Misonkhano yapachaka ya World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund yachita ziwonetsero ku Washington ndi malo ena ambiri. Pafupifupi anthu 100 ochita zionetsero ochokera kumadera, zachilengedwe ndi magulu a achinyamata adalowa nawo kampeni ya Extinction Rebellion ndi DebtForClimate.org kunja kwa ofesi ya World Bank ku Johannesburg Lachisanu, October 14, chochitika chachiwiri m'miyezi isanu ndi itatu yapitayi. Kuyitana kwakukulu kunali kukana ngongole yaikulu - ngongole yaikulu kwambiri ya projekiti ya Bank - yomwe idapangidwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri m'mbuyomo koma ikuwonongabe chuma ndi nyengo: fakitale yamagetsi ya malasha ya Medupi.
M’mbiri yake yonse ya zaka 71 ku South Africa, Banki Yadziko Lonse inapereka ndalama zoyendetsera projekiti ya carbon high-carbon, anti-social mega-project maldevelopment.[1] Ndalamazo sizinaphatikizepo ngongole za nthawi ya tsankho zokha zomwe zidakulitsa malamulo ovomerezeka a Eskom opereka mphamvu zatsankho kuyambira 1951-67 ndi upangiri wa neoliberal pakusintha kuchoka ku tsankho kupita ku demokalase mu 1994.[2]
Kuphatikiza apo, Banki idabwereketsa ndalama zoposa $3 biliyoni mchaka cha 2010 pachomwe chinali nyumba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yowotchedwa ndi malasha yomwe ikumangidwa, pulojekiti yomwe idadzala ndi katangale - makamaka chiphuphu cha chipani cholamula ndi Hitachi wa ku Tokyo - yemwe amadziwika kale panthawiyo. , ndipo anazengedwa bwino ndi lamulo la Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ku United States mu 2015.
Chofunikira chimodzi ndi chakuti ngongole ya Eskom yokhudzana ndi gawo lalikulu la Hitachi ku Medupi ndi malo ena opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha, Kusile, akanidwe, mwa zina kuti aletse kukwera kwa 32% kwa mtengo wamagetsi wa Eskom chaka chamawa. Ntchitoyi yayimitsidwa ndi makina opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha osagwira ntchito omwe amayimira 85% yamagetsi ake, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti koyambirira kwa Okutobala 'Stage 6 load-shedding' kudula magetsi m'mabanja ambiri ndi mabizinesi mpaka maola asanu ndi limodzi patsiku.
Ndipo pofuna kulipira Medupi ndi mafakitale ena awiri, Eskom yakweza mtengo weniweni wa magetsi ndi 620% kuyambira 2007.[3] Eskom nayonso ili mkati mwa chinsinsi, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, utsogoleri wake cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa.
Kukana Ngongole Yonyansa ya Eskom kungachepetse kwambiri kukakamiza kubweza ngongole ya kampaniyo $22 biliyoni. Koma zofuna za omenyera ufuluwa zapita ku boma lomwe likufuna kubwereka ndalama zatsopano kuti lipitilize kupereka mphamvu zamagetsi kumakampani omwe amagwirizana nawo mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake mchaka cha 2019 bungwe loyendetsa mayendedwe aboma la Transnet lidalimbikitsa fakitale ya World Bank Liquefied Natural Gas.
