Msonkhano wa Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) ku Johannesburg udatha pa Ogasiti 24 pambuyo pa zokhumudwitsa zazikulu: zovuta zomwe zidakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali ku US dollar hegemony zidabadwa zikufa chifukwa champhamvu za bloc. Komabe chifukwa cha mbiri ya atsogoleri a BRICS, kukulitsa maukonde kunachitika, kuphatikiza Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Komabe, kuchulukitsidwa kwa umembala watsopano wa mayiko omwe akhudzidwa ndi zinthu zakale zakufa, nkhanza komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu - wamba, zachuma ndi zachilengedwe - kumakulitsa kuopsa kwa gulu lomwe liripo. Komabe, maiko ena 17 omwe adafunsira, kuphatikiza ena 20 omwe adawonetsa chidwi, angapangitse gululo kukhala lowopsa kwambiri paziwerengerozo, bwanji ndi zofunsira za Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kazakhstan. , Morocco, Sudan, Turkiye and Zimbabwe.
Ndi njira ziti zomwe zikutsatiridwa kuti zikule? Panalibe zomveka nthawi ino, koma monga woyang'anira msonkhano waku South Africa Anil Sooklal ankadzinenera, "Tinali omveka bwino kuti mayiko ayenera kukhala ochokera ku Global South, omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino m'madera awo, ndipo chachitatu ayenera kuwonjezera kaimidwe kabwino ka BRICS." Koma โkuimirira bwinoโ mwachionekere kumaphatikizapo nkhanza. Nkhondo yayitali ku Yemen yomwe idasokoneza Iran motsutsana ndi Saudi Arabia ndi UAE, kusiya wamba 350,000 wakufa pakati pa njala yayikulu. Kuphedwa kwa Iran kwa ochita ziwonetsero za mgwirizano panthawi yachipolowe chaufulu wa amayi. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Ethiopia ku Tigray. Asilikali a Saudi awululira zakupha anthu ambiri aku Ethiopia omwe adadutsa malire a Yemen. Kukana kwa UAE kutulutsa abale a Gupta omwe adawononga dziko la South Africa mzaka za 2010. Oponya voti ku Argentina posachedwapa adavotera wandale wamtundu wa Bolsonaro Javier Melia (yemwe akufuna kutero. re-dollarize chuma cham'deralo) - ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kokhazikika kungapambane mu Okutobala.
Monga mwachizolowezi ndi BRICS, zopusa zotere zikawoneka, zimakonda kuwonetsa zochitika zoyenda kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: zolankhula zotsutsana ndi ma imperialist zomwe zimatanthawuza kubisa chidwi chozama komanso kuwukira madera ogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, polankhula pamsonkhano wa achinyamata a BRICS mu July, nduna ya pulezidenti ya South Africa Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma. anatengeka za momwe BRICS "idzafulumizitsira kugwa kwa dongosolo ladziko lopanda chilungamo la imperialist." anayankha Busisiwe Mavuso, chief executive officer of Business Leadership South Africa,
"Mawuwa anali olemetsa kwambiri pamawu omwe adawonetsa kuti BRICS ndi gawo lopikisana padziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi mayiko akumadzulo, osati mgwirizano womwe udapangidwa kuti upititse patsogolo chitukuko ndi mgwirizano wa mamembala ake. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, m'mawu omwewo, a Dlamini-Zuma adadandaulira iwo omwe amasankha kuti titumize katundu m'malo motumiza zinthu kudziko lapansi. Sanayime pangโono kuganizira kuti ubale wathu ndi India ndi China umadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ku South Africa kugulitsa zinthu zopangira kunja ndi kuitanitsa zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kunja.โ
Kukonda dziko kopitilira muyeso kwa boma, osati kwachilendo, kudatanthauziridwa ndi Wapampando wa University of Johannesburg ku Africa Diplomacy, Chris Landsberg, ngati chiwonetsero cha "chizoloลตezi cha Pretoria chogogomezera kubweranso kwachiwiri kwa Cold War, motsogozedwa ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi imperialism zomwe ziri zoona komanso zenizeni, osayang'ana machitidwe a sub-imperialist ndi neo-imperialist a mamembala amphamvu a BRICS. Dziko la South Africa linkafunanso ubale wapamtima ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo, pafupifupi pazachuma, kwinaku akutsindika kusakhulupirirana pazandale pakati pa Pretoria ndi maulamulirowa.โ
Zofuna za sub-imperial
Zowonadi nthawi zina, tikayang'ana mozama pazisankho zapamsonkhano, akuluakulu a BRICS nawonso lankhula bwino, zimagwirizana ndi malo ang'onoang'ono pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, momwe atsogoleri awo amavomereza poyera kuti alibe chochita kuti apange kusintha kulikonse. Musanaganizire zotsatira za kusamvana pazachuma zomwe zidasokoneza chiyembekezo kuti BRICS ikuchita nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi, lingalirani chilankhulo mu Johannesburg II Declaration (loyamba lidachitika mu 2018) kuwonetsa kumvera kopitilira muyeso kwa BRICS ku mabungwe a Neoliberal aku Western, monga zafotokozedwera pazosankha khumi ndi ziwiri izi:
- 8. Timatsimikiziranso kuthandizira kwathu poyera, poyera, mwachilungamo, mwachilungamo, choloseredwa, chophatikizapo, chofanana, chopanda tsankho komanso chotsatira malamulo. Multilateral trading system ndi World Trade Organisation (WTO) pachimake chake...
- 9. Tikuyitanitsa kufunikira kopita patsogolo kuti tikwaniritse chilungamo njira yogulitsira zaulimi yotengera msika...
