Mtsogoleri watsopano wa bungwe la United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - bungwe lapadziko lonse la sayansi lomwe linapambana mphoto ya Nobel - akhoza kukhala wogwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali mu municipalities ku Durban. Debra Roberts, poganiza kuti wapambana chisankho udzachitikira ku Nairobi kumapeto kwa July. Komabe kulephera kupirira kwanyengo ku Durban kumawonetsa kuchapa kobiriwira kwambiri mpaka kunali kofanana kupangidwanso mu lipoti la IPCC la 2018 linati: โMwachitsanzo, utsogoleri wandale mโboma la ma municipalities, watchulidwa kuti ndiwo unachititsa kuti ma adapter ayambike ku Quito, Ecuador, ndi Durban, South Africa.โ
Zoona zake, osati utsogoleri wandale ku Durban kokha, komanso ndondomeko zochepetsera komanso kusintha kwa mzindawu, zadziwika ndi nyengo. inchilungamo (ndi momwemonso ndi Quito municipality) ndi kusachita bwino. Dziko lidayamba kuzindikira izi mu Epulo-Meyi 2022 pomwe anthu 500 adamwalira chifukwa cha izi kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ma municipalities pa kusefukira kuwiri kwa madzi osefukira omwe zotsatira zake zinali kawiri kwambiri chifukwa cha mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.
Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri pa kusankhidwa uku ndi chakuti pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi, akuluakulu a ma municipalities azungu omwe amalipidwa bwino omwe ali ndi udindo wa chilengedwe, thanzi la anthu ndi nyengo (osati Roberts yekha) sananyalanyaze zomwe anthu ambiri a mumzinda wa Durban akukumana nazo kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwakupha ndi mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi. makampani opangira petrochemical ndi zoyenga. Izi zakhala zoonekeratu makamaka ku South Durban komwe omenyera chilungamo pazachilengedwe amavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi kulimbana ndi ulesi wamakampani ndi ma municipalities, koma ngati mosapeลตeka, andale ndi akuluakulu a mzindawo akuwafooketsa, ngakhale kuti amangidwanso pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi. zolemba mosiyana.
Durban's Climate Action Plan Greenhouse-gas kuchepetsa sizinangokhala zosakwanira. Kuphatikiza apo, pulogalamu yolimbana ndi nyengo yayika kutsindika kopitilira muyeso pakukonza Durban Metropolitan Open Space System (D'MOSS), madera otetezedwa (mahekitala 95 000) omwe miyambi ya nthawi ya tsankho la 1982 imasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa madera okhala azungu ndi akuda. Ichi ndi chowonadi chosokonekera, chomwe sichimatchulidwa kawirikawiri, koma kuchotseratu kutatu ndi ma buffers olekanitsa (wakuda waku Africa) Tawuni ya Cato Manor kuchokera kudera (lomwe lili ndi azungu) loyandikana ndi University of KwaZulu-Natal; chigawo (chachikhalidwe-chi India) cha Kenville ku Durban North; ndi olemera (oyera) Upper Highway midzi.
M'malo oterowo, anthu olemera amayamikira D'MOSS osati kokha pofuna kuteteza, koma - pamene imalepheretsa anthu akuda omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa - chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mitundu / magulu. Chotsatira chimodzi, ngakhale zikalata zokonzekera za tauni ya Durban perekani, ndi โkulekanitsa kwakukulu kwa malo ogwirira ntchito ndi nyumba chifukwa cha njira zokonzekera zakale zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka ndi kugaลตira mitunduโฆ [zimene] zalepheretsa kwakukulukulu kutukuka kwa malo ogwiritsira ntchito mosiyanasiyana.โ
Pansi pa nyengo ya Roberts Utsogoleri, masepala nawonso ananyamuka pa "Working on Rivers" mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono oyesa kuti mitsinje isakhale ndi zinyalala. Koma monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kuipitsa koipitsitsa komwe kumafika ku magombe pambuyo pa chimphepo chamkuntho chachikulu, izi zinali zoyesayesa zazing'ono pokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa mitsinje yamadzi ndi kutsekeka chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa ngalande zamadzi.