Kuti agwiritse ntchito njira ya boma ya 'decarbonization'-plus-gasification, Eskom inapempha kuti apereke ndalama zokwana $8.5 biliyoni za 'Just Energy Transition Partnership' - pa ngongole zachiwongola dzanja chochepa kuchokera ku US, UK ndi maboma a ku Ulaya - pamsonkhano wa nyengo wa Glasgow United Nations COP26 2021. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la Climate Justice Charter Movement lidafuna kunyalanyala, popeza ndalamazi zingogwiritsidwa ntchito kubweza Ngongole Yonyansa ndipo 44% idzalunjikitsidwa kumalo opangira gasi wa methane kuti apereke ma 4000 megaWatts (pafupifupi 15% ya zomwe zikugwira ntchito pano. luso).[4]
Banki yomwe ikufuna kugulitsa zinthu zakale - malo opangira LNG ku doko la kumpoto kwa Richards Bay, komwe idapereka kale $2 miliyoni - itengera mpweya wakumpoto wa Mozambican womwe umadziwika kuti ndi 'Blood Methane' chifukwa cha ntchito yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhondo mdera la Cabo Delgado yomwe yapha anthu pafupifupi 5000 ndikuchotsa anthu pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni.[5] Asitikali aku South Africa ali komweko, kuteteza ndalama za TotalEnergies, ExxonMobil, ENI ndi China National Petroleum Corporation mu gasi, mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsana kodziwikiratu kwanyengo popeza kutulutsa kwa methane kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wowonjezera kutentha utuluke kuwirikiza 85 kuposa CO2.[6]
Ndipo pali zifukwa zambiri zowunikira ndikuganiziranso za kubweza ngongole zamabanki, potengera mbiri yake yoteteza anthu oyera, olemera m'dziko lomwe pano ndi losagwirizana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zitha kukhala kuti milandu yachinsinsi idzafunidwa motsutsana ndi okhometsa msonkho komanso ogula magetsi ku World Bank ndi Odious Debt ena obwereketsa, njira yomwe ikufufuzidwa ndi maloya otsogola.
Kubwereketsa ulamuliro wa tsankho ndi upangiri wa mfundo za neoliberal-transitional
Ngongole za Banki Yadziko Lonse ku ulamuliro wa tsankho kuyambira 1951, ndipo pazaka 17 zotsatira, ngongole zinayi zokwana $94 miliyoni zidaperekedwa kwa Eskom, theka lazo zidabwera pambuyo pa kuphedwa koyipa kwa Sharpeville mu 1960 pomwe ochita ziwonetsero 69 akuda adawomberedwa kumbuyo. Ngongolezi zikuimira unyinji wa ngongole za Eskom zakunja, limodzi ndi ngongole zazing'ono zochokera ku US Export-Import Bank, Commonwealth Development Corporation ndi mabanki achinsinsi aku Swiss ndi Germany.
Panthawiyo, Eskom inkapereka chithandizo kwa mabizinesi a azungu ndi mabanja a azungu okha: anthu akuda a ku Africa analibe magetsi. Banki sinapepese kapena kubweza ndalama zolipirira tsankho, koma idapitiliza kubwereketsa ku Eskom ndi Transnet. Yotsirizirayi makamaka inali yokulitsa njanji ku malo omwe amalembera anthu othawa kwawo, kotero kuti ntchito zakuda zotsika mtengo zinalipo ku migodi, ulimi ndi mafakitale opanga zinthu.
Mu 1967, dziko la South Africa lidafika paudindo wa 'ndalama zapakatikati' ndipo silinayenererenso kulandira ndalama za Banki. Koma zilango zazachuma zochokera kwa mtsogoleri wa ANC Albert Luthuli zidayamba mu 1958, ndipo Banki sinawamvere.[7]
Bungwe la International Monetary Fund linabwereketsanso nthawi zonse ku boma la tsankho panthawi yamavuto azachuma omwe mbali ina idayambika chifukwa cholimbikitsa demokalase, kuphatikiza koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, 1976-77 (kwa $ 550 miliyoni) pambuyo pa kuwukira ku Soweto, 1982 (kwa $ 902 miliyoni). pa kugwa kwa mtengo wa golidi, ndi 1985 ($70 miliyoni) ngakhale panthawi ya ngozi, ndi ngongole yaikulu IMF inapanga ku Zambia mu 1982 inali ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zinaphatikizapo kutsegula njira zamalonda ndi tsankho la South Africa.[8]
Pambuyo pa zilango zazachuma zotsutsana ndi tsankho zidakhudza kwambiri Pretoria pakati pa 1985, kuswa mgwirizano wa likulu la azungu ndi boma komanso kuwonetsa kutha kwaulamuliro wosankhana mitundu, phindu lamakampani linatsika mwachangu.
