndikuchepetsa kuchotserako pokweza mtengo wokhazikika wa Misonkho ya Value Added Tax (VAT), mwachitsanzo, njira yochepetsera misonkho (onani Wopenya Zima 2020).
Kudzipha kwa 17 December 2010-podzipha munthu wamalonda wokhumudwa kwambiri, Mohamed Bouazizi - pambuyo kulanda malo ake a zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, kusonyeza malangizo a Washington kuti afinyitse ma risiti a msonkho kwa osauka - zinayambitsa zigawenga za Arab Spring zomwe zinakankhira Ben Ali kunja. patatha mwezi umodzi. WikiLeaks idawulula momwe ngakhale dipatimenti ya US State idadabwa ndi mabanja a Ben Ali ndi mkazi wake Leila Trabelsi, omwe amalamulira theka la chuma cha dziko komanso omwe, monga Rob Prince. ikani izo, anali โamene akulamulira ntchito zotsatiridwa ndi IMF zimene zachititsa kuti dziko lino lisinthike pazachuma.โ Mu Julayi 2019, bungwe la Truth and Dignity Commission la Tunisia lidatumiza zikumbutso ku Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF, komanso ku France, kufuna kubwezeredwa kwa anthu aku Tunisia omwe adaphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, ponena kuti IMF ndi World Bank ali ndi "gawo laudindo" chipwirikiti cha anthu cholumikizidwa ndi mfundo zosintha zosintha (onani Wopenya Kutha 2019).
Ponena za ulamuliro wa Muammar Gaddafi ku Libya, IMF mu Okutobala 2010 chikondwerero boma la "kuchepetsa ntchito za boma" ndi ogwira ntchito 340,000 omwe adakonzedwa, pomwe amalimbikitsa "kuti pulogalamu yochotsa anthu ntchito ifulumire." Mu February 2011, IMF adalimbikitsidwa "Pulogalamu yofuna kusungira mabanki mwachinsinsi" ndipo "adayamikira akuluakulu aboma chifukwa cha ndondomeko yawo yofuna kusintha, ndipo akuyembekezera kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo ambiri ofunikira omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'chaka chathachi, mothandizidwa ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimayenera kusintha anthu ogwira ntchito kuti asinthe kusintha kwachuma. .โ
New York Times atolankhani Pierre Briancon ndi John Foley adawona momwe, "Ntchito ya thumba la Tripoli idasiyidwa mwanjira ina kuyang'ana ngati 'zofuna zazikulu' zosinthira zidachokera pa chithandizo chamtundu uliwonse. Libya si nkhani yokhayokha. Ndipo IMF sikuwoneka bwino itapereka ndemanga zabwino kumayiko ambiri omwe agwedezeka ndi zigawenga zodziwika bwino m'masabata aposachedwa," kuphatikiza Bahrain, Algeria ndi Egypt. The Times Chodetsa nkhaลตa cha atolankhani chinali chakuti โkutha kwa maulamuliro osakondedwa kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa owaloลตa mโmalowo kutsatira mfundo zomwezo. M'tsogolomu, IMF ingafune kuwonjezera bokosi lina kuti liwone mndandanda wazomwe zili: thandizo lademokalase "(onani Wopenya Zima 2019).
Koma chifukwa chakuti lingalirolo linali lachilendo kwenikweni, IMF kapena Bank sichinawonekere kukhala ndi lingaliro lililonse kuti kulimbikitsa neoliberalism m'maboma achinyengo kungayambitse kusakhazikika kwandale. Lipoti la Banki Yadziko Lonse la February 2011, Tsogolo la Africa ndi thandizo la World Bank kwa izo, ankadzinenera kuti onse a Tunisia ndi Libya anali 'chiwopsezo chochepa' pamapu a "maiko osalimba komanso okhudzidwa ndi mikangano", ngakhale Ben Ali atachotsedwa paudindo chifukwa cha zofuna za anthu ambiri ndipo Libya idasweka.
Ndipo ku Egypt, komwe ulamuliro wankhanza wa Hosni Mubarak komanso utsogoleri wankhondo-kapitalisti unali kubwereka ndalama zambiri, IMF ya Article IV Consultation. adatamandidwa Cairo mu 2010 chifukwa cha "kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma - kuyambitsa msonkho wa katundu, kukulitsa VAT, ndikuchotsa ndalama zothandizira magetsi." Mfundo za Mubarak "zachuma ndi zachuma za chaka chatha zakhala zikugwirizana ndi malangizo a ogwira ntchito. Akuluakulu akudzipereka kuti ayambitsenso kuphatikizika kwachuma mogwirizana ndi malangizo am'mbuyomu kuti athane ndi vuto lazachuma. โ Pakadali kufunikira, IMF idati, "kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu" kuti, "kuyambiranso kusungitsa anthu wamba ndikuwonjezera gawo la Public Private Partnerships okonzedwa bwino komanso okwera mtengo moyenerera."
Kuyambira 25 Januware mpaka 11 February 2011, mamiliyoni a nzika zokwiya zidapita m'misewu ndi Tahrir Square, kukakamiza Mubarak kuti atule pansi udindo. Iye anali pamenepo mobwerezabwereza adapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa ndikutsekeredwa m'ndende chifukwa chobera ndalama zaboma "nyumba za Purezidenti" zomwe sizinali kudziwika ndi IMF ndi Bank.
Koma chifukwa cha njira zotsutsana ndi kusintha kwa miyezi ndi zaka zotsatira, palibe mayiko omwe adayamikiridwa ndi IMF ndi Bank mu 2010 omwe adawona demokalase yokhazikika. Ndipo pamene chilengezo cha G8 Deauville Partnership "chinalonjeza kuthandizira 'kusintha komwe kumalimbikitsa kuwonekera, kuyankha, ndi utsogoleri wabwino' m'maiko achiarabu," monga katswiri wa ndale Adam Hanieh. inanena mu 2015, Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi IMF "anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito positi 2011 mphindi kukhalabe zofunika makhalidwe m'mbuyomu, pamene ntchito chinenero amati njira yatsopano ndi wachifundo ndi chikhalidwe chilungamo zolinga za zipolowe."
Kutsatira ziphunzitso za neoliberal kumatanthauza kuti m'chaka chomwe pulezidenti wa ku Egypt wosankhidwa mwademokalase, Mohamed Morsi, adatumikira (2012-2013) chisanachitike chiwembu chankhondo, IMF idabwereranso. udzafunidwa kuti Cairo igwetsa chakudya ndi mafuta othandizira posinthana ndi ngongole ya $ 4.8 biliyoni. Morsi adazindikira kuti akachita izi zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo choyambitsanso Arab Spring. Ngakhale wolowa m'malo mwake, General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi (yemwe mu 2018 adasankhidwa mwalamulo), adalandira atatu. kupititsa patsogolo ngongole zochokera ku IMF. Mu 2023, ndalama zokwana madola 3 biliyoni zomwe wolamulira wankhanza ku IMF adapempha zinali opikisana pa patsogolo privatization ndi kusinthana kuwongolera kuwongolera.
Nkhaniyi poyamba inali yofanana ku Tunisia, komwe pambuyo pa Lagarde wolankhula mokoma atsogoleri ake atsopano mu 2012, IMF chikhalidwe idaperekedwa pa ngongole mu 2013 ($ 1.7 biliyoni) ndi 2016 ($ 2.8 biliyoni). Koma mu 2023, monga ogwira ntchito zamalonda otsutsa IMF idalamula kukonzanso makampani 100 aboma ndikuchepetsa ndalama zothandizira anthu, Purezidenti wankhanza Kais Saied (yemwe mu 2021 adathetsa nyumba yamalamulo ndikulamulira ndi lamulo) pamapeto pake. anakanidwa ndalama zina za $2 biliyoni za IMF chifukwa cha kutaya ufulu wodzilamulira. Koma ulamuliro wachitetezo wa Saied umayamikiridwa ndi akuluakulu a European Union, omwe adapereka thandizo mowolowa manja kuti athe mlani malire kubwereketsa kwa IMF, kuti achepetse anthu osamukira ku Africa kudutsa Tunisia.
Ukatangale wa ku South Africa ukupitirirabe, ndi ndalama zambiri za IMF ndi Bank kuposa kale
Kumapeto akummwera kwa Africa, IMF ndi Bank anali owolowa manja kwambiri obwereketsa ku ulamuliro wa tsankho - ndi ndalama zopititsa patsogolo zofuna za azungu a ku South Africa ndi makampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana - ndipo mu 1993, ngongole ya $850 miliyoni ya Fund. wotsekedwa mu ndondomeko za neoliberal zomwe zinasintha boma la Nelson Mandela kuchoka ku 1994 ulamuliro wa demokalase. Akatswiri azachuma a World Bank anali ofunikira kwambiri kulemba Pulogalamu ya Mandela ya 1996 yokonzanso nyumba, komanso kukondera kotsatira kafukufuku pofuna kubisa zotsatira zake kusalinganizana, zoipa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mu 2010, ngongole ya Banki ya Eskom ya $3.75 biliyoni yopangira magetsi oyaka 4800 MW inalola ndalama zofunika za wopanga Hitachi kulanda boma wa chipani cholamula, ngakhale Purezidenti wa Bank 2007-2012 Robert Zoellick ankadziwa bwino za ziphuphuzi (zomwe zinali mochedwa 2007 kale zonyansa) ndi kukopa nzika motsutsana ndi ngongole inali zomwe sizinachitikepo (onani Wopenya Zima 2022). Pamene Hitachi anali bwinobwino kuzengedwa mlandu mu 2015 pansi pa lamulo la Foreign Corrupt Practices Act lolembedwa ndi US Securities and Exchange Commission, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Bank for Integrity Leonard McCarthy (wa South Africa wotsutsana) mopanda nzeru. ankadzinenera kuti palibe ndalama za Bank zomwe zinakhudzidwa. Komanso, momwe ziphuphu zimakhalira anaulura mkati mwa dziko la South Africa - kuphatikizapo zachinyengo zake ntchito yazaumoyo - IMF ndi Bank zidapereka ngongole zazikulu mu 2020-2022 mwachiwonekere kuti zithandizire Covid-19, kujambula zotsutsa ku ofesi ya Bank ku Johannesburg.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, zinali zaka kota zapitazo pamene Banki Yadziko Lonse idayamba kukhumudwa nthawi zonse pa kulandidwa kwa boma, makamaka kutengera zovuta zandale zaku Eastern Europe. Mu 2006, pulezidenti wa nthawiyo Paul Wolfowitz - mwiniwakeyo adachoka patatha chaka chimodzi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ulamuliro - adapereka thandizo kwa Bank ku Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Ndipo komabe, momwe zinthu zilili pakati pa omwe amabwereketsa omvetsa chisoni kwambiri - makamaka ku Africa - zikutanthauza kuti panthawi yolimbikitsa 'kusintha' kwa neoliberal, Bank ndi IMF zakhala zikuwonetsa kulumikizana koonekeratu pakati pa kuchepa kwa boma ndi kupatsa mphamvu anthu.
Pa Epulo 2011 IMF Spring Misonkhano, pa Strauss-Kahn komaliza zokambirana, mtolankhani wina anafunsa za zipolowe za Kumpoto kwa Afirika kuti: โKodi muli ndi mantha alionse akuti mwina pali gulu lakumanzere limene likubwera chifukwa cha zipanduko zimenezi? Strauss-Kahn, yemwe anali wonyozeka, anati, โFunso labwino. Nthawi zonse pamakhala chiwopsezo chotere, koma sindikutsimikiza kuti chitha kuchitika. โ Mpaka kutero, dongosololi likuwoneka kuti silingathe kusintha kwenikweni.
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