Zinyalala zimayenderera kunyanja mwa zina chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zinyalala kodziwika bwino kwa masepala. Kugwa kwa umphumphu wa dipatimenti ya zinyalala ya Durban Solid Waste kunali koonekeratu kotero kuti kudapangitsa kuti a Meya wakale (2016-19) a Zandile Gumede. kuzenga mlandu pa milandu yoposa 2000 ya chinyengo, katangale ndi kuphwanya lamulo la Organised Crime Act and Municipal Systems Act.
Koma panalinso zonyansa zofala swekas, mwa zina chifukwa cha ndondomeko za ukhondo wa neoliberal zomwe zidapanga kuchuluka kwambiri kwa E.coli m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje kutatsala pang'ono kuti bomba la Rain la Epulo 2022 liwononge mapaipi ndi malo opopera madzi kudutsa mzindawo. Manejala wa madzi ku Durban Neil Macleod (yemwenso ndi mkulu wa bungwe loyera lokondwerera padziko lonse lapansi) anali nawo mu 2014. adalandira mphotho ya Stockholm Water Industry Award koma kwa mbiri yake adavomereza kuti kalasi 'kusiyana' inali ndondomeko ya boma ya mโtauni, mmene โchimbudzi chothamangitsira madzi chimaonedwa kuti nโcha anthu olemera ndipo ukhondo wouma umawoneka ngati njira yothetsera anthu osauka.โ
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuwonongeka koipitsitsa kwalepheretsa malo ofunikira kwambiri ku Durban, monga mtolankhani wina. inanena, โNjira yachitatu yaikulu kwambiri yochizira anthu mu mzindawu yakhala ikusokonekera kwambiri chiyambire kusefukira kwa madzi mu April isanachitike ndipo pakali pano ndiyo gwero lalikulu la zimbudzi zothamangira mumtsinje wa Ungeniโ ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, kupita mโnyanja, kuwononga magombe okondedwa a mzindawo.
Kuwonetsetsa kwanyengo ku Durban kuyenera kuti kunali kofunika kwambiri kumadera omwe akuwononga chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa bajeti ya ma municipalities zomwe, ngakhale osati mlandu wa akuluakulu a zanyengo, zingayambitse kudzichepetsa kwambiri m'madera oyendetsa zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi kumene Roberts. wapanga mbiri yamphamvu.
Monga chitsanzo china, lipoti la World Bank la masamba 500 la 2016 silinangoyamika utsogoleri wa Roberts "wokonzekera kasungidwe" komanso "kukonzekera kupirira kusintha kwanyengo." Ngakhale kuti adalemba zolakwika zazikulu pakuthana ndi vuto lakukula kwa mizinda mwachangu, lipoti la Banki lidatchulapo za "ntchito yayikulu yomwe mzinda wa eThekwini umachita poyang'anira chilengedwe cha mizinda mu Africa ndi Padziko Lonse" - mu mawu wa wina (woyera) wa ku South Africa, Roland White, Mtsogoleri wa Global Management for City Management, Governance and Financing wa banki.
Oyendetsa ndege ena amatauni akuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa methane m'malo otayirako pansi, koma mโnjira imene inaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwambiri ndi World Bank. Njira ya 'kukhazikitsira mpweya' Roberts adalimbikitsa - mwachitsanzo, kudalira misika yapadziko lonse ya carbon kupereka ndalama (zochepa kwambiri koma zodula) mapaipi ndi majenereta a methane-to-energy - zidayambitsa gwero lalikulu la mikangano kenako kutsutsana ndi anthu pafupi ndi dambo lalikulu kwambiri la Africa, dambo la Bisasar Road ku Durban (lomwe lili kudera la anthu akuda monga momwe zinalili ndi tsankho).
Kampeni yotseka Bisasar idatsogozedwa koyambirira kwa 1990s ndi Sajida Khan, yemwe mu 2007 anamwalira ndi khansa yobwera chifukwa cha zowononga malo otayira m'mphepete mwa msewu kuchokera kunyumba kwake. Gulu lake la anthu zikwizikwi linagonjetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a tauni - makamaka amuna awiri oyera, woyang'anira mzinda Mike Sutcliffe ndi mtsogoleri wa polojekiti Lindsay Strachan โ amene anali wanjala chifukwa carbon credits. Kupitiliza kwa ma municipalities a Bisasar Road kumafuna kudzaza milingo yayikulu kwambiri kuti agulitse ngongole zambiri, koma ndalamazo zidasokonekera kwambiri. kugwa kwamitengo yotulutsa mpweya posakhalitsa kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse cha 2008, kuwonetsa kudalira kwa Durban ku capitalism yachuma padziko lonse lapansi pamalo oyeserera ovuta awa.
Komabe mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kumeneko, sikunali kokha mwaukali Manispaa greenwashing kusanachitike msonkhano wa Durban wa 2011 wa United Nations COP17 summit. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, kuti ndipambane mphotho yodziwika ya WWF "I Love Cities" pakuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mu 2014, wothandizirana ndi anthu am'matauni - Carver Media - kulanda maakaunti apadziko lonse a Twitter kuti kubera voti, yomwe ilinso ndi ntchito yoyeserera yochepetsera methane.
Kufunsira kwa mphotho ya WWF ya 2014 kochitidwa ndi masepala kudali kozikidwa pa njira ya msika wa kaboni: chifukwa cha (pang'ono) "7.5MWh yamagetsi opangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala, Durban ndiyoyenera kunyadira mphamvu zake zongowonjezeranso."
Kenako, kulimbikitsa chisangalalo cha nyengo pa zinthu, Gumede - yemwe adangomutcha dzina loti "Meya wa Graft"yolemba nyuzipepala ya CityPress - inali mu 2018 amaitcha Mphotho yapadziko lonse ya WWF ya โOne Planet City Challengeโ pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa chaka chimenecho ku San Francisco wotsogozedwa ndi bwanamkubwa waku California Jerry Brown. Panthawiyo, anali akusangalalabe ndi udindo wa Wachiwiri kwa Wapampando wa C40 network mothandizidwa ndi Michael Bloomberg, ndikuwululanso momwe mfundo zowopsa za Durban zimapusitsa anthu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusakhulupirika kosalekeza kwamtunduwu kukuwonetsa kufunitsitsa kwa mzindawu (komanso ogwirizana nawo) kukhala ndi Durban. Kuonekera kukhala mtsogoleri wadziko lonse ndi wapadziko lonse lapansi pamtengo uliwonse. Ndipo mwachiwonekere, wotsogolera msonkhano wanyengo wa Disembala 2023 wa United Nations ku Dubai, Sultan Ahmed Al-Jaber, tangoyesa chinyengo chofanana ndi cha Durban, ndi maakaunti abodza a Twitter, koma chomwechonso poyera kumayambiriro kwa mwezi uno Guardian atolankhani.
Panthawiyi, chofunika kwambiri, kusowa kwanyengo kwa madera opeza ndalama zochepa ku Durban sikunanyalanyazidwe. Izi zidawululidwa pakuchulukirachulukira kwa Mabomba a Mvula omwe adagunda mumzinda October 2017, April 2019 ndipo kawiri mu 2022, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu azivulala komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zomangamanga nthawi iliyonse. Maofesi a ma municipalities kusowa chidwi ku ngalande zofunika kwambiri za madzi a mkuntho, kuonetsetsa kuti kumanga nyumba zabwino kukuchitika mโmalo otetezeka (osati zisakasa za mโmapiri otsetsereka kapena mโmadera amene madzi osefukira), kumanga misewu yolimba kwambiri ndi milatho, ndi kupereka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi, zonse zinapha.