Ku Pretoria, njira ina yokopa anthu obwera ndi ndalama zolimba kuti athandizire ulamuliro wa tsankho inali yowononga, yomwe ili ndi katangale Dam la Katse mu dziko loyandikana nalo la Lesotho. Damu lalitali kwambiri mu Afirika lalola kuti anthu azidutsa m'dera la Johannesburg. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ngongole zazikulu zoyendetsedwa ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse (kuphatikiza yake $110 miliyoni mu 1991) zidalimbikitsa tsankho kudzera muakaunti yaku London yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Pretoria, yomwe Banki idawona kuti ndiyoyenera ngongole kuposa Lesotho.
Damuli lidadzetsanso mavuto anthawi yayitali kwa zikwizikwi za anthu aku Lesotho omwe adachotsedwa m'malo awo achikhalidwe, komanso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa omwe, m'matauni a Johannesburg, adakakamizika kunyamula mopanda malire zolemetsa zobweza kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990.[9] Banki idalolanso kuti katangale wamkulu alowe mu ntchitoyi kuchokera kwa omanga madamu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe idayankha posachedwa ndi lamulo limodzi loletsa kuletsa kampani yaku Canada, ndikupangitsa kuti igwe.[10]
Dziko la South Africa pomalizira pake linakhala lademokalase m’kati mwa zaka za m’ma 1990, ndipo m’kati mwake, Banki Yadziko Lonse inachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’mbali zambiri za malamulo a boma. IMF, nayonso, inali ndi gawo lalikulu pakulangiza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa misonkho yatsopano yocheperako komanso mfundo zina zachipongwe zomwe Treasury ndi Reserve Bank idatengera kale mu 1989, pomwe dziko la South Africa lidavutika ndi nkhawa kwanthawi yayitali.
Pofika kumapeto kwa 1993, ngongole ya IMF ya $850 miliyoni inali ndi zikhalidwe zomwe mamenejala atsankho omwe amatuluka komanso akatswiri azachuma a ANC omwe akubwera.[11] Zotsatira zake, milingo yoyipa kwambiri ya kusagwirizana, umphawi ndi ulova zidatsata mwachindunji kuchokera ku IMF ndi upangiri wa Banki Yadziko Lonse womwe umatchedwa 'Knowledge Bank'.
Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a mitengo ya madzi a Banki Yadziko Lonse anali 'othandiza,' antchito ake adadzitamandira, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa anthu osauka zomwe zidayambitsa mliri wakupha wa kolera ku KwaZulu-Natal mu 2000-01.[12] Purezidenti wa dzikolo, Nelson Mandela, adakumana ndi mavuto akulu kuchokera kwa abizinesi kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zambiri zomwe Banki Yadziko Lonse idachitapo kanthu ngakhale kukwera kwa kusagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.[13]
Ndalama zoyambilira za Bank ku South Africa malasha
Bungwe la World Bank la mabungwe apadera, International Finance Corporation (IFC), linali laling'ono koma likuchulukirachulukira ku South Africa, kuyambira ndi chithandizo chamankhwala payekha, chilolezo cha kampani ya pizza ya US Domino's ndi ena omwe amati 'amachepetsa umphawi. ' amakhudzidwa ndi chuma cha South Africa, chomwe kusagwirizana kwake kudakwera kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1990 kugonjetsa dziko la Brazil monga loipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
IFC equity stake ya 2002 inaphatikizapo 5 venture capital stake ya $39 miliyoni mu New African Mining Fund yomwe ndalama zake zazikulu zinali mu mgodi wa malasha wa KwaZulu-Natal - Tendele - yomwe idadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuwononga midzi yonse komanso malo osungira zachilengedwe a Hluhluwe-iMfolozi. , yakale kwambiri ku Africa. Mgodi wa Tendele unathandiza kuti thumba la migodi lipeze phindu la 6% pachaka, panthawi yomwe IFC inkasangalala ndi XNUMX% ya ndalamazo.[14]
Banki Yadziko Lonse itatha, kukulitsa kwina kwa mgodi ku midzi ya Somkhele sikungowonjezera kutulutsa mpweya wa CO2 kokha, kudapangitsanso kuyipitsa m'deralo ndikuphulika komwe kudawononga nyumba zambiri zapafupi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi osowa (pakati pa 2010s. chilala) potsuka malasha. Mu 2020, Tendele adayesedwanso kuti athetse chitsutso chachikulu cha mderalo, popatsa mtsogoleri wodana ndi malasha Fikile Ntshangase $20,000 kuti agulire nyumba yake. Iye anakana ndi kupitiriza kulinganiza zolimbana ndi kukula kwa mgodiwo, ndipo milungu ingapo pambuyo pake anaphedwa m’chigulu chomwe chinali chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kupha kwachilengedwe padziko lonse m’chakacho.
Kuphana kumeneku kudapangitsa kuti loya wamkulu yemwe amamuchirikiza apemphe kuti abweze ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku mgodi, zomwe ndalama zopitilira $10 miliyoni zitha kutsutsidwa kuchokera ku World Bank.[15] Indalama ya kubalilapo iya IFC ya 2002 mu thumba ya ndalama ilyali na ndalama ku Teendele yalangilwe ukuti yaleyafwako ku mfundo ya South Africa Black Economic Empowerment ne tukuko ya muyayaya pa kwafwilisha ababomfi ba migodi ‘abanono’. Koma malonjezo otukuka kwa dera, kupita patsogolo kwa anthu akuda ndi udindo wa chilengedwe opangidwa ndi IFC onse adakanidwa ku Somkhele, ndipo pafupifupi onse opindula ndi IFC ndi amuna oyera.[16]
IFC ikupereka ndalama zopezera phindu la migodi mopanda chilungamo komanso ndalama za ogula
Mchitidwe womwewo udawonekeranso m'mabizinesi awiri apamwamba kwambiri a World Bank kudzera mu IFC: pa mgodi wawukulu kwambiri wa platinamu wa Lonmin ndi wobwereketsa wa 'kuphatikiza zachuma' wotchedwa Cash Paymaster Services.
Pankhani ya Lonmin, gawo la IFC la 2007 $50 miliyoni - ndipo adalonjeza ngongole ya $ 100 miliyoni yomwe ikuyenera kuphatikiza kumanga nyumba 5000 za ogwira ntchito, ngakhale zitatu zokha zidamangidwa - zidapangidwa kuti zilimbikitse Community Social Investment (CSI) panthawi yomwe anthu ambiri amakangana. mgodi womwe ukutulutsa gawo lalikulu kwambiri la platinamu ya kampaniyi: Marikana.[17] Pofika mchaka cha 2010 a IFC anali atapanga mgodi uwu kukhala mwana wake wa CSI, komabe chidani chomwe ogwira ntchito mumigodi ndi anthu omwe amawatsatira ku Lonmin chinali chokhazikika pofika Ogasiti 2012, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kunyalanyazidwa kumene pafupifupi onse oboola miyala a kampaniyo ku Marikana adatenga nawo mbali.
Izi zinayambitsa kuphedwa kwa ogwira ntchito pa 16 August 2012, monga nyumba ya migodi inanena kuti inalibe ndalama zokwanira kuti akwaniritse malipiro awo ndi phindu lawo (panthawiyo, $ 1000 / mwezi). Pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti Lonmin idachita kuzembetsa misonkho yopita ku Bermuda yokwanira kuti ikwaniritse zofuna za ogwira ntchito.[18]
Mu 2015, gulu lalikulu la amayi ku Marikana, Sikhala Sonke, adayesa kupeza Advisor/Ombudsman wa World Bank (CAO) kuti akakamize IFC kutenga udindo, kupempha ndondomeko yothetsa mikangano ndi Lonmin kuti athetse mpumulo wa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chuma. . Iwo adasiya pambuyo poti ndondomeko ya Banki yamkati yakhala yopanda ntchito.[19] Lonmin, poyang'anizana ndi kusowa kwa ndalama, idagulidwa ndi nyumba ya migodi m'deralo mu 2017 koma madandaulo a Sikhala Sonke motsutsana ndi IFC sanathe kuthetsedwa.[20]
Pankhani ina yomwe sinapambane yodandaula kwa a World Bank's Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) kuti akakamize IFC kuti iwononge ndalama zambiri zomwe zawonongeka chifukwa cha ndalama za ku South Africa, gulu lodziwika bwino lotsogozedwa ndi azimayi la Black Sash ladzudzula IFC $107 miliyoni. (22%) amagawana mu Cash Paymaster Services (CPS), gawo la 'financial inclusion portfolio.[21]
Koma kubwereketsa kwachiwembu ndi katangale kudakakamiza IFC "kukhazikitsa njira zothetsera ndikuwongolera machitidwe oyipa," malinga ndi a Black Sash, omwe omenyera ufulu wawo adalemba "kuchotsedwa kosaloledwa ndi chinyengo kuchokera ku ndalama zothandizira anthu opindula kuti apindule" CPS (ndi IFC), 'kugwiritsa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi malamulo komanso mosagwirizana ndi zidziwitso za opindula ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu, milandu yopitilirapo ya katangale' ndi machitidwe ena okayikitsa abizinesi.[22]
Kulephera kupeza mpumulo ku IFC, Black Sash ndi ogwirizana nawo akumaloko sikunangokhala ndi mgwirizano wopindulitsa wa CPS wophatikiza ndalama ndi dipatimenti yowona zachitetezo cha boma, komanso adasumira CPS kuti ibwezedwe, ndipo mu 2020 kampani yomwe ikugwira ntchitoyo idayiyika pakubweza kuti isapitirire. kuwonongeka.
Kufuna kubweza phindu uku ndi chitsanzo chokakamiza bungwe la IFC 'kubweza ndalamazo,' mawu omenyera ufulu wawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi kuyambira nthawi ya pulezidenti Jacob Zuma wa 2009-18 wa katangale wa XNUMX-XNUMX adakhala gwero la mkwiyo wa anthu.[23] Ngakhale CPS idasowa ndalama, mwiniwake wa kampaniyo ndi Net1, ndipo chikalata chaposachedwa cha Banki cha 2021 ku South Africa chikutchulapo kawiri ngati ndalama zogwirira ntchito limodzi ndi ndalama zomwe 'zidapindula kwambiri' komanso malo opanda kanthu pansi pa 'Maphunziro' kuti 'limbitse bata lazachuma ndikuchulukirachulukira. mwayi wopezera ndalama kwa osauka.'[24]
Izi zoyesayesa kulanga makampani omwe ali ndi IFC ku South Africa zidachitika Banki Yadziko Lonse mu 2019 isanathe kutetezedwa ku Khothi Lalikulu ku US.[25] Chitsanzochi chikhoza kukhala chothandiza, monga momwe chingawopsyeze banki kuti ikhazikike m'madera ena, kuopa kuti Foreign Corrupt Practices Act kapena malamulo ena (kuphatikiza zonena zachipongwe) atha kuyimba mlandu IFC ku US, komwe sinakhalepo ndi kale. chifukwa choopa kuimbidwa mlandu.
Pakadali pano, chikhalidwe chauchigawenga chikuwoneka kuti chikufalikira ku South Africa IFC portfolio. M'malo modalira njira zomwe bungweli lidachita ndi zolakwika, makhothi a ku South Africa atha kulingalira zotengera upangiri wa maloya a Mfolozi Community Environmental Justice Organisation. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyambitsa njira yomwe idayimitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali osati kungosiya ndi kukana mabungwe omwe ali ndi IFC, komanso kukakamiza kubweza ndalama kuchokera kumakampani ndi omwe ali ndi vuto la zachuma.[26]
Ngongole yayikulu kwambiri ku Banki: yopangira magetsi (yovunda) yogwiritsa ntchito malasha
Kupatulapo ndalama za IFC zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, vuto limodzi lofunika kwambiri la Banki Yadziko Lonse monga chitsanzo cha ndalama za mayiko ku South Africa ndi kuwolowa manja kwa Eskom. Kuyambira 1951 mpaka 2010 ngongole ya Medupi, zakhala zotsutsana kwambiri.
Bungwe la Jubilee South Africa motsogozedwa ndi ma Archbishops a Anglican Desmond Tutu ndi Njongonkulu Ndungane komanso wolemba ndakatulo Dennis Brutus adadzudzula ngongole za tsankho kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, akufuna kubwezeredwa.
Mandela mwiniyo anasonyezanso chisoni ponena za kufunika kobweza ngongole ya m’nthaŵi ya tsankho m’malo mokwaniritsa zofunika za anthu: ‘Tinalandira ngongole ya R250 biliyoni [panthaŵiyo $73 biliyoni], imene tikuigwiritsa ntchito pamlingo wa 30 biliyoni [$8.8 biliyoni]. chaka. Izi ndi 30 biliyoni zomwe sitinayenera kumanga nyumba monga momwe tidakonzera tisanalowe m'boma, kuonetsetsa kuti ana athu akupita kusukulu zabwino kwambiri, kuti ulova uthetsedwe bwino.'[27]
Koma munali mu 2010 pomwe ngongole yowopsa kwambiri ndi World Bank idapangidwa ndi Purezidenti Robert Zoellick. Panali kukopa kwakukulu kwa mabungwe a anthu komanso mabizinesi akuluakulu motsutsana ndi Banki yomwe imapanga ngongole yake ya $3.75 biliyoni, yomwe yambiri ikanathandizira Medupi. Chifukwa chimodzi chachikulu chinali chakuti wopereka ma boiler okwana $5.6 biliyoni a Medupi ndi Kusile, Hitachi ya ku Tokyo, adachita nawo ubale wachinyengo ndi bungwe lolamulira la African National Congress (ANC).
Izi zinamveka ku South Africa ndi 2009 pamene wapampando wa Eskom panthawiyo, Valli Moosa, yemwe adatumikiranso mu Komiti ya Zachuma ya ANC, adatsutsidwa mwalamulo ndi Public Protector wa boma - komanso ogwirizana ndi mabungwe a ogwira ntchito - chifukwa cha mkangano wake wosayenera. chidwi.[28] Bungwe la Eskom lidavomereza Medupi mu Disembala 2005, miyezi inayi kuchokera pomwe Moosa adakhala wapampando wa Eskom, mwezi womwewo womwe Hitachi Power Africa idabweretsa 25% kukhala mnzake wa XNUMX% wa Chancellor House wolumikizidwa ndi ANC, gwero lalikulu la ndalama zachipani.
Monga momwe Public Protector - wowerengera wodziyimira pawokha wokomera anthu - adapezeka mu 2009, 'Sipangakhale chikaiko kuti Mr Moosa, ngati membala wa National Executive Committee ndi Komiti yake ya Zachuma anali ndi udindo ku ANC kuti achitepo kanthu pazachuma chake. . Momwemonso, monga Wapampando wa Bungwe la Atsogoleri a Eskom zinali zoyembekezeredwa kwa iye kuchita zinthu zokomera ndalama za Eskom. Choncho zofuna ziwirizi zinali zotsutsana mwachindunji panthawi yomwe kupereka kwa mgwirizano ku Hitachi Consortium kunaganiziridwa ndi Board.'[29]
Ntchitoyi idayamba mu Marichi 2006 ndipo idamalizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007, kutsatiridwa ndi kutchuka kwa atolankhani pomwe atolankhani amawulula udindo wa Moosa, makamaka pambuyo pa kusamvana kwachidwi koyambirira kwa 2009.[30]
Kenako mu 2015, Hitachi adazengedwa mlandu pansi pa US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) ndi Securities and Exchange Commission chifukwa, makamaka, chiphuphu cha atsogoleri a ANC. Kampani ya zamalamulo ku Washington, Paul Weiss, yemwe nthawi zambiri amateteza mabungwe omwe amatsutsidwa ndi FCPA, adapeza mfundo izi:
"Ubale wa Hitachi ndi Chancellor, wosintha chipani cholamula ku South Africa, uyenera kukhala ngati chenjezo lotsimikizira kufunikira kwa njira yoyang'ana pachiwopsezo pakuchita khama komanso kutsata katangale kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe. gulu lina. Aliyense amene akugwira ntchito m'chigawo chomwe chili ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha katangale akuyenera kuzindikira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi ndondomeko zokhazikika zopewera kukhudzidwa ndi mayendedwe a FCPA. Ndipo potsiriza, mlