Patrick Bond ndi Pulofesa Wodziwika wa Sociology ku yunivesite ya Johannesburg, komanso katswiri wazachuma pazandale, wazachilengedwe wandale komanso katswiri wazolimbikitsa anthu. Iye ndi mlembi wa BRICS: Ndemanga ya Anti-Capitalist ndi Chitukuko Chosafanana Kwambiri: Kusakhazikika Kwachuma, Mavuto Ozama a Capitalist ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri Ku South Africa ndi Padziko Lonse. Poyankhulana ndi Federico Fuentes kwa LINKS International Journal of Socialist Renewal, Bond ikukamba za maukonde amakono a mayiko ambiri amphamvu zaufumu, ntchito zomwe mayiko a BRICS amachita mkati mwa dongosololi, komanso kufunikira kophatikiza lingaliro la "kusinthana kwachilengedwe kosagwirizana" pakuwunika kwathu imperialism.
Zaka XNUMX zapitazi, taona mawu akuti imperialism amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina, amasinthidwa ndi malingaliro monga kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi hegemony. Poganizira izi, ndi phindu lanji lomwe latsalira mu lingaliro la imperialism ndipo mumatanthauzira bwanji imperialism masiku ano?
Lingaliro la imperialism linali logwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhondo zampikisano za internecine pakati pa maulamuliro angapo akulu aku Europe. Chizoloŵezi chawo chapakati pazovuta za chikapitalist chinalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa malo komwe kunali kosayerekezeka, motsogozedwa ndi misika yayikulu yazachuma, yomwe idalowa m'malire osiyanasiyana. Munthawi imeneyi, mphamvu zankhondo za atsamunda zidatumizidwa kuti zigonjetse madera ndikukhazikitsa kasamalidwe kaboma ndipo, pambuyo pake, maubale amphamvu pazandale ndi zachuma. Maboma achitsamunda adakhazikitsa njira zapolisi, zamalamulo ndi zandalama zomwe capitalism imafunikira kuti igonjetse madera, kugonjetsa anthu ndikuchotsa chuma, kuyambira zaka za zana la 16 ku Britain, French, Germany, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Belgian ndi Italy, ndi adalumikizana pambuyo pake ndi United States.
M'nthawi yathu ino, ndondomeko ya imperialist idakali yofunika kwambiri, ndi chinthu china chomwe chinakhala chofunikira kwambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo zakhala zosatheka kuzipewa kuyambira ma 1990s: ulamuliro wa pambuyo pa nkhondo pazachuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, dziko ndi zankhondo. United States, yogwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira kudzera m'mabungwe akumayiko akumadzulo omwe ali ndi likulu la mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe ntchito zawo zimakomera zokomera makampani akuluakulu amitundumitundu komanso makamaka azandalama. Mabungwe a Imperialist multilateral akuphatikiza World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1944, ndipo pambuyo pake World Trade Organisation (WTO, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Mabungwe azachuma a Bretton Woods adakula kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 80 ndi m'ma 90s pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanki apadziko lonse lapansi, pamodzi ndi Bank for International Settlements monga mgwirizano wamabanki apakati olamulidwa ndi a US, Great Britain, Europe ndi Japan. Njira zoyendetsera ndalama zofunikira kwambiri zidawonekera makamaka pambuyo pakuukira kwa azungu pamabanki achisilamu kutsatira kuwukira kwa Al Qaeda mu Seputembara 2001 ku New York ndi Washington.
Pokhudzana ndi vuto lovuta kwambiri - kusintha kwanyengo - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change nthawi zambiri yakhala ikugwira ntchito yayikulu yamafakitale komanso zofuna zamakampani. Monga umboni mu Dubai koyambirira kwa Disembala, misonkhano yapachaka yapadziko lonse ya nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi ili pansi pa ulamuliro wa imperialism ndipo chifukwa chake ikulephera kukakamiza kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya kuti ukhale wosasunthika - kapenanso kuthetsa mafuta oyaka mafuta - pamene akukana mfundo yomveka: wowononga-amalipira malipiro. M'malo mwake, opanga malamulo a nyengo ya imperialist amakonda matsenga monga misika ya carbon yomwe, kwenikweni, imapangitsa mpweya kukhala wachinsinsi, ndi kupanga techno fix nthano. Network yayikulu ya zokhazikika Mabungwe omwe siaboma komanso ma philanthropist capitalists akhala othandiza komanso ovomerezeka a imperialism yanyengo, monganso momwe zimakhalira pafupifupi m'magawo ena onse (osagawanitsa) a mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Maukonde owonjezera osakhazikika amphamvu zachifumu atha kupezeka ku Davos-based World Economic Forum, yomwe yakhala ndi chidaliro chamtsogolo chamtsogolo, chomwe kale chinali chokongoletsa Gulu la Bilderberg ndi US Council on Foreign Relations. Momwemonso, kuyesetsa kukonza chidwi cha anthu, atolankhani amakampani ndi mabungwe ambiri oganiza bwino omwe ali ndi zikoka zamakatswiri ali ndi udindo wowongolera malingaliro ndi njira zaulamuliro wa imperialism, womwe tsopano uli m'mizinda yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma mayiko amakhalabe ofunikira, ndipo mgwirizano wankhondo, wandale komanso wazachuma pakati pa mizinda ikuluikulu yamphamvu ndizomwe zimachititsa kuti ufumu wa imperialism ukhale wolimba. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70s, gulu la G7 nthawi zambiri lagwirizanitsa mphamvu za dziko la Western, kutengera mgwirizano. Bungwe la US Pentagon-centred North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, latsitsimutsidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa, pamene bungwe la Five Eyes intelligence alliance (lophatikizapo Great Britain, Canada, Australia ndi New Zealand) limagwirizanitsa zofuna za asilikali a Anglophone. Ndipo Quadrilateral Security Dialogue imaphatikiza magulu ankhondo aku Japan, India, Australia ndi US ku Asia, makamaka motsutsana ndi kukula kwa China.
Nthawi zina, maulamuliro amphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito UN Security Council pakuwongolera kwakukulu - ngakhale kuzindikira zotsutsana zomwe zimayenderana ndi mikangano yazandale - ndikulola UN General Assembly kuvota pa "dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo" makamaka chifukwa chovomerezeka. Mikangano mkati mwa magulu ankhondo a imperialist, monga ngati kuthandizira kuwukira koyambirira kwa 2000s ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, kudagonja pomwe utsogoleri wa US neo-Conservative udaphatikizidwa kudzera mu maulamuliro a George W Bush ndi a Barack Obama, mothandizidwa ndi Britain. Kupatulapo kuwiri ku UN - chiletso cha 1987 cha chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ndi thumba lamankhwala la 2002 - mfundo za neoliberal zakhazikika nthawi yonseyi.
Padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe mliri wa COVID-19 udadzetsa kutsika kwachuma mu 2020-21, mayiko ambiri adagawana ndalama zochepa zaku Keynesian komanso kulowererapo kwa mfundo zamakampani. China imakhalabe dziko lotsogola kwambiri lomwe lingathe kuchitapo kanthu pazinthu zazikulu zomwe sizili msika komanso nthawi zambiri zotsutsana ndi msika, monga kuletsa ndalama za crypto, kuyika maulamuliro osinthana, kuwongolera mwamphamvu Big Data ndikuyika ndalama zapagulu (makamaka kukonza zachilengedwe). Koma izi zimachitika pakatikati: kuchulukirachulukira kwa likulu lazachuma la China, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makampani ambiri azigawo "atuluke", makamaka panjira yosagwirizana ndi Belt & Road Initiative, zomwe zikuwonetsanso kukulirakulira.
Zambiri mwaulamuliro wachifumuwu zimafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapamwamba ndi atsogoleri adziko lozunzidwa mubizinesi ndi maboma ambiri. Zowonadi, kuyambira pakusokonekera kwachuma padziko lonse chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, komanso panthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, patuluka chinthu chatsopano chofanana ndi mfumu, makamaka yokhudzana ndi bloc ya Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS). kukwera pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. LINK Maiko azachuma apakati awa akugwira ntchito zazikulu osati m'mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso mgulu la G20 - loyendetsedwa ndi India mu 2023, 2024 ndi Brazil ndi 2025 ndi South Africa. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ogwirizana ndi mphamvu zapakati kuti akwaniritse zolinga zankhondo zaku US sikwachilendo, ndi Brazil, Turkey komanso, makamaka, Israeli omwe ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu a sub-imperialist. Awa anali mawu Ruy Mauro Marini idapangidwa kuti iwonetsere ubale wa Washington-Brasilia mu 1965, womwe pambuyo pake udadziwika bwino mgulu la semi-periphery LINK ndi imanuel wallersteinsukulu yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwino wa sub-imperialism ku mphamvu za US udanenedwa ndi woyimira pawokha woyimira pulezidenti Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., yemwe mwanjira ina amadzudzula mwamphamvu kuwononga ndalama zankhondo za thililiyoni za dollar pachaka. Koma mu kuyankhulana pa Novembara 5, RFK Jr adalonjeza kuti ngati atasankhidwa kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2024, "Onetsetsani kuti tili ndi zinthu zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kwa ife, kuphatikiza mafuta omwe ndi ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi, kuti tili ndi mwayi woti tiwonetsetse. kuti athe kuteteza iwo. Ndipo Israeli ndiyofunikira, ndipo chifukwa chake ndiyofunikira chifukwa ndichitetezo chathu ku Middle East. Zili ngati kukhala ndi chonyamulira ndege ku Middle East. ”
Uwu ndi mtundu wankhanza kwambiri, ngakhale wowona mtima, wa ogwirizana nawo a Washington omwe akufuna. Kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu kuli mu kayendetsedwe ka chuma chamayiko osiyanasiyana, monga momwe mavuto azachuma adakwera mu 2008-11 ndi 2020-22 ndipo maboma onse achifumu ndi ang'onoang'ono adagwiritsa ntchito G20 ndi IMF kugwirizanitsa kukula kwandalama, kubwezeredwa kwa mabanki ndi kutsika kwachiwongola dzanja mwachangu. .
Mwafotokoza za magulu ankhondo ndi mabungwe a imperialist. Koma ndiye tiyenera kumvetsetsa bwanji zotsutsana pazachuma komanso zandale zomwe akukumana nazo, mwachitsanzo ngati mikangano ya US-Russia?
Kusintha kwakukulu pamachitidwe osonkhanitsa ndalama kumawonetsedwa ndi makonzedwe amphamvu a imperialist/sub-imperialist. Kuyambira m'ma 1970, pamene zovuta za capitalist zidayambiranso, East Asia idakhala njira yabwino yopangira ndalama zamabizinesi omwe akukumana ndi chiwongola dzanja chochepa Kumadzulo. Kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kwa malonda, ndalama ndi zachuma kunakula mofulumira, molimbikitsidwa ndi kubwera kwa petrodollars (zosungiramo mafuta) ndi ma Eurodollars, omwe adayika ndalama pakati pa malo apakati azachuma aku Western. Kenako, kuchotsedwa kwazachuma motsogozedwa ndi US/British, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, kudaloleza kukula kwangongole, zopangapanga zazachuma komanso ndalama zongopeka. Chiwongola dzanja chokwera - chochokera ku Washington mu 1979 kuti athane ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya US - adakopa ndalama zambiri zomwe mayiko akumadzulo angagulitse m'magulu azachuma. Ndipo chuma cha European Union chinakhala gawo logwirizana kwambiri, losagawika pang'ono lamphamvu za capitalist, ndi ndalama imodzi pofika koyambirira kwa 1990s. Momwemonso, ntchito zoyang'anira mabungwe ogwirizana ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi ngongole zidathandizira zofuna zamakampani ndi mabanki amitundu yambiri, makamaka mavuto a ngongole a m'ma 80 atasamutsira mphamvu ku World Bank ndi IMF. Gawo lazachuma ili la imperialism ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha ngongole zamayiko ambiri za COVID-19.
M'nkhaniyi, zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwanthawi yayitali komanso mikangano yankhondo idakula kwambiri m'ma 2010 - zowonekera kwambiri ngati nkhondo zaku Ukraine ndi Middle East pakadali pano, komanso mwina mikangano yomwe ingathe kuyambika nthawi iliyonse ku Central. Asia, mapiri a Himalayan, South China Sea ndi Korea Peninsula. Magawanowa atha kukula mwachangu, ndikuyambitsa zokondana komanso kupanga malingaliro a "msasa" - Kumadzulo motsutsana ndi zomwe zimatsogozedwa ndi China / Russia zomwe zimatchedwa kulumikizana kwamitundu yambiri, zomwe zakhudza kwambiri malingaliro odana ndi imperialism padziko lonse lapansi.