Pakadali pano, pankhani zandale zapadziko lonse lapansi, kudalirika kwa oyang'anira osankhika padziko lonse lapansi ndi kugwa. Purezidenti wa 2023 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Al-Jaber, ndiyenso wamkulu wa kampani yamafuta ku Abu Dhabi. Zizindikiro zonse zimasonyeza kuti ali ndi cholinga chilichonse kusunga nthawi yamafuta amafuta motalika momwe zingathere. Ogwira ntchito ake akhala otanganidwa kuyesera kuchotsa tsamba lake la Wikipedia, ndi kampani yamafuta ya Al-Jaber anatenga ulamuliro za makalata a UNFCCC.
Mphamvu yofooketsa kwambiri mkati mwa UNFCCC ikupitiriza kukhala mgwirizano wa anthu khumi ndi awiri oipitsa miyambo ya Kumadzulo ndi mayiko omwe tsopano akuipitsa kwambiri Brazil-Russia-India-China-China-South Africa BRICS chuma - ndipo posachedwa, zomwe zimatchedwa "BRICS +" omwe ali ndi nkhanza za carbon. Zokonda za atsogoleri awo zili zonse ziwiri osati kuchepetsa utsi mokwanira, ndi mkati kukana kuvomereza Ngongole zawo zanyengo kwa omwe akhudzidwa ndi "kutaya ndi kuwonongeka" kwanyengo yanyengo komanso zamitengo yatsopano yosinthira yomwe ikufunika (komanso maiko osauka omwe ali ndi chipukuta misozi omwe amayenera kusatulutsa mtsogolo, chifukwa cha nkhanza za West + BRICS pamlengalenga) .
Chiyambi cha mphamvu iyi chikupezeka mu mgwirizano unayamba mu December 2009 ku Copenhagen, mumsonkhano wofunikira wa mbali ya US-China-India-Brazil-SA. Koma mamembala atsopano a BRICS + akuyenera kuphatikiza Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Egypt, Algeria ndi Nigeria komwe kulibe chiyembekezo choyankha komanso komwe olimbikitsa chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo kundende. mawu, kapena zoipa.
Al-Jaber akuyenera kulimbikitsa kuchepetsako pang'onopang'ono, monga kuletsa kukulitsa kwa mafuta oyambira ku Abu Dhabi, koma maulamuliro achifumu a UNFCCC ndi ambuye sali okonzeka kumukakamiza kutero, m'malo mwake amalola "njira zabodza" - monga Carbon Capture. ndi Kusungirako ndi zochotsera kaboni - kuti zifalikire kuchokera ku utsogoleri wake mpaka mlembi wakale wa UNFCCC posachedwapa. adayankhula motsutsana naye.
Momwemonso, ngati mzinda wa Durban upatsidwanso chidziwitso chabodza cha IPCC kudzera pakusankhidwa kwa mkulu wotsogolera bungweli panthawi ya kugwa kwanyengo komanso kugwa kwa manispala amderali, zidzawulula momwe kuyang'anira zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi kuliri bwino. zenizeni - monga momwe IPCC ilili kudzudzulidwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake choteteza zachilengedwe pamene nthawi ndi nthawi amapereka ziwonetsero zakuwonongeka kwa nyengo zomwe zimakhala zabwino kwambiri.
Othandizira nyengo ku Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ndi dziko lonse lapansi akuyenera kulemekezedwa kwambiri, monga momwe kupulumukira kwa mapulaneti kumafuna njira yatsopano, yogwirizana ndi ndale za chilungamo cha nyengo, osati chinyengo chamtundu wa Durban.
(Patrick Bond ndi Pulofesa Wodziwika wa Sociology komanso Mtsogoleri wa Center for Social Change ku yunivesite ya Johannesburg; iyi ndi gawo la zokambirana zotsegulira Political Ecology Network msonkhano ku Durban, 27 June 2023.)
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