Ndi phindu lanji lomwe latsalira mu lingaliro la imperialism?
Lingaliro la imperialism linali logwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhondo zampikisano za internecine pakati pa maulamuliro angapo akulu aku Europe. Chizoloลตezi chawo chapakati pazovuta za chikapitalist chinalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa malo komwe kunali kosayerekezeka, motsogozedwa ndi misika yayikulu yazachuma, yomwe idalowa m'malire osiyanasiyana.
Munthawi imeneyi, mphamvu zankhondo za atsamunda zidatumizidwa kuti zigonjetse madera ndikukhazikitsa kasamalidwe kaboma ndipo, pambuyo pake, maubale amphamvu pazandale ndi zachuma.
M'nthawi yathu ino, ndondomeko ya imperialist idakali yofunika kwambiri, ndi chinthu china chomwe chinakhala chofunikira kwambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo zakhala zosatheka kuzipewa kuyambira ma 1990s: ulamuliro wa pambuyo pa nkhondo pazachuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, dziko ndi zankhondo. United States, yogwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira kudzera m'mabungwe akumayiko akumadzulo omwe ali ndi likulu la mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe ntchito zawo zimakomera zokomera makampani akuluakulu amitundumitundu komanso makamaka azandalama.
Mabungwe a Imperialist multilateral akuphatikiza World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1944, ndipo pambuyo pake World Trade Organisation (WTO, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
Mabungwe azachuma a Bretton Woods adakula kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 80 ndi m'ma 90s pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanki apadziko lonse lapansi, pamodzi ndi Bank for International Settlements monga mgwirizano wamabanki apakati olamulidwa ndi a United States, Great Britain, Europe ndi Japan.
Pokhudzana ndi vuto lovuta kwambiri - kusintha kwanyengo - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change nthawi zambiri yakhala ikugwira ntchito yayikulu yamafakitale komanso zofuna zamakampani.
Monga umboni mu Dubai koyambirira kwa Disembala, misonkhano yapachaka yapadziko lonse ya nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi ili pansi pa ulamuliro wa imperialism ndipo chifukwa chake ikulephera kukakamiza kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya kuti ukhale wosasunthika - kapenanso kuthetsa mafuta oyaka mafuta - pamene akukana mfundo yomveka: wowononga-amalipira malipiro.
Network yayikulu ya zokhazikika Mabungwe omwe siaboma komanso ma philanthropist capitalists akhala othandiza komanso ovomerezeka a imperialism yanyengo, monganso momwe zimakhalira pafupifupi m'magawo ena onse (osagawanitsa) a mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Maukonde owonjezera osakhazikika amphamvu zachifumu atha kupezeka ku Davos-based World Economic Forum, yomwe yakhala ndi chidaliro chamtsogolo chamtsogolo, chomwe kale chinali chokongoletsa Gulu la Bilderberg ndi US Council on Foreign Relations.
Momwemonso, kuyesetsa kukonza chidwi cha anthu, atolankhani amakampani ndi mabungwe ambiri oganiza bwino omwe ali ndi zikoka zamakatswiri ali ndi udindo wowongolera malingaliro ndi njira zaulamuliro wa imperialism, womwe tsopano uli m'mizinda yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma mayiko amakhalabe ofunikira, ndipo mgwirizano wankhondo, wandale komanso wazachuma pakati pa mizinda ikuluikulu yamphamvu ndizomwe zimachititsa kuti ufumu wa imperialism ukhale wolimba.
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70s, gulu la G7 nthawi zambiri lagwirizanitsa mphamvu za dziko la Western, kutengera mgwirizano.
Bungwe la US Pentagon-centred North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, latsitsimutsidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa, pamene bungwe la Five Eyes intelligence alliance (lophatikizapo Great Britain, Canada, Australia ndi New Zealand) limagwirizanitsa zofuna za asilikali a Anglophone.
Ndipo Quadrilateral Security Dialogue imaphatikiza magulu ankhondo aku Japan, India, Australia ndi US ku Asia, makamaka motsutsana ndi kukula kwa China.
Nthawi zina, maulamuliro amphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito UN Security Council pakuwongolera kwakukulu - ngakhale kuzindikira zotsutsana zomwe zimayenderana ndi mikangano yazandale - ndikulola UN General Assembly kuvota pa "dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo" makamaka chifukwa chovomerezeka.
Zambiri mwaulamuliro wachifumuwu zimafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapagulu ndi atsogoleri akumayiko omwe akuzunzidwa mubizinesi ndi maboma ambiri.
Zowonadi, kuyambira pakusokonekera kwachuma padziko lonse chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, komanso panthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, patuluka chinthu chatsopano chofanana ndi mfumu, makamaka yokhudzana ndi bloc ya Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS). kukwera pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Achuma chapakati awa akugwira ntchito zazikulu osati m'mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso m'gulu la G20 - loyendetsedwa ndi India mu 2023, 2024 ndi Brazil ndi 2025 ndi South Africa.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ogwirizana ndi mphamvu zapakati kuti akwaniritse zolinga zankhondo zaku US sikwachilendo, ndi Brazil, Turkey komanso, makamaka, Israeli omwe ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu a sub-imperialist.
Awa anali mawu Ruy Mauro Marini idapangidwa kuti iwonetsere ubale wa Washington-Brasilia mu 1965, womwe pambuyo pake udadziwika bwino m'gulu la semi-periphery. Mbiri ya Immanuel Wallerstein sukulu yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwino wa sub-imperialism ku mphamvu za US udanenedwa ndi woyimira pawokha woyima pawokha Robert F Kennedy Jnr.
mu kuyankhulana pa Novembara 5, RFK Jr adalonjeza kuti ngati atasankhidwa kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2024, "Onetsetsani kuti tili ndi zinthu zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kwa ife, kuphatikiza mafuta omwe ndi ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi, kuti tili ndi mwayi woti tiwonetsetse. kuti athe kuteteza iwo. Ndipo Israeli ndiyofunikira, ndipo chifukwa chake ndiyofunikira chifukwa ndichitetezo chathu ku Middle East. Zili ngati kukhala ndi chonyamulira ndege ku Middle East. โ
Uwu ndi mtundu wankhanza kwambiri, ngakhale wowona mtima, wa ogwirizana nawo a Washington omwe akufuna. Kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu kuli mu kayendetsedwe ka chuma chamayiko ambiri, monga momwe mavuto azachuma adakwera mu 2008-11 ndi 2020-22 ndipo maboma onse achifumu ndi ang'onoang'ono adagwiritsa ntchito G20 ndi IMF kugwirizanitsa kukula kwandalama, kubwezeredwa kwa banki ndi kutsika kwachiwongola dzanja mwachangu. .
Ndiye tiyenera kumvetsetsa bwanji zotsutsana pazachuma komanso zandale zomwe mabungwewa akukumana nawo tsopano?
Kusintha kwakukulu pamachitidwe osonkhanitsa ndalama kumawonetsedwa ndi makonzedwe amphamvu a imperialist/sub-imperialist.
Kuyambira m'ma 1970, pamene zovuta za capitalist zidayambiranso, East Asia idakhala njira yabwino yopangira ndalama zamabizinesi omwe akukumana ndi chiwongola dzanja chochepa Kumadzulo. Kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kwa malonda, ndalama ndi zachuma kunakula mofulumira, molimbikitsidwa ndi kubwera kwa petrodollars (zosungiramo mafuta) ndi ma Eurodollars, omwe adayika ndalama pakati pa malo apakati azachuma aku Western.
Kenako, kuchotsedwa kwazachuma motsogozedwa ndi US/British, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, kudaloleza kukula kwangongole, zopangapanga zazachuma komanso ndalama zongopeka.
Chiwongola dzanja chokwera - chochokera ku Washington mu 1979 kuti athane ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya US - adakopa ndalama zambiri zomwe mayiko akumadzulo angagulitse m'magulu azachuma.
Ndipo chuma cha European Union chinakhala gawo logwirizana kwambiri, losagawika pang'ono lamphamvu za capitalist, ndi ndalama imodzi pofika koyambirira kwa 1990s.
Momwemonso, ntchito zoyang'anira mabungwe ogwirizana ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi ngongole zidathandizira zofuna zamakampani ndi mabanki amitundu yambiri, makamaka mavuto a ngongole a m'ma 80 atasamutsira mphamvu ku World Bank ndi IMF.
Gawo lazachuma ili la imperialism ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha ngongole zamayiko ambiri za COVID-19.
M'nkhaniyi, zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwanthawi yayitali komanso mikangano yankhondo idakula kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2010 - zowonekera kwambiri ngati nkhondo zaku Ukraine ndi Middle East pakadali pano, komanso mwina mikangano yomwe ingathe kubuka nthawi iliyonse ku Central Asia, Mapiri a Himalayan, South China Sea ndi Korea Peninsula.
Magawanowa atha kukula mwachangu, ndikuyambitsa zokondana komanso kupanga malingaliro a "msasa" - Kumadzulo motsutsana ndi zomwe zimatsogozedwa ndi China / Russia zomwe zimatchedwa kulumikizana kwamitundu yambiri, zomwe zakhudza kwambiri malingaliro odana ndi imperialism padziko lonse lapansi.
Mikanganoyo yafikira ku kusamuka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, malonda ndi zachuma, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi kukwera kwa nkhanza za anthu ochokera kumayiko ena komanso zotsutsa zamanja za "globalism".
Izi zidawoneka bwino pakupambana kwa mapiko akumanja pamavoti atatu a 2016: Brexit, Donald Trump ku US, ndi Rodrigo Duterte ku Philippines, kutsatiridwa ndi mavoti ena kuphatikiza ku Brazil, Italy komanso tsopano Argentina ndi Netherlands.
Choyambitsa kusowa kwa chikhulupiriro mu ndale za anthu osankhika sikungoyendetsa bwino zomwe amavomereza ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "polycrisis" zomwe zikuchitika m'madera osiyanasiyana a maudindo osiyanasiyana, komanso kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mayiko (makamaka malonda / GDP) pambuyo pa 2008. mu "deglobalisation" kapena chiyani The Economist mawu "slowbalisationโ ndi lipoti laposachedwa la UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) likunena kuti โliwiro-liwiroโ kukula.
Kuphatikiza pa zolakwika zomwe zidavomerezedwa poyera mu dongosololi, nkhondo yamalonda yaku US-China, kuyambira mu 2017, ndi kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022 kukuwonetsa kutsutsana kwina komanso malire akukulirakulira kwa malo.
Koma mikangano yambiri yotereyi - yobadwa ndi zotsutsana zamkati mwa capitalist - sizili zamtundu wapakati pa mafumu. Amawonetsa munthu wankhanza mkati mwa sub-imperialism - pomwe Purezidenti waku Russia Vladimir Putin adadutsa malire ndikuukira Crimea mu 2014 ndi dziko lonse la Ukraine mu 2022 - komanso mu imperialism - mwachitsanzo pomwe Boma la US Treasury lidachitapo kanthu polimbana ndi kuphatikizika kwachuma kwa Russia padziko lonse lapansi. , kuthamangitsa Moscow m'mabanki akuluakulu ndikulanda madola mabiliyoni mazana angapo a katundu wake womwazika mosasamala komanso oligarch.
Ndizovuta kulingalira imperialism yamakono popanda kukhudza mphamvu zonsezi ndi kutchula mabungwe omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu.
Timafunikira zida zamalingaliro - makamaka sub-imperialism, ngakhale mawuwa ndi otalikirana ndi okonda dziko la Third World - kuti awononge chilichonse mwa njirazi.
Izi zidzatilola kuti tidutse kumasulira kosavuta kwa anti-imperialist "mdani wa mdani wanga ndi bwenzi langa", zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mumalingaliro otchedwa campist logic.
Chifukwa chake, zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo polimbana ndi kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine ndi kuukira kwa Israeli ndi US, ndikuwunika kosasintha.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Kukula kwa Brics kumabweretsa chitukuko chachikulu cha imperialist, mwina mpikisano wina, koma palibe chitsimikizo cha dziko lokhazikika bwinoko. Mwina tidzakhala ndi imperialism yayikulu, taganizirani zomwe zikutanthauza.