Mikanganoyo yafikira ku kusamuka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, malonda ndi zachuma, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi kukwera kwa nkhanza za anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso zotsutsa zamanja za "globalism". Izi zidawoneka bwino pakupambana kwa mapiko akumanja pamavoti atatu a 2016: Brexit, Donald Trump ku United States, ndi Rodrigo Duterte ku Philippines, kutsatiridwa ndi mavoti ena kuphatikiza ku Brazil, Italy, ndipo tsopano Argentina ndi Netherlands. Choyambitsa kusowa kwa chikhulupiriro mu ndale za anthu osankhika sikungoyendetsa bwino zomwe amavomereza ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "polycrisis" zomwe zikuchitika m'madera osiyanasiyana a maudindo osiyanasiyana, komanso kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mayiko (makamaka malonda / GDP) pambuyo pa 2008. mu "deglobalisation" kapena chiyani The Economist mawu "slowbalisation” ndi lipoti laposachedwa la UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) likunena kuti “liwiro-liwiro” kukula. Chikalata cha UNCTAD chimavomereza "mapindu osagwirizana ndi kuphatikiza malonda," omwe kuyambira 2021 ayamba kupanga "chuma chatsopano chandale pazamalonda" potengera "kumanga maunyolo okhazikika, kuthandizira kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kupereka ntchito zabwino, kuthana ndi ziphuphu komanso makampani. kupewa misonkho, ndikupanga zida zotetezedwa za digito" - zonse zomwe zimalepheretsa "kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, kumasula malonda makamaka."
Kuphatikiza pa zolakwika zomwe zidavomerezedwa poyera mu dongosololi, nkhondo yamalonda yaku US-China, kuyambira mu 2017, ndi kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022 kukuwonetsa kutsutsana kwina komanso malire akukulirakulira kwa malo. Kuchepa kwa malingaliro otsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya mafumu a neo-con kudzapitirizabe kusokoneza mamenejala ndi mabungwe a imperialist, monga momwe zinaliri mu ulamuliro wa Trump.
Koma mikangano yambiri yotereyi - yobadwa ndi zotsutsana zamkati mwa capitalist - sizili zamtundu wapakati pa mafumu. Amawonetsa munthu wankhanza mkati mwa sub-imperialism - pomwe Purezidenti waku Russia Vladimir Putin adadutsa malire ndikuukira Crimea mu 2014 ndi dziko lonse la Ukraine mu 2022 - komanso mkati mwa imperialism - mwachitsanzo pomwe Boma la US Treasury lidachitapo kanthu polimbana ndi kuphatikizika kwachuma kwa Russia padziko lonse lapansi. , kuthamangitsa Moscow m'mabanki akuluakulu ndikulanda madola mabiliyoni mazana angapo a katundu wake womwazika mosasamala komanso oligarch.
Ndizovuta kulingalira imperialism yamakono popanda kukhudza mphamvu zonsezi ndi kutchula mabungwe omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu. Kuyambira nthawi ya Imperialism ya Lenin, dongosololi lasintha kukhala gulu lovuta kwambiri lomwe limayang'anira kugulitsa zinthu zonse padziko lapansi pano, mwa zina ndikuchotsa zovuta zake kudzera mu chitukuko chosagwirizana komanso chophatikizana. Timafunikira zida zamalingaliro - makamaka sub-imperialism, ngakhale mawuwa ndi otalikirana ndi okonda dziko la Third World - kuti awononge chilichonse mwa njirazi. Izi, m'kati mwake, zitilola kuti tidutse kumasulira kosavuta kotsutsana ndi imperialist "mdani wa mdani wanga ndi bwenzi langa," zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mumalingaliro otchedwa campist. Kupatula apo, a Putin mwiniwake adafotokoza momveka bwino dzulo la kuwukira kwa Ukraine momwe amavutikira momwe amaonera cholowa cha Lenin cha Bolshevik chopereka mphamvu ku mafuko, kuopseza mu kalembedwe ka mafioso: "Mukufuna decommunisation? Chabwino, izi zikutikwanira bwino. Koma bwanji kusiya theka? Ndife okonzeka kuwonetsa zomwe kuchotsedwa kwenikweni kungatanthauze Ukraine. " KULUMIKIZANA
Ngakhale zili choncho, malingaliro a mdani-mdani-ndi-mnzanga - mwachitsanzo, kuchirikiza kuwukira kwa Putin, mwa zina chifukwa amawona China ngati dziko lotsogola padziko lonse lapansi - akadali wamkulu "maganizo”, monga momwe Vijay Prashad amanenera izi zandale zadziko la South South.LINK Malingaliro otere amanenedwa pafupipafupi ndi utsogoleri wa magulu asanu akuluakulu apakati kumanzere kuno ku South Africa: Economic Freedom Fighters, Radical Economic Transformation faction of the ruleing African National Congress, chipani cha South African Communist Party, ndi mapiko awiri akulu akulu a ogwira ntchito mgulu - Congress of South African Trade Unions ndi National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa. Chifukwa chake, zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo polimbana ndi kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine ndi kuukira kwa Israeli ndi US, ndikuwunika kosasintha.
Kukambitsirana kumanzere ponena za imperialism masiku ano kaŵirikaŵiri kumabwereranso ku bukhu la Lenin pankhaniyi. Kodi ndi buku lochuluka bwanji la buku la Lenin lomwe lidakali lothandiza masiku ano, ndipo ndi zinthu ziti, ngati zilipo, zomwe zalowedwa m’malo ndi zochitika zina?
Inde, tonse timabwereranso ku Baibulo laling'onolo - kotero tiyeni tilingalire mphamvu zake, komanso zofooka zake. Kufotokozera kwakukulu kumaphatikizapo mbali zisanu za dongosolo lachikapitalist la dziko lonse mu mgwirizano womwewo, womwe unasonyeza kukhwima kokwanira kuti agwire ntchito motsatira: kulimbikitsa chuma ndi kupanga; likulu lazachuma kuphatikizira ndalama zamafakitale, zokhazikika komanso zamalonda motsogozedwa ndi mabanki; kunja kwa likulu; ma monopolies ndi ma cartel omwe amadutsa malire; ndi kugawikana kwa dziko lapansi pakati pa maulamuliro akuluakulu a capitalist, omwe adawonekera kwambiri mu Berlin "Scramble for Africa" mu 1884-85 ndipo - pomwe adamaliza kulemba. utsamunda - Pangano la Sykes-Picot la Meyi 1916 la Britain-French-Russian lomwe linajambula Ufumu wa Ottoman. M’njira zosiyanasiyana, zikhoterero zonsezi zikuonekera lerolino.