- 10. Timathandizira olimba Global Financial Safety Net yokhala ndi ndalama zozikidwa pa quota komanso zothandizidwa mokwanira ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF) pakati pawoโฆ Kusintha kulikonse kwa magawo a magawo kuyenera kuchitika kuwonjezeka kwa magawo a magawo a misika yomwe ikubwera ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene (EMDCs)โฆ kuphatikiza mu maudindo a utsogoleri m'mabungwe a Bretton Woods, zomwe zikuwonetsa udindo wa ma EMDC pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansiโฆ
- 27. Timalimbikitsa mabungwe azachuma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti agwire ntchito yolimbikitsa kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pa ndondomeko zachuma ndiโฆkuti apitilizebe kutsatira zomwe zalangizidwaโฆ kuchokera ku Lipoti la G20 Independent Review...
- 29. Tikuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa ngongole m'maiko ena kumachepetsa ndalama zomwe zikufunika kuthana ndi zovuta zachitukuko zomwe zikuchitikaโฆ Chimodzi mwa zida, mwa zina, kuthana ndi vuto la ngongole ndikukhazikitsa zolosera, mwadongosolo, munthawi yake komanso mwadongosolo. G20 Common Framework for Ngongole Chithandizo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa obwereketsa omwe ali m'mayiko awiri, obwereketsa payekha ndi Mabanki a Multilateral Development mogwirizana ndi mfundo yochitira zinthu limodzi ndi kugawana mtolo mwachilungamo.
- 30. Ife tikuikira umboni kufunikira kwa G20 kuti ipitilize kuchita nawo gawo la Prime Minister multilateral forum pazachuma komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi. zomwe zikuphatikiza misika yotukuka ndi yomwe ikubwera komanso mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene komwe mayiko akuluakulu azachuma amafunafuna njira zothetsera mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi. Tikuyembekezera kuchititsa bwino Msonkhano wa 18 wa G20 ku New Delhi pansi pa Utsogoleri wa Indian G20. Tikuwona mipata yopangira chilimbikitso chokhazikika chosinthira India, Brazil ndi South Africa atsogolela G20 kuyambira 2023 mpaka 2025 ndipo adawonetsa kuthandizira kupitiliza ndi mgwirizano mu utsogoleri wawo wa G20 ndikuwafunira zabwino zonse pazoyesayesa zawo. (kutsindika kwawonjezera)
Uthenga wosavuta pano, ndikuti m'malo mogwetsa tebulo lalikulu la mphamvu zachuma za Kumadzulo, bloc ikufuna kukhazikika ndi kuvomereza kuti "dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo" - mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsana kwakukulu, ndiko kuti malingaliro ake oyambira, Washington Consensus. , zadzetsa mavuto ambiri mโmadera ambiri a BRICS omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Kugwada kumeneku sikwachilendo, chifukwa kuyambira 2008 pomwe G20 idakhazikitsidwa, BRICS yakhala ngati njira yakumadzulo yazachuma komanso maiko osiyanasiyana. Ndi munthawi yapadziko lonse lapansi - komanso m'mabizinesi aku Western + BRICS omwe akuchokera kumayiko osauka m'maiko osauka - pomwe zokonda za imperialist ndi sub-imperialist zimayamba kusakanikirana.
Mwachitsanzo, zaka za m'ma 2010 zidawona kudzipereka kobwerezabwereza, m'mawu ndi zochita, kukonzanso mphamvu zovota ku Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs). Ntchito yolola kuti BWI ikhale yovomerezeka idafika pachimake pakuwonjezeka kwa 2015 komwe BRICS idapereka $75 biliyoni mundalama zobwezeretsanso ndalama, chaka chomwecho yuan idaphatikizidwa mudengu lovomerezeka la ndalama zovomerezeka za IMF. Chigawo cha mavoti ku IMF ku China chinakwera ndi 37 peresenti chaka chimenecho, ku Brazil ndi 23 peresenti, India ndi 11 peresenti, ndipo Russia ndi XNUMX peresenti, koma kukwera kumeneku sikunawononge ndalama za Kumadzulo kwenikweni.
Maiko awiri omwe adataya magawo ambiri ovota anali Nigeria ndi Venezuela (pa 41 peresenti iliyonse) ndipo ngakhale South Africa idagwa (21 peresenti). Mavoti aku China adakwera kuchokera pa 3.8 peresenti kufika pa 6.1 peresenti ya chiwerengero chonse, ndipo ma BRICS asanu adaloledwa (ndi mameneja a Kumadzulo) kuti afikire pafupifupi 15 peresenti yomwe mphamvu za veto zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Koma zotsatira za chikokachi sizinawonekere kusintha kwa mfundo za Washington Consensus, kapena "maudindo a utsogoleri m'mabungwe a Bretton Woods." Bungwe la BRICS silinachite khama kuti lipikisane nawo pa utsogoleri wa IMF womwe unali ku Europe pomwe idasintha mu 2011 ndi 2019, osati pomwe Purezidenti wa Banki Yadziko Lonse adalamulidwa ndi US mu 2012, 2019 ndi 2023. Komanso, sipanakhalepo zowona Ndalama zokwana $100 biliyoni za BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement m'malo mwa IMF. Ndipo makamaka mu mbiri yake yaku South Africa, BRICS New Development Bank yachita mobwerezabwereza operekedwa obwereka achinyengo okhala ndi ngongole zosayenera.
Kubwera kwa zilango zanyengo, panthawi yakusintha kwa ndalama
Komabe, panali mkangano pakati pa gulu la BRICS la neoliberal pro-trade, mbali imodzi, ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo mbali inayo, zokhudzana ndi "zilango zanyengo" mu mawonekedwe a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms omwe, kuyambira European Union, idzakhazikitsa mitengo yamtengo wapatali pa katundu wochokera kunja ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha:
- 63. Timatsutsa zotchinga zamalonda kuphatikiza zomwe zili pansi pa chenjezo lothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe maiko ena otukuka achita ndikubwerezanso kudzipereka kwathu pakupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pankhaniyi. Tikutsindika kuti njira zomwe zimatengedwa pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe WTO-yosagwirizanaโฆ Tikuwonetsa nkhawa zathu pa tsankho lililonse la WTO lomwe lingatero kusokoneza malonda a mayiko, Kuyika pachiwopsezo zotchinga zatsopano zamalonda komanso kusintha kwakusintha kwakusintha kwanyengo komanso kutayika kwamitundumitundu kwa mamembala a BRICS ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Mawuwa apa akuyimira kukana kwanyengo, chifukwa pali kale kupotoza kwakukulu mu malonda apadziko lonse, ndalama ndi ndalama chifukwa cha kulephera kwa capitalist kukhazikitsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwamakampani, kuipitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwazinthu pakuwerengera mitengo. Poganizira zoopsa za nyengo ndi kuphana kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi, makamaka kumayiko a BRICS +, chikhumbo chofuna kusunga chisokonezo chotsutsana ndi chilengedwe ndi "kulephera kwakukulu kwa msika komwe dziko lapansi lawona," malinga ndi katswiri wazachuma waku Britain Nick Stern.
Ndipo mobwerezabwereza kuyambira 2021, olamulira aku South Africa omwe akukhala nawo - maboma ndi mabungwe - adabwerezanso kuti zilango zomwe zikubwera zaku Western motsutsana ndi kutumizira kunja komwe kukufunika mphamvu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chuma chikuyenera kuwononga mpweya. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya malasha yochuluka yomwe ili muzinthu zotumizidwa kunja, maiko omwe atenga misonkho ya carbon yapamwamba - nthawi zina $100 / tonne poyerekeza ndi SA $ 0.35 / tonne - kuti ateteze 'kutuluka kwa carbon'. Misonkho yotereyi ingakhale yowononga kwambiri kumakampani a Energy Intensive Users Groups - makamaka mabungwe akumayiko akumadzulo amakana kuwononga mpweya chifukwa amawona zotsika mtengo komanso zokwera mtengo kuchokera kudzuwa, mphepo ndi kusungirako.
Chifukwa chake nthawi zina pamakhala kusiyana kofunikira kwambiri pakati pa zokonda za chuma chaufumu ndi ma sub-economies. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za konkriti zimakonda kwambiri kumana, mpaka pomwe zokhumba za BRICS zikadali zokwaniritsa kwambiri udindo muulamuliro wamakampani ambiri, osati kukulitsa (monga ambiri odzipereka ku hype ndi chiyembekezo amakonda kunamizira). Pafupifupi nthawi zonse pamene mawu aku South oumirira amakweza chilungamo cha mayiko padziko lonse lapansi ngati nkhawa, chiyeso chimakhala kuthandizira zolankhula zawo (ngakhale zosagwirizana ndi zochita), koma zilango zanyengo motsutsana ndi mega-emitters mu BRICS + si imodzi mwa nthawizo.
Mkangano wina waukulu womwe umapezeka pafupipafupi pamisonkhano ya BRICS ndiwokhudza ndalama ndi ubale wandalama, makamaka popeza zilango zachuma zidaperekedwa ku Russia mu Marichi 2022 - kuphatikiza ndi BRICS New Development Bank (momwe Moscow ili ndi gawo la umwini wa 18%). monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi Purezidenti wawo watsopano Dilma Rousseff. Purezidenti waku Brazil Luiz Inรกcio Lula da Silva anatsutsana kwa atsogoleri ena a mayiko omwe anasonkhana ku Johannesburg, "Kupanga ndalama zogulira malonda ndi malonda pakati pa mamembala a BRICS kumawonjezera njira zathu zolipirira ndikuchepetsa chiwopsezo chathu."
Ndipo mutsogoleli wadziko la South Africa, Khumbudzo Ntshavheni, anali makamaka anakwiya Ponena za dongosolo la Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (Swift), chifukwa atalanda dziko la Ukraine, "Russia tsopano yachotsedwa ku Swift, ngakhale palibe zilango za UN motsutsana ndi Russian Federation. Monga mamembala a BRICS, tili ndi ufulu wowona njira zopangira malonda popanda kuletsedwa ndi zofuna za dziko lathu komanso zofuna za UN. "
Koma malingaliro awa, komanso malingaliro a ndalama za BRICS zothandizidwa ndi golide kapena banki yapakati pa cyber, kapena kuti renmimbi yaku China ikhale yosinthika, onse adakumana ndi cheke chovuta. Rousseff yekha adafotokozedwa chikhumbo chochepa chokweza ndalama za ngongole za BRICS Bank kuchokera pa 22 mpaka 30 peresenti pofika chaka cha 2030, ngakhale kuti ngongole za ngongole zakhala zikuwonongeka. Ndipo akuluakulu aboma a BRICS, malinga kwa yemwe kale anali wa Marxist ku South Africa - yemwe tsopano akutsimikiza za nduna ya zachuma Enoch Godongwana, "Tilibe cholinga chochotsa dola. Zidzakhala zovuta kwa mayiko omwe akuchita malonda kwambiri ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo, monga South Africa, kunena kuti 'Ndikhoza kuchotsa dola' chifukwa ndikuchitabe nawo malonda kwambiri.
Sim Tshabalala, mkulu wa bungwe lalikulu la zachuma ku South Africa, Standard Bank, adakumbutsa BRICS Business Council ndi atsogoleri a mayiko, za
"zofunikira za ndalama yapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukhala ndalama zoperekedwa ndi banki yaikulu yokhala ndi chikhulupiliro chapamwamba kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya ndalama; kukhala ndalama ya dziko kapena bungwe lapamwamba lomwe lili ndi mbiri yolimba pa ndondomeko ya zachuma ndikukwaniritsa ngongole zake; kupezeka mwaufulu mochuluka kwambiri mโmadera ambiri; ndi kutembenuka kwathunthu nthawi zonse. Izi sizingakhudzidwe msanga - kapena kuvomerezedwa - kuti zikhalepo, koma zimatha kuonekera kwa zaka zingapo monga mbiri yodalirika komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri "
Kunena zowona, koyambirira kwa 2023, Dola yaku US idatsala pang'ono kutaya kukhulupirika kwake komwe kunkaganiziridwa kuti ndi kopanda pake pomwe Nyumba Yoyimilira yaku Republican idabweretsa dzikolo pachimake pakubweza ngongole zaboma. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Dollar mu njira zolipirira mayiko a Swift (osaphatikiza ma intra-Eurozone) kunali 59 peresenti, poyerekeza ndi Yuro pa 14 peresenti, Pound yaku Britain pansi pa 6 peresenti, Yen pa 5 peresenti, yaku Canada. Dollar pafupifupi 3 peresenti, ndipo kupitirira 2 peresenti ya Renmimbi yaku China. Ndipo kuwonjezera pa illiquidity mu kusamutsidwa interbank, katswiri m'deralo Jackie Cilliers operekedwa Zifukwa zina zokayikitsa:
"Palibe chiyembekezo chodzalowa m'malo mwa dola mtsogolomu. Malonda pakati pa mayiko a BRICS ndi ochepa kwambiri kuti apeze ndalama imodzi. Ndizomveka kugulitsa ndalama zamayiko (osati kutembenuzidwa mwaufulu) ngati malonda apakati pa mayiko ali ofanana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Russia posachedwapa idagulitsa mafuta ambiri ku India, kugulitsa ma rupees. Koma chifukwa India imatumiza zocheperako ku Russia kuposa zomwe imatumiza kunja, Moscow tsopano ili ndi ndalama zomwe sizingawononge kapena kutembenuza - kupatula kugula katundu kuchokera ku India. Renminbi yaku China siyosinthika mokwanira ndipo ilibe misika yayikulu yayikulu, kuwonekera kwa msika, mabanki apakati odziyimira pawokha komanso mabungwe azachuma aku Western Bank. Palinso malingaliro okhudzana ndi chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi tsogolo la China - dzikolo ndi lodziyimira pawokha lomwe lingavutike kuti likhale lokhazikika pomwe kukula kwachuma kukuchepa. India ikuyeneranso kutsutsa ndalama wamba, chifukwa cha nkhawa zake zaku China ngati mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wopikisana nawo. "
The 'sub-imperialism!' slur - ndi counter-slurs
Pankhani ya kulinganiza koyipa kwa mphamvu koteroko, zilipo nkhani zitatu za BRICS, amene angatchulidwe kuti 'chiyembekezo,' 'chiyembekezo' ndi 'kusathandiza.' Nthawi zina, ngakhale olemba ndemanga omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo kapena achinyengo adzadzipereka ku umboni wa khalidwe laling'ono la mfumu; Msonkhano wa ku Johannesburg usanachitike, mtolankhani waku Brazil Pepe Escobar - wofotokozedwa makamaka ndi akuluakulu aku Russia - monyansidwa. adawona mkangano woopsa wokhudza ngati pulezidenti wa Russia angabwere ku Johannesburg, pambuyo pa International Criminal Court (ICC) itapeza kuti ana masauzande a ku Ukraine anabedwa, mlandu wankhondo:
"Izi zinali dziko la South Africa lomwe lidayamba kukakamizidwa ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo pa Lamulo la Rome la ICC, ponena kuti Vladimir Putin ayenera kumangidwa ngati atakhudza aliyense amene adasaina ICC ... Mukudziwa, njira zopeka za 'Hybrid War', adagwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu ku Pretoria ndi Johannesburg. Ndipo chifukwa ndi omwe ali ofooka kwambiri mu BRICS, adayenera kusiya. "
Koma kwa iwo omwe ali m'magulu awiri oyambilira, mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi zomwe adzipereka pazandale pokopa BRICS kapena, osachepera, kuyika chiyembekezo pazomwe angakwaniritse bloc, ndizokwiyitsa kwambiri kukumana ndi zonena kuti blocyo ndiyotheka. opanda thandizo: mpaka pano sinagwire ntchito ngati anti-imperialist njira ku dongosolo lamphamvu lazachuma la Kumadzulo, koma m'malo mwake monga mfumu yaying'ono amplifier. Kukwiyitsa uku kumabweretsa ma slurs amtundu wa caricature.
Mwachitsanzo, Roy Singham, yemwe anali wokonda zachifundo, analembera mnzake wina chaka chatha, kuti: โNdikuona kuti zimene zikuchitikazo zakhala zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro kwawo.โ kunamizira kwina.โ Ndipo mu mzimu womwewo, wothirira ndemanga pa geopolitical YouTuber Danny Haiphong adanena kwa Ben Norton koyambirira kwa Ogasiti,
"Ndikuganiza kuti pali ena omwe ali enieni ngati onyoza BRICS. Sindikudziwa ngati mwawawona. Iwo ali, inu mukudziwa, pali chingwe chonse. Ngakhale anthu ngati a Patrick Bond ndi ena omwe amatcha mayiko a BRICS kuti ndi olamulira adzikoโฆ Ngakhale Washington kapena Soviet Union, oops kwenikweni ndi Russian Federation. Mukudziwa, ngati, pali malingaliro pamenepo. "
anayankha Norton,
โAnthuwa sadziwa chilichonse pazachuma. sadziwa kalikonse zokhuza chitukuko cha sosholizimuโฆAnthu awa safuna kusamala ndipo samamvetsetsa zoyambira za imperialism. Ndipo kachiwiri, iwo akulakwitsa pa chirichonse. Anthu ngati a Patrick Bond, adalakwitsa za Yugoslavia, adalakwitsa ndi Soviet Union, adalakwitsa za Cuba, akulakwitsa za Nicaragua, akulakwitsa za Venezuela, adalakwitsa pa nkhondo ndi Libya, zomwe adalakwitsa. zonse zimathandizidwa. Iwo analakwa pa nkhondo ya ku Syria, imene onse anaichirikiza. Ndipo lero akulakwitsa ponena za Russia ndi China, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kukhala za imperialist. Ndipo akulakwitsa kuti BRICS ikhale liwu lina la neoliberalismโฆ
"Ndikutanthauza kuti mutha kuwona komwe mbiri ikupita. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti BRICS ikupita kudera liti, ndipo izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake mayiko ambiri kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza maiko omwe kale anali ogwirizana ndi azungu monga Saudi Arabia ndi UAE, ndichifukwa chake ali ndi chidwi cholowa nawo komanso kutenga nawo mbali. mu izi. Chifukwa pamene dziko likuchulukirachulukirachulukira komanso momwe dziko la Western likukhalira pamavuto ndikuchepa, zomwe zimapereka malo ochulukirapo komanso malo opumira kuti mayiko aku South Africa azitsatira njira zatsopano zachuma zachitukuko, kuphatikiza socialism, monga tikuwonera ku China. , monga momwe tikuonera ku Vietnam, monga momwe tikuonera ku Lao, ku Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia.
โMayiko onsewa ali ndi izi ndipo ndizoseketsa chifukwa akutiuza kuti tizimvera, monga mukudziwa, Patrick Bond, yemwe ndi mzungu ku South Africa. Osati, ndikutanthauza kuti mukudziwa, pakhoza kukhala azungu omwe ali ndi kusanthula bwino kwa izi. Kulondola, ngati ndine mzungu, koma ngati, bwerani, mzungu ku South Africa, yemwe nthawi zonse amadzudzula nkhondo iliyonse ya Global South Liberation, ndikungolimbikitsa mbiri yautsamunda imeneyi.
Kuitana kwa Imperialism kuti alowe nawo - osati kumenyana - mphamvu zamakampani padziko lonse lapansi
Nanga ganizo la sub-imperialism ndi chiyani? Mu mzimu wa wowunika wake woyambirira, wokhulupirira kudalira ku Brazil Ruy Mauro Marini, bloc ya BRICS ikhoza kukhala. anamvetsa osati kungovomereza ku imperialism monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, momwe ntchito ya 'deputy sheriff' imaseweredwa ku capitalism yamakampani padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, malowa akuwonetsanso zomwe Marini adazitcha "mgwirizano wotsutsana" ndi maulamuliro a US-EU-UK-UK-Japan-multilaterals' ndi makampani.
Mwachitsanzo, mamembala a G20 - kuphatikiza mayiko asanu a BRICS kuphatikiza mamembala awiri atsopano a BRICS+ (Argentina ndi Saudi Arabia) - adagwirizana, pomwe bungweli lidakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008, kuti ligwirizanitse ndalama zomwe zidawonongeka panthawiyo. Western misika yazachuma. Ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, akhala akuchita - nthawi zina monyinyirika - mogwirizana (kupatula Russia kumenyedwa ndi zilango zoyenerera zachuma komanso kulandidwa katundu chifukwa choyesa kukonzanso dziko la Ukraine - mwachiyembekezo kuti pamapeto pake adzatembenuzidwa kuti abwezedwe pankhondo).
Mizu ya kuphatikizika kwa mafumu / sub-imperial ikupezeka muzaka za m'ma 1990 kuphatikiza kwa polojekiti ya neoliberal. Kuyambira pamenepo ulamuliro wa Kumadzulo kwa mabungwe azachuma a mayiko osiyanasiyana, WTO ndi UNFCCC zathandiza bwino osati awo okha, komanso BRICS,' mabungwe akuluakulu. Mkhalidwe woterewu wachifumu, Marini adanena mu 1972 pofotokoza dziko la Brazil, likuimira โmpangidwe umene ukapitalisti wodalira umakhala nawo ukafika pa siteji ya ulamuliro waulamuliro ndi likulu lazachuma.โ Kukula kwakunja kumafunika kuti phindu likhale lovomerezeka pamene anthu akucheperachepera, chifukwa cha "kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa anthu ogwira ntchito - m'matauni komanso akumidzi - ndi kufotokoza kwa hegemony yomwe inagonjetsedwa, chifukwa cha zovutazo. , ndi maulamuliro olamulira a mafakitale komanso ndalama za mayiko ndi mayiko ena.โ
Kuwonetsa momwe izi zimawonekera patsamba la BRICS ku Johannesburg, m'buku lomwe lamwalira 2019, Marxist waku Egypt Samir Amin. zinali zowopsa ponena za dziko la South Africa limene, โlomasulidwa ku tsankho lonyansa, tsopano likuyangโanizana ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri: mmene tingapitirire kupyola mkhalidwe wa demokalase wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti usinthe anthu mozama? Zosankha za boma la African National Government, mpaka pano, zazemba funsoli ndipo, chifukwa chake, palibe chomwe chasintha. Udindo wa dziko la South Africa wolamulidwa ndi dziko la South Africa wolamulidwa ndi ma imperialism walimbikitsidwa, ndipo ukulamuliridwabe ndi mayiko a migodi a Anglo-America.โ
Kale mu 2015, Amin adalemba a Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse nkhani, "Contemporary imperialism," kumene iye anapereka fanizo ili la BRICS: "Kunyansidwa kosalekeza kwa United States/Europe/Japan gulu la imperialism motsutsana ndi anthu onse akummwera kumayenda pamiyendo iwiri: mwendo wachuma - neoliberalism yapadziko lonse lapansi yokakamizidwa kukhala njira yokhayo yomwe ingatheke pazachuma; ndi mwendo wa ndale - kulowererapo mosalekeza kuphatikiza nkhondo zodzitetezera polimbana ndi omwe akukana kulowererapo kwa imperialism. Poyankhapo, maiko ena akummwera, monga BRICS, amangoyenda ndi mwendo umodzi wokha: amakana mfundo za dziko la imperialism koma amavomereza uliberalism pazachuma.โ
Zaka zisanu zapitazo, Siphamondli Zondi - mmodzi mwa akuluakulu akuluakulu a BRICS ku South Africa, omwe ali ku yunivesite ya Johanensburg - adapanganso mfundo yofanana:
"Ngakhale kuti mayiko ena a G20 amachokera kumadera ozungulira dziko lapansi kukhala mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, kukonzedwanso kosalekeza kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse kumapangitsa kuti alowe nawo pakati ndipo motero amakhala okhazikika. Amakhala zomwe Immanuel Wallerstein amachitcha kuti gawo laling'ono kapena zomwe Patrick Bond amazitcha kuti maulamuliro ang'onoang'ono. Mu dongosolo lalikulu la geopolitics mamembala a G20 ochokera Kummwera akhala akugwira ntchito ndi likulu la mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti asungitse udindo wawo, kuyesetsa kusintha zinthu m'malo mosintha zinthu.
Ngakhale amafuna (nthawi zambiri chizindikiro) kusintha kwa mayiko ambiri, maiko a BRICS motsogozedwa ndi China akhala akulimbikitsa mphamvu zamabizinesi mkati mwa dongosolo lapadziko lonse lothandizira makampani omwe amalowa nawo - komanso kulimbikitsa ndalama. M'menemo adachita zopindulitsa kwambiri potengera zopangira kuchokera kumayiko osauka. Kutsata izi, kuthamangitsidwa kwawo kwa likulu lochulukirako kudaphatikizaponso, monga David Harvey (komwe 2003) adachitira. adanena, kukhala โopikisana nawo pa siteji ya dziko. Zomwe zitha kutchedwa 'sub-imperialisms' zidayambaโฆ Chigawo chilichonse chotukuka chakuchulukira ndalama chinafunafuna njira zokhazikika zapanthawi yake kuti zipeze chuma chake chochulukirapo pofotokozera madera omwe akukhudzidwa."
Zikafika pa "kutuluka" kwa China mpaka ku Latin America, Simon Rodriguez Porras ndi Miguel Sorans ochokera kugulu lamanzere la Venezuela. adandaula kuti "Ubale wa Chavism ndi China sub-imperialism ungakhale ndi makhalidwe ogonjera kwenikweni. Sikuti kutenga nawo gawo pamabizinesi aku China kokha, ngongole yayikulu yakunja idapezedwanso ndi China, gawo lina kudzera pakugulitsa mafuta m'tsogolomu, kulipirira ntchito zomanga zomwe makampani aku China adachita, komanso kuitanitsa zinthu zaku China. โ
Komabe, director of Tricontinental Institute Vijay Prashad akulondola kufunika "Kumasulira kochulukirapo mu nthawi yathu ino kuwunika ngati BRICS ikunena - ndi nthawi yawo yosiyana - ndi yachifumu pang'ono m'lingaliro la Marini. Ndithudi iwo si mayiko a imperialism.โ Sanafikebe, kutsimikiza, makamaka chifukwa maziko akunja a Pentagon a 800 komanso pafupifupi $ 900 biliyoni pakugwiritsa ntchito pachaka alibe mpikisano wankhondo, ngakhale Russia ili ndi zida zambiri zanyukiliya.
Koma akatswiri ena awiri otsutsa, Sam Moyo ndi Paris Yeros, mu 2011 anafotokoza Zowona zenizeni za BRICS ndi zosiyana kwambiri: "Mlingo wa kutenga nawo gawo mu ntchito yankhondo yakumadzulo ndi yosiyananso ndi zochitika zina, ngakhale, wina anganene kuti, pali 'schizophrenia' ku zonsezi, zofanana ndi 'sub- imperialism." Milandu ya schizophrenia yankhondo imaphatikizapo
- Lula waku Brazil (wotsatiridwa ndi Dilma Rousseff) atumiza 36,000 asilikali ku Haiti m'malo mwa US ndi France, kupondereza kusagwirizana kwanuko kwa zaka 13 kuyambira mu 2004;
- Chikhumbo cha Russia, chofotokozedwa ndi Putin kwa Purezidenti wa US Bill Clinton mu 2000, ku kulowa nawo NATO - ndi zokolola zaposachedwa za Wagner mercenaries 'ntchito yofunika kwambiri Kubera zinthu zachilengedwe ku Africa m'chigawo cha Sahel ndi Central Africa, chomwe chimakulitsa zopereka zomwe mayikowa akupitilira ku unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi (momwe Wagner adayesanso mosapambana ku Mozambique mu 2019 m'malo mwa TotalEnergies);
- Umembala wa India mu 'Quadrilateral Security Dialogue' ndi US, Japan ndi Australia, motsutsana ndi China; kapena
- Zida zambiri zapachaka zaku South Africa zimachita ndi asitikali a NATO kudzera pa Armscor regulator, ndi kutumizidwa kwake kwankhondo mu 2021 ku tetezani ndalama za 'Blood Methane' ndi TotalEnergies ndi ExxonMobil kumpoto kwa Mozambique polimbana ndi zigawenga zachisilamu, mwanjira yokumbutsa maudindo - monga gendarme pakuchotsa zinthu zamakampani - zomwe gulu lomwelo lidachita mu Central African Republic mu 2013 ndipo kenako kummawa Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Komabe, mgwirizano wotsutsana m'magawo onse umakhalabe wosasunthika, chifukwa monga Justin Podur anatsutsana posachedwa mu Malipoti a Black Agenda, pamene "sub-imperialist iliyonse ndizochitika zapadera, ku Africa, South Africa idawunikidwa ngati sub-imperialist ..." Koma China kapena Russia "zikugwirizana ndi nkhungu ya sub-imperialist. Atha kuchita zinthu monyanyira - kapena kupikisana nawo - m'madera awo, koma satero pansi pa ambulera ya US hegemony. " Zowona, koma ngakhale kuti ndale zikuyendabe bwino pamene mavuto osiyanasiyana akupitilirabe kusokoneza mbiri yakale, tinganene kuti dziko la China lili ndi zizolowezi zambiri za mafumu ang'onoang'ono (kupyolera mu ndondomeko ya ogwira ntchito othawa kwawo ya Hukou), mgwirizano ndi olamulidwa ndi azungu, a neoliberal. multilateral ndi kukulitsa dera. Ndipo chuma cha China chidakalipobe ndalama zochulukirachulukira zomwe zikufunika kukonza malo.
Kotero pamene Beijing ndi osati (monga momwe Prashad amanenera) mphamvu ya 'imperialist' masiku ano ndi miyeso yambiri kuphatikiza kuwongolera kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana, komabe Xi mu 2017 adachita mwamphamvu. Chizindikiro Chikhumbo cha boma chake chofuna kunyamula ndodo yokulitsa chikapitalisti chomwe chidachitika pa World Economic Forum, monga momwe Barack Obama yemwe anali wandale zadziko lonse adalowedwa m'malo ndi woteteza anthu ochokera kumayiko ena a Donald Trump. Monga chizindikiro cha nthawi mu 2023, Sinophobia yomalizayi idakulitsidwa ndi wolowa m'malo mwake, a Joe Biden, yemwe akufuna kuchotsa China kuchokera kumabwalo apamwamba kwambiri - ndikuwonetsa momwe ubale waku US ndi gulu lodalirika kwambiri. -Mnzake wachifumu atha kukhala mkangano waukulu kwambiri pakati pa mafumu, makamaka ngati Taiwan kapena South China Sea kukhala malo opikisana nawo ankhondo.
Mlandu waku Russia ndi wovuta kufotokoza, makamaka chifukwa cha osakhazikika chikhalidwe cha sub-imperialism monga momwe Putin amachitira. Kuukira kwake ku Ukraine kunaphwanya malamulo oti gulu lankhondo lachigawo limaloledwa kuyendayenda (ngakhale kuti adathawa ku Crimea zaka zisanu ndi zitatu m'mbuyomo), monga momwe adachitira. chosasintha pangongole yakunja mu June 2022. Koma pamapeto pake, nduna ya zachuma ku Russia, Anton Siluanov, ananena molimba mtima kuti palibe vuto. chikhumbo kubweza ngongole: "Zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano sizikugwirizana chilichonse ndi zomwe zidachitika mu 1998, pomwe dziko la Russia linalibe njira zokwanira zolipirira ngongole zake. Panopa pali ndalama komanso ndikukonzekera kulipira. Mu Meyi 2023 Siluanov anayesera kubwezeretsa kubweza ngongole kudzera mu kubweza ngongole ya Eurobond mosasamala kanthu za zilango zaku Western.
Ndipo monga Putin amanenera pafupipafupi, mphamvu zachifumu komanso zidakhala movutikira kumapeto kwa February 2022 poba mwachangu $ 650 biliyoni ya banki yayikulu yaku Russia ndi ndalama za oligarch mosasamala zomwe zidasiyidwa kumabanki aku Western (mophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa katundu) ndikudula Russia panjira yolipirira mabanki. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe achipongwe am'mbuyomu adaphatikizira kukula kosafunikira kwa NATO motsutsana ndi malonjezo azaka za m'ma 1990 atsogoleri aku Western kwa anzawo aku Russia, komanso kulephera kwa Washington kutsatira mgwirizano wa Minsk pomwe maphwando ena onse adalolera.
Katundu wowirikiza wa imperialism ndi sub-imperialism
M'modzi mwa akatswiri azachuma pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi a Branko Milanovic. blogged amodzi mwa ndemanga zabwino kwambiri za BRICS pa msonkhano wa Johannesburg:
"Mfundo yakuti maiko omwe akuchulukirachulukira akufuna kulowa nawo ku BRICS sanganyalanyazidwe kapena kutengedwa mopepuka. Kukana kwa BRICS kutenga nawo mbali mu malonda atsopano apadziko lonse lapansi, kuthandizira kapena nkhondo zenizeni zingapangitse kuti nkhondo zoterezi zichepe. Ndipo mphamvu za chuma za BRICS zingathandize kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa mayiko olemera, opeza ndalama zapakati, ndi osauka padziko lonse lapansi.โ
Ziganizo zitatuzi zikanatha kusinthidwa mosavuta, ndikufufuza pang'ono. Mfundo yakuti maiko akuchulukirachulukira akufuna kulowa nawo ku BRICS mungathe kunyalanyazidwa ndikutengedwa mopepuka, chifukwa bloc ili nayo sizinakwaniritsidwe chirichonse zomveka pazaka 15 zapitazi (makamaka zikafika geopolitics). Ndipo monga msonkhano waku Johannesburg udatsimikizira, iwo sangakwanitse kupita patsogolo ngakhale zachikale de-dollarization (kupatula kukwera pang'ono-kuchepa kwandalama ndi malonda akumalo komwe kumatsutsana).
Komanso, kupitirizabe kutenga nawo mbali kwa BRICS mu malonda atsopano a padziko lonse, kuthandizira kapena nkhondo zenizeni zapangitsa kuti nkhondo zoterezi zikhale zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa:
- 1) njira yapadziko lonse lapansi ya "deglobalization" (malonda otsika / GDP kuposa zomwe zidachitika mu 2008) wotsimikiza kwambiri pafupifupi chuma chonse cha BRICS+, mwa zina chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la China pamavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi;
- 2) India ikuyika zotchinga zochulukirapo pakugulitsa ndi malonda aku China, kutsatira chitsanzo cha Trump-Biden;
- 3) Banki Yatsopano Yachitukuko Yatsopano ya BRICS idadziperekabe kuyika zilango zachuma ku Russia; ndi
- 4) Maiko a BRICS + akupitirizabe kudyetsa nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi nkhondo zachindunji, nanga bwanji Iran ikupereka Russia ndege zakupha, South Africa kugulitsa zida ku mayiko a NATO komanso posachedwapa kugula ma AK47 ku Russia kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi asilikali a Pretoria polimbana ndi zigawenga za kumpoto kwa Mozambique; ndi Brazil kupereka (zooneka ngati zosalimba) ndege za Embraer ku Wagner Group; etc. etc.
Ndipo mphamvu yazachuma ya BRICS ikukulitsa kale kusalinganika kwachuma pakati pa mayiko olemera, opeza ndalama zapakatikati, ndi osauka padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chifukwa cha gawo la China pakugawikana kwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimawonetsetsa kuti makampani ake akupanga migodi ya neo-colonial. kuchotsedwa kwa Africa kumalipiritsa mokwanira nzika za kontinentiyo, ndikuti kuwonongeka kwanyengo kukukulirakulira.
Pamenepa, msonkhano wa BRICS womwe unachitikira ku Johannesburg sikunali kupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu osintha zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, kapena "kusintha kwakukulu" komwe Escobar anali nako. kuyembekezera. Ino ndi nthawi yodzichepetsa kwambiri kwa onse okhudzidwa, ngakhale kutsimikizira kuti nthawiyo ndi yopambana kwambiri ku BRICS. kuposa pakati pa 2022 ku nadir ya bloc. Koma poganizira mmene mphamvu zilili, zikwangwani zonse zimaloza mbali yoopsa. Mu Open Veins waku Latin America, Wolemba waku Uruguay Eduardo Galeano akufotokozedwa mmene, polimbana ndi Paraguay, akuluakulu olamulira a Brazil ndi Argentina โanasinthana kuyambira 1870 kusangalala ndi zipatso za zofunkha. Koma ali ndi mitanda yawoyawo kuti anyamule kuchokera ku mphamvu za imperialist za nthawi ino. Paraguay ili ndi zolemetsa ziwiri za imperialism ndi sub-imperialism. "
Ndi momwemonso ena a ife: monga Galeano adanena, "Sub-imperialism ili ndi nkhope chikwi." Njira ya mbali ziwiri ya BRICS - ikakumana ndi mapazi a imperialism pazandale ndi zachuma, monga momwe Amin adanenera - ipitiliza kudodometsa anthu ambiri omwe amakhulupirira atsogoleri ang'onoang'ono akamalankhula kumanzere, ndipo amachita khungu kuti asawawone akamayenda kumanja.
Pafupifupi maiko onse a BRICS amawonetsa zinthu monyanyira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mopitilira muyeso, kotero ndi koyenera kuti malo ochitira msonkhanowo anali Johannesburg, motsogozedwa ndi amodzi mwa mayiko padziko lapansi. zigawenga zapamwamba zamakampani (yosinthidwa posachedwa mu PwC's 'Kafukufuku wa Upandu Pazachuma ndi Zachinyengo' okha ndi mabizinesi ochokera ku Mumbai ndi Shanghai) ndi mzinda wosafanana kwambiri padziko lapansi, mkati mwa dziko losafanana kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chiyembekezo chokhacho chikadali kukulirakulira kwamagulu amphamvu omwe ayamba kumenyera nkhondo zikwizikwi mkati ndi mozungulira mayiko a BRICS + m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuphatikiza koma osati kungochokera ku Brazil opanda malo, kupita kwa omenyera nkhondo aku Russia, kupita kumagulu osiyanasiyana a anthu aku India. Ochita ziwonetsero zachilungamo ku China komanso anthu amtundu wa Uyghers, Tibetan ndi Hong Kong akukumana ndi kuponderezedwa, kwa ogwira ntchito ku South Africa omwe akadali ankhondo, okhala m'misasa, olimbikitsa zaumoyo ndi ophunzira.
Zina mwa izi zidawonetsedwa pa brics-kuchokera-pansi zionetsero mu Sandton ndi chapakati Durban pa Ogasiti 23, kuphatikiza Ukraine mgwirizano, ufulu waumunthu (kuphatikizapo Kashmiris ndi Asilamu ku India), makamaka kusintha kwa nyengo ndi anti-extractivism. Network ya Mining Affected Communities United in Action network, mwachitsanzo, adafunsidwa kuti BRICS iyenera "kusiya njira zopezera chuma mopambanitsa, ndikuyika patsogolo kagawidwe kazachuma ndi chuma chamchere mkati mwa njira ya Just Transition."
Kenako yambitsani zolimbikitsa zatsopano za BRICS +: Omenyera ngongole ku Argentina komanso omenyera gasi, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe waku Egypt ndi azimayi aku Iran. Ndipo mugawo lotsatira, mwina tidzakumana ndi anthu opita patsogolo aku Algeria omwe adatsitsimutsanso Arab Spring mu 2019, madera aku Bolivia odziwika bwino komanso zachilengedwe, opita patsogolo ku Honduran, odana ndi aulamuliro aku Kazakh omwe ziwonetsero zawo zoyambirira za 2022 zidaponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi zida zaku South Africa, zida zankhondo zaku Nigeria. okonda zachilengedwe ndi magulu a anthu, omenyera ufulu waku Palestine akudwala chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa Fatah ndi tsankho la Israeli, ma demokalase aku Senegal, ndi ena ambiriโฆ Otsutsana ndi mfumu ndi Ufumu waung'ono ulinso ndi nkhope zaukali chikwi, ndipo tsopano uyenera kupeza minofu kuti ifanane.
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