Koma pali zophophonya ziwiri. Choyamba, kumbukirani kutsutsidwa kwa 1929 ndi katswiri woyamba wa zachuma ku Frankfurt School, Henryk Grossman, ku lingaliro la Lenin ndi, pamaso pake, Rudolf Hilferding: "likulu lazachuma" lonse. Mu zofunika mutu wachitatu of Imperialism, Lenin anaumirira kuti: “Kuli mkhalidwe wa chikapitalism mwachisawawa kuti umwini wa chuma umalekanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ndalama zopangira kupanga, kuti ndalama zogulira ndalama zimalekanitsidwa ndi chuma cha mafakitale kapena chopanga zinthu, ndi kuti wobwereketsa amene amakhala kotheratu ndi ndalama zopezedwa kuchokera ku likulu la ndalama. , imasiyanitsidwa ndi wamalonda komanso kwa onse omwe akukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Imperialism, kapena kulamulira kwa chuma chachuma, ndi gawo lapamwamba kwambiri la capitalism momwe kulekanitsa uku kumafika pamlingo waukulu. Ukulu wa chuma chandalama pamwamba pa mitundu ina yonse ya ndalama kumatanthauza kutsogola kwa obwereketsa ndi oligarchy azachuma; zikutanthauza kuti maiko ochepa ‘amphamvu’ m’zandalama ndi ofunika kwambiri pakati pa ena onse.”
Wosintha kwambiri wa demokalase kuposa Lenin, Hilferding analangiza mu 1910 kuti “kutenga mabanki aakulu asanu ndi limodzi a Berlin kungatanthauze kutenga mbali zofunika kwambiri za makampani aakulu.” Mawu akuti capital capital akuwonetsa mphamvu za gawoli - zomwe Lenin ndi Hilferding adapereka zitsanzo zambiri - koma osati zofooka zake ndi zotsutsana, monga momwe Grossman anakankhira mosamalitsa kugwa kwachuma kwa dziko mu 1929-31 kusanachitike m’buku lake, The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System: Kafukufuku mu Marxian Crisis Theory.
Chachiwiri, kupanga kwa Lenin kunkaganiza kuti nkhondo zapakati pamakampani - mothandizidwa ndi mayiko omwe akuyimira zofuna zawo - zingatanthauze gawo la imperialist la capitalism, mosiyana ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kunafotokozedwa ndi Rosa Luxemburg mu 1913. pano, chifukwa cha "kuthamanga kosalekeza kwa ndalama kuchokera ku nthambi imodzi ya zopanga kupita ku ina, ndipo potsiriza mu nthawi ndi nthawi ndi cyclical kusintha kwa kuberekana pakati pa kuchulukitsitsa ndi mavuto ... kudzikundikira ndalama ndi mtundu wa kagayidwe kagayidwe pakati pa chuma capitalist ndi njira zisanayambe chikapitalist. za kupanga popanda zomwe sizingapitirire ndi zomwe, motere, zimawononga ndi kukhazikika. " Kudetsa nkhaŵa m’kusanthula kwa Luxembourg kuli pa mmene imperialism imatsatira kuchokera ku mphamvu ya chikapitalist, kuyang’anizana ndi anthu, chilengedwe ndi manenedwe oyambirira: “mayanjano osakhala achikapitalisti amapereka nthaka yachonde ya ukapitalist; mosamalitsa kwambiri: chuma chimadya mabwinja a maubwenzi oterowo, ndipo ngakhale kuti dziko losakhala lachikapitalisti limeneli n’lofunika kwambiri kuti liwunjike, lotsirizirali limapereka mtengo wa njira imeneyi komabe, mwa kulidya.” Lenin ankaona kuti mfundo zoterozo zinali “zinyalala” ndipo analemba buku la Luxembourg ngati “chipwirikiti chododometsa”. Koma zaka zana zotsatira zinatsimikizira kuti ngakhale m'nthawi ya Imperialism ya Kumadzulo yopanda mpikisano yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi mphamvu yankhondo yokhayokha, mitundu yowonjezereka ya kudzikundikira mwa kulandidwa - monga David Harvey watchanso mbava za capitalist/non-capitalist - nthawi zambiri ndi njira yomwe capitalism imatengera pakanthawi kofunikira kuchotsa zotsutsana zake kwakanthawi. Ogwira ntchito mwachisawawa, kusasamala kwa boma, kusungitsa anthu wamba komanso kufalikira kwa mafakitale owonjezera ku zomwe Marx adazitcha "mphatso zaulere za chilengedwe” ndi zizindikiro zoonekeratu.
Mayankho ena awiri pamavuto, ofunikira kuyambira pomwe madera oyamba azachuma adatulukira, ndi zomwe Harvey adatcha "kukonza malo" - kusuntha kwachuma kupita kumasamba opindulitsa - komanso "kukonza kwakanthawi" - momwe kuthekera kochotsa likulu. m'kupita kwa nthawi amadalira njira zandalama zotsogola kwambiri, kuti mudzalipire mtsogolo koma kuwononga tsopano, kuchotsera misika yodzaza. Zotsatira zake ndi "imperialism yatsopano,” kudalira kwambiri kusamuka, kuyimilira ndi kuba kuti achotse ndalama zomwe zimachulukana m’malo azachuma komanso m’magawo oonekera, m’malo mongoyang’anizana ndi kuonongeka kotheratu kwa mtundu wa 1930s Great Depression.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti ndi zosintha ziti, zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kapena zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe zidzalole kusamuka kwa ndalama zomwe zachulukirachulukira kuti zipitirire, motero zimathandizira kutsitsimutsanso kwa imperialism, ndi zomwe zikuyimilira. Mu 1964 ake Strategy for Labor, Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku France Andre Gorz adanyoza zosintha zazing'ono zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za imperialism monga "kusintha kwakusintha" ndi zomwe zimasokoneza malingaliro akuluakulu azandale ndi zachuma monga "kusintha kosasintha". Kusiyanitsa kumeneko kumafuna odana ndi ma imperialists kuti apitirire matsenga awo ndi maubwenzi apakati pa mayiko, mwa zina chifukwa cha momwe BRICS + yakhalira pakati pa mayiko ambiri.
Potengera kusintha komwe kunachitika zaka XNUMX zapitazi, kodi njira zoponderezedwa ndi mafumu zili ndi mphamvu zotani masiku ano, poyerekeza ndi zakale?
Chikoka chachikulu chawonekera pamwamba pa dziko lonse lapansi ndipo chikupezeka m'mabungwe akuluakulu a imperialist omwe takambiranawa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake a Kumadzulo nthawi zambiri akuda nkhawa ndi zovuta zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira - koma ndizofunikira - kutengeka kwa BRICS m'magulu amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tsopano mamembala ake asanu owonjezera (poganiza kuti Argentina ikukana kuyitanira) - ogwirizana nawo achifumu aku US Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates ndi Egypt, kuphatikiza Ethiopia, ndi mdani wolimba wa Washington Iran.
China ndiyofunikira kwambiri, ndipo pakati pa 2014, Obama anali anafunsa ndi otsogola a imperialist periodical zokhuza ziyembekezo zofananira:
The Economist: Mukuwona maiko ngati China akupanga banki ya BRICS, mwachitsanzo - mabungwe omwe akuwoneka kuti akufanana ndi dongosololi, m'malo mwake - ndipo atha kukakamiza dongosololi m'malo mowonjezerapo ndikulilimbitsa. Ili ndiye vuto lalikulu, kaya China ithera mkati mwa dongosololi kapena kuyitsutsa. Ndilo vuto lalikulu kwambiri la nthawi yathu, ndikuganiza.
Obama: Zili choncho. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti United States ndi Europe zipitirize kulandira China ngati bwenzi lathunthu pazotsatira zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndikofunikira kuti tizindikire kuti nthawi zina padzakhala mikangano ndi mikangano. Koma ine ndikuganiza izo ndi zokhoza kutheka. Ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti pamene China ikusintha chuma chake kuchoka kungokhala wopanga zotsika mtengo padziko lonse lapansi kupita kukufuna kukweza mtengo wamtengo wapatali, ndiye kuti mwadzidzidzi nkhani monga kuteteza chuma chanzeru zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kumakampani awo, osati kumakampani aku US okha. .
Njira yolandirira nthawi zambiri idapindula. Pofika koyambirira kwa 2017, madzulo a kukhazikitsidwa kwa Trump, [purezidenti waku China] Xi Jinping kutchulidwa ku Davos kuti atenga chobvala chochokera kwa a Obama: "Kudalirana kwachuma kwalimbikitsa kukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuthandizira kusuntha kwa katundu ndi chuma, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi, ukadaulo ndi chitukuko, komanso kulumikizana pakati pa anthu… Kaya mukufuna kapena ayi, chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi. ndi nyanja yaikulu imene simungathawemo. Kuyesa kulikonse kochotsa ndalama, matekinoloje, katundu, mafakitale ndi anthu pakati pa mayiko azachuma, ndi kugwetsa madzi a m’nyanja m’nyanja zakutali ndi mitsinje sikutheka.”
Wachiwiri kwa prezidenti wakale wa BRICS New Development Bank (NDB), Paulo Battista, adanenanso zomwe Obama adachita ku Valdai Club ku Russia posachedwa, m'magawo osiyanasiyana. kudzidzudzula ya bankiyo ndi Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), yomwe idapangidwa kukhala njira ina ya IMF: "Ndikutsimikizireni kuti titayamba ndi CRA ndi NDB, panali nkhawa yayikulu ndi zomwe BRICS ikuchita. m'dera lino ku Washington, DC., mu IMF ndi World Bank. Ndikhoza kuchitira umboni zimenezo chifukwa ndinkakhala kumeneko panthawiyo, monga Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Brazil ndi mayiko ena a Bungwe la IMF. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anthu a ku Washington anamasuka, akumaganiza kuti mwina sitikupita kulikonse.”
Palibe paliponse zosiyana, kunena zolondola. Chifukwa chake ngakhale akudzudzula kumanzere kwa Kumadzulo, pali mgwirizano woyenda-kumanja ndi mphamvu za imperialism zamphamvu zamabizinesi mkati mwazokambirana zamayiko osiyanasiyana zomwe Kumadzulo ndi BRICS + zimathandizira. Cholinga chonse cha utsogoleri wa mafumu / ang'onoang'ono akadali kukulitsa mfundo ndi machitidwe opangira zinthu m'mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu ndi chilengedwe, chokulitsidwa ndi Big Data, kukwera kwa mphamvu zowunika, luntha lochita kupanga ndi matekinoloje ena atsopano. Ngakhale katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi akufunika mwachangu, monga kuchotsa aluntha ku mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi zosungirako, kapena mu chithandizo cha katemera wa miliri ndi kasamalidwe, WTO yatsimikizira kufunikira kofunikira ngakhale pali ziwopsezo zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, monga India ndi South Africa kupempha kuchotsedwa kuti athane ndi COVID. -19 - zomwe adasiya pakati pa 2022 pomwe Brazil, Russia ndi China sizinathandize kuthana ndi kukana kwa European Big Pharma.
Njira yophatikizirayi yakhala ikugwirizana ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mitu yayikulu - komanso gulu lachikhulupiriro ladziko lonse lapansi lokhala ndi chitetezo chamisonkho komanso nzika zingapo - munthawi yamalonda akuchulukirachulukira, ndalama zakunja ndikuyenda kwachuma, mpaka pachimake cha kudalirana kwa mayiko mu 2008. Lingaliro lokhazikitsidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi linali lofunika kwambiri - lingaliro la neoliberal lotchedwa Washington Consensus - ndipo likugwirizanabe ndi kubisa, kuchotseratu malamulo, kugulitsa kunja, kuwononga, ndondomeko zamalonda zamalonda ndi njira zambiri zobera anthu. , monga ndondomeko zochepetsera ndalama zikutsimikiziridwa (kutsatira kupuma kwakanthawi kwa 2020-22).
Pankhani yoyang'anira zachilengedwe, malingaliro okhudzana ndi chilengedwe amaphatikiza chikhulupiriro muukadaulo ndi misika. Ponena za mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyesa kusintha ma imperialism ndikukhazikitsa mapangano akulephereka, kupatula zaka 2020-21 zadzidzidzi za COVID-19. M'malo mwake, chiwopsezo chatsopano chingapezeke munjira za "kuphatikiza ndalama" zopezera ndalama zothandizira ndalama kudzera pangongole yandalama yaying'ono, monga zidapangidwa mwankhanza kwambiri kuno ku South Africa zaka khumi zapitazo ndi Purezidenti watsopano wa World Bank, Ajay Banga.
Yerekezerani malingaliro awa ndi mapulojekiti am'mbuyomu, monga chitsamunda chosankhana mitundu, kapena Bismarck's Germany yomwe idachita upainiya wadziko lazaumoyo, kapena momwe mphamvu zautsamunda ndi neo-colonial zidalimbikitsira olemekezeka m'maiko akuluakulu a capitalist, kapena pambuyo pankhondo Keynesianism ndi Makhalidwe a demokalase momwe maulamuliro aku US ndi Europe adawonetsera njira zawo zosinthira ku Soviet ndi China. Masiku ano imperialism ndi mtundu woyipa kwambiri, wowonjezera komanso wogwira mtima. Neoliberalism imatsogolera ku capitalism yopanda malire yomwe imachepetsa ulamuliro ndikuphatikiza mphamvu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi kotero kuti ngakhale makampani amayiko a BRICS amadalira mabungwe a Washington-Geneva-New York kuti apeze phindu lotsika ndi kutsika mtengo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Likulu la Shanghai-Mumbai-Johannesburg-Sao Paulo nthawi zambiri limagwira ntchito zonyansa zochotsa ndi kupanga koma sizimapeza phindu lalikulu lomwe limapezeka mu R&D, malonda ndi ndalama.
Zikuwoneka kuti, makamaka pambuyo pa msonkhano wa BRICS + Johannesburg mu Ogasiti, ena aluntha omwe adasiyapo omwe adawonapo kuti BRICS ingathe kutsutsa ulamuliro wachifumu waku Western tsopano akukayikira kwambiri kuthekera kwa ndale zamayiko ambiri? Kodi inunso mumamva zimenezo? Ndi phindu lanji, ngati liripo, kumanzere liyenera kupereka lingaliro la kuchulukitsa, kutengera zomwe mwafotokoza za gawo lomwe mayiko a BRICS amachita mu dongosolo la imperialist?
Ndikuganiza kuti ndi choncho, ndipo makamaka chifukwa chakulephera kwa msonkhanowo kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yochotsera ndalama. Kuwulula kumodzi zokambirana za nkhaniyi zidachitika mu Seputembala. Nawa mawu ena:
PEPE ESCOBAR: "Palibe chomwe BRICS ingachite bola ngati IMF ipitiliza kulamula ... vuto lina. Mfundo yakuti New Development Bank, BRICS Bank, makamaka, makamaka, monga Glazyev wakhala akunena nthawi zonse, akadali dollarized. Ndipo athawa bwanji chifukwa chotengera ndalama?… tichotsa bwanji ndalama kubanki ya BRICS, banki yatsopano yachitukuko? Izi ndi zomwe Dilma Rousseff, pulezidenti wakale wa Brazil, tsopano pulezidenti wa NDB, adanena miyezi ingapo yapitayo, ndipo adanena kuti pamsonkhano wa BRICS. Ah, cholinga chathu ndikuti 30% ya ngongole zathu zidutse dola pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Koma izi ndi zopanda pake. Iyenera kukhala ngati 70% kapena 80% tsopano. Ndipo mudikirira 30% chaka chamawa kapena zaka ziwiri. Chifukwa chake izi zikutanthauza kuti akadali banki ya dollar. Zotani, Radhika ndi Michael?
RADHIKA DESAI: Chabwino, ndiyambe. Chifukwa chake ndinganene kuti chofunikira chomwe tiyenera kumvetsetsa ndikuti Banki Yatsopano Yachitukuko sipamene tiyenera kuyang'ana ngati tikuyang'ana njira zochotsera ndalama. Ndikuvomereza kuti idakali m'malingaliro a IMF ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi zina zotero… tikuwona mgwirizano pakati pa… dziko la dollar silili lolimba monga momwe mungaganizire. Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza kuti izi zitha kukhala zovuta ...
MICHAEL HUDSON: “Vuto limene mayiko a BRICS ali nalo sikungopewa IMF. Kodi angakwanitse bwanji kuti apangitse ndalama zawo zapagulu pazomangamanga ndi misewu ndi zinthu zomwe takhala tikuzikamba ngati akuyenera kulipira ngongole zomwe zatsala pang'ono kubweza ngongole zakunja zomwe zakhala zikuyendetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi IMF… Ndiye ngati mukakhala ndi nzeru zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wakale wa zachuma wa neocolonialist, muyenera kupangitsa BRICS kuchoka kumadzulo, osati kungochita malonda pakati panu, koma kunena kuti, tikhala ndi kuletsa ngongole zakunja.
Amene akukhulupirirabe kuti BRICS ndi kapena akhoza kukhala odana ndi imperialist, m'malo mwa sub-imperialist, ayenera kulimbana ndi mafunso awa:
- Chifukwa chiyani otsogolera a BRICS ku Bretton Woods Institutions akuchirikiza momwe zinthu zilili, mothandizidwa ndi Treasuries ndi mabanki apakati?
- Chifukwa chiyani mbiri ya BRICS NDB sikuwoneka ngati ya dollar mopanda nzeru (popeza ngongole zambiri zimapangidwira zolowetsa zomwe sizifuna kutumizidwa kunja kwa $ US), komanso malinga ndi chivomerezo cha mabungwe owerengera ngongole ku New York (chifukwa chake NDB kujowina zilango zotsutsana ndi Moscow koyambirira kwa Marichi 2022) ndipo motero zowononga zachilengedwe komanso zachinyengo zachinyengo?
- Chifukwa chiyani wobwereketsa wa BRICS wosimidwa kwambiri kuchokera ku IMF/Banki - South Africa - sanayambe kukayikira kuti ngongole yake yotengera cholowa komanso yonyansa yokhudzana ndi ziphuphu ndi iti?
- Chifukwa chiyani, pomwe Putin adalephera kubweza ngongole yaku Russia mkati mwa 2022, palibe chomwe chidachitika mwachindunji, ndipo chifukwa chiyani akufuna kuyambiranso kubweza?
- Ndi mphamvu zotani zomwe tiyenera kuziyika ku South Africa ndi mayiko ena a BRICS kuti tikwaniritse udindo wa "filosofi yomwe ili yosiyana ndi imperialism yakale ya zachuma ya neocolonist"?
- Ngati tonse tikufuna kuchotsedwa kwa ndalama komanso njira imodzi yopita kumeneko ndikugwa kwachuma chakumadzulo, ndiye tikuphunzira chiyani kuchokera ku Quantitative Easing, bailouts, chiwongola dzanja chochepa ndi njira zina zopulumutsira mabanki aku Western kuyambira 2008-13 ndi 2020- 21 - ndipo njira yolumikizira ingapambane bwanji pomwe akuluakulu azachuma aku Western ali ndi zolakwa ndi zilango zamitundu yonse, ndipo mabanki a BRICS ndi mabungwe amadalira kwambiri malonda aku Western, ndalama ndi ndalama?
Njira yokhayo yoyankhira mafunsowa ndikuchoka ku malingaliro amitundumitundu kupita ku njira yowona, yopitilira muyeso, popanga BRICS ngati mphamvu yamphamvu yocheperako (ngakhale ili ndi mawonekedwe a "mgwirizano wotsutsa”), kujambula, kukonzanso ndi kukulitsa malingaliro pamizere iyi ya Ruy Mauro Marini, David Harvey, Sam Moyo ndi Paris Yeros, Samir Amin ndi ena.
Zokambirana zambiri za imperialism masiku ano zikuyang'ana pa kusinthana kosafanana ngati njira yosinthira ndalama zochulukirapo kuchoka kumayiko ogwiritsidwa ntchito kupita ku mayiko a imperialist. Muzolemba zanu mumakweza lingaliro la "kusinthanitsa kwachilengedwe kosagwirizana". Kodi mungafotokoze zomwe mukutanthauza ndi chifukwa chake kuyesa kusanthula zamasiku ano zama imperialism kuyenera kuphatikizira lingaliro ili?
Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso zovuta zazachilengedwe zomwe zikuwopseza tonsefe. Amin adalongosola nkhani zambiri za imperialism zomwe zimanyalanyaza kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe sizingangowonjezedwanso mwanjira yowopsa m'buku lake la 2010, Lamulo la Mtengo Wadziko Lonse: “Kuchulukana kwa ukapitalisti kumazikidwa pa kuwonongedwa kwa maziko a chuma chonse: anthu ndi chilengedwe chawo. Zinatenga kuyembekezera kwa zaka zana ndi theka mpaka akatswiri athu azachilengedwe adazindikiranso kuti, tsopano kukhala omveka mwakhungu. Ndizowona kuti mbiri yakale ya Marxism idadutsa kwambiri chofufutira pazowunikira zomwe Marx adachita pankhaniyi ndikutenga malingaliro a mabwinja - olingana ndi malingaliro amasiku ano 'omveka' - pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe. ”
Ngakhale wina yemwe ndimasilira chifukwa chotsutsa mwamphamvu za kayendetsedwe ka phindu, Michael Roberts, amagonja ku chofufutira chachilengedwe akamakangana - m'mawu ake aposachedwa. POPEREKA kuyankhulana - kuti pali "kusamutsidwa kosalekeza kwa mtengo wowonjezera mu mawonekedwe a phindu, lendi ndi chiwongoladzanja kuchokera kumalire" koma popanda kuthana ndi kusamutsidwa kwachuma chatha cha chilengedwe ndi zotsatira za kuipitsa, makamaka mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide. Kotero, pamene akunena za "kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe" monga chimodzi mwazosamutsidwa kuchokera Kumwera kupita Kumpoto, kusanthula kwake kwamtengo wapatali kumanyalanyaza ntchito ya sub-imperial extractive industries ndi mafuta opangira mafuta. Nayenso, chifukwa Roberts amanyalanyaza momwe chuma chatha chikuyendetsedwa ndi BRICS extractivism, mawerengedwe omwe amapanga ponena za kusintha kwa "zowonjezera" za Kum'mwera kupita Kumpoto sizili bwino kusiyana ndi kuwerengetsera kwa GDP ya bourgeois economist, momwe ndalama zopezera ndalama zabwino pazachuma. Zodalira pakukumba zinthu zitha kuwongoleredwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu zomwe sizingangowonjezedwanso, kuwononga chilengedwe, kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komanso kuberekana kosalipidwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Posaganizira zimenezi, Roberts angatsutse zimene tikunenazo kuti: “Anthu ena amanena za ‘sub-imperialism,’ pamene dziko limadyeredwa masuku pamutu ndi ulamuliro wa imperialist koma nawonso amadyera masuku pamutu anansi ake mofananamo. Umboni wotsimikizira izi ndi wofooka kwambiri. Russia, China, India, Brazil ndi South Africa salandira zambiri zakusamutsa ndalama kuchokera ku malonda ndi ndalama m'mayiko osauka - palibe choyerekeza ndi bloc ya imperialist. Chifukwa chake, sindikutsimikiza kuti sub-imperialism ndi lingaliro lothandiza. ” Koma pali umboni wamphamvu wotsimikizirika wa magawo atatu obweza ndalama mu chuma chachifumu, sub-emperial ndi peripheral, ngakhale osaphatikiza zachilengedwe. Ngati Roberts sapeza umboni wotsimikizika woti asamuke kuchokera kumayiko osauka olemera kwambiri kupita kumayiko otsogola ndi opanga zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, mwina ndi chifukwa chakuti "adadutsa chofufutira" pamitundu yonseyi yakusinthana kwachilengedwe. Izi zimamulola kuti atchule kusanthula kwazomwe zathandizira kumayiko ang'onoang'ono ku chitukuko chosagwirizana komanso chophatikizana "chofooka," komanso kunena China "osati chuma cha capitalist" - ngakhale kuti chuma cha ku Africa chikucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mchere ndi mafuta otsalira. ndi makampani aku China aku migodi ndi mafuta.
Ndizowona kuti Roberts ndi Guglielmo Carcheddi amasamalira chuma ndi tsoka lanyengo ndi chidwi chochulukirapo m'buku lawo, Capitalism m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kudzera mu Prism of Value, kumene iwo amavomereza kuti: “Ukapitalizimu umasintha ‘mphatso zaulere za chilengedwe’ kukhala phindu. Ndipo m’chikakamizo chosalekeza chofuna kupeza phindu, chimawononga ndi kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe.” Koma amasiya miyeso yodziwikiratu yomwe imatsimikizira kusalinganika kwa malo komanso kuwononga kwambiri njira imeneyi.
Kodi mukuwona kuthekera kulikonse komanga milatho pakati pa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi, poganizira kuti magulu akumaloko ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana (kaya ma imperialist kapena sub-imperialist) ngati mdani wawo wamkulu? Kodi 21st century anti-imperialist internationalism ingawoneke bwanji?
Kupatulapo ziwirizi zomwe ndidatchulapo m'mbuyomu pakati pa kuvomereza kwathunthu kwa UN ku neoliberal imperialism - kuletsa kwa 1987 ma CFC owononga ozoni ndi thumba lamankhwala la 2002 - zitha kukhala zitsanzo za mayiko. Onse, choyamba, anaphatikiza omenyera ufulu ndi mphamvu za boma, ndipo, chachiwiri, adayankhulidwa padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zinali komanso zomwe zilidi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi. Protocol ya Montreal idatipulumutsa ku dzenje lomwe likukula mu ozoni layer - yomwe ngakhale maboma a [Ronald] Reagan, [Margaret] Thatcher ndi [Helmut] Kohl adazindikira kuti ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo - ndi chiletso chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa ndi 1996 (komanso kumasulidwa koyambirira. kwa ma hydrofluorocarbons omwe amachotsedwa pambuyo pake). Izi zinapulumutsanso dziko lapansi kuchokera ku zomwe NASA ikusonyeza kuti ikanakhala 0.5oC yowonjezera kutentha kowonjezereka ndi 2100. Kuletsedwa koteroko kwa magwero akuluakulu a carbon dioxide ndi methane, popanda zowononga zotulutsa mpweya, ndi zomwe UN iyenera kukhala ikufuna. ku Dubai, koma sizinali chifukwa cha zovuta zamphamvu.
Kupatulapo chachiwiri - kubwera kwa UN Global Fund yolimbana ndi Edzi, Chifuwa ndi Malungo - yomwe, kuno ku South Africa, ma comrades a Treatment Action Campaign, pamodzi ndi ogwirizana ndi mayiko monga Medicins sans Frontiers ndi US-based ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash). Power), yomwe idafunidwa ndikupambana, idatsata kuchotsedwa kwa Intellectual Property kwa mankhwala a generic anti-retroviral mu WTO mu 2001. Panthawiyo, anthu opitilira 40 miliyoni anali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Oyang'anira thumbali, m'njira yodzitamandira koma yoyenerera, akufotokoza patsamba lake zomwe zinali "mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi utsogoleri ... kuti athe kulimbana ndi matenda omwe anali oopsa kwambiri omwe amakumana ndi anthu," zomwe zidapangitsa kuti $60 biliyoni yoperekedwa ndi olemera. m’maiko, “kupulumutsa miyoyo 59 miliyoni ndi kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha imfa zophatikizidwa ndi matenda atatuwo ndi oposa theka.”
Izi ndi njira ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi pazachuma zapadziko lonse lapansi, mkati ndi motsutsana ndi malingaliro a mabungwe amitundumitundu, omwe katswiri wazachilengedwe aliyense ayenera kuwona kupambana. Nkhondo zina zapadera zili ndi maphunziro olimbikitsa, monga nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho ku South Africa, yomwe imawonekera bwino pakufooketsa gulu lamphamvu lamitundu ya azungu ndi likulu pakati pa zaka za m'ma 80s - kudzera munkhondo zakumaloko komanso zilango zapadziko lonse lapansi - kotero kuti demokalase idapambanidwa pano (ngakhale chikhalidwe-chuma ndi chilengedwe chaipitsitsa). Nthawi ndi nthawi, ma projekiti monga a Chiapas Zapatistas autonomous municipalities, Brazil's Landless Workers Movement (MST) occupation of farm or Rojava grassroots, feminist, democratic socialists apereka malo ophiphiritsira. Ndipo tawona zinthu zina zambiri zotsutsana ndi mayiko akunja, monga zionetsero zaposachedwa za mgwirizano wa Palestine, kuphatikizapo kunyalanyala, kupatukana, kuchita zilango (BDS), motsutsana ndi mayiko a Israeli, US ndi Britain. Kulimbikitsana kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zina kwawonetsa lonjezo lalikulu, ndipo ntchito zabwino kwambiri zakomweko - nthawi zina pansi pa mbendera ya "oteteza madzi" - zimapereka zomwe Naomi Klein akuti "blockadia"zolimbikitsa, zolimbana ndi zambiri zotere zomwe zimachokera ku "nyengo" kupita ku "chilungamo chanyengo".
Komabe, pamene mayendedwe ozikidwa pazidziwitso adayamba kukopa chidwi komanso kusankhana zinthu kunachitika pamlingo wina - kutisiya ndi zokonda za Obama kapena zomwe zimatchedwa "kutsamira mu ukazi" wa 1% - tawona zikuwonekera. chithunzi cha galasi chamanja cha doppelganger, monga momwe Klein akuchenjezera. Kuwuka kowopsa kwa anti-imperialism, kapena kudana kwenikweni ndi "dziko lapansi," kuzungulira maukonde omwe Steve Bannon wamanga akusewera gawo loyipa, lopanga chiwembu chogwirizanitsa anthu omwe amadzitcha kuti ndi otsutsa padziko lonse lapansi. Kumbali ina, chiwonetsero chochititsa chidwi cha kampeni ya utsogoleri waku Britain ya Jeremy Corbyn mu 2017, yomwe idaphatikizira kunyoza chipani cha UK Independence Party chomwe chidadutsa Brexit chaka chatha, zikuwonetsa kuti magulu ogwira ntchito amatha kupambana kumanzere pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolimbikitsa zachuma. . Pa nthawi yomweyo, posachedwapa German Die Linke adagawanika zikuwonetsa kuti chiwopsezo cha magulu a ndale ofiira kuvomereza kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena chidakalipobe.
Ponena za kupambana kwa magulu ankhondo akumanja, anthu akumanja akuyenera kutamandidwa chifukwa adathana ndi mavuto omwe kumanzere adakhala nawo m'mbiri yakale, monga kutsutsa mphamvu zokakamiza boma, kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri, kuchiritsa mopitirira muyeso komanso ubale wamakampani - monga momwe adanyozera. kampeni yochokera ku sayansi yolimbana ndi COVID-19. Mikangano yokhudzana ndi mawu achidani komanso kuletsa kumapezeka paliponse, popeza Big Data imapanga zomwe Yanis Varoufakis amalankhula. technofeudalism. Izi zidzayimira zovuta zotsutsana ndi ma imperialists m'zaka zambiri zikubwerazi, chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe zikukula ku US (Seattle-Silicon Valley) ndi likulu lamakampani la China (Shenzhen-Hangzhou) lamakampani akuluakulu aukadaulo opatsidwa mphamvu zosakwanira ku Washington- Beijing owongolera.
Kubwerera m'mbiri yaposachedwa mpaka pachimake cha gulu la chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi likuchita zionetsero zotsutsana ndi mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana zaka 2001 zapitazo komanso kulimbikitsana kolimbana ndi nkhondo ya US-British ku Iraq mu 2001, titha kupeza maphunziro odetsa nkhawa. Bungwe la World Social Forum linayamba bwino m’chaka cha 2023 ku Brazil, koma pasanathe zaka XNUMX n’kuti n’kukhala malo ochezeramo anthu opanda zikhulupiriro omwe ndi olamulidwa ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma. Zina zamphamvu zikupitilirabe - mwachitsanzo, Via Campesina, World March of Women and Water Warriors - ndipo mayendedwe amtundu umodzi komanso omwe amayang'ana kwambiri malo awonetsa kuti amatha kusonkhana m'njira zolumikizana padziko lonse lapansi komanso mdera lanu. Koma ndizodziwikiratu kuti magulu awiri oyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha XNUMX - nyengo ndi mgwirizano wa Palestine - ayenera kupambana kwambiri m'miyezi ikubwerayi, ngati njira yomanganso mphamvu zathu motsutsana ndi ma imperialism. komanso tsopano sub-imperialism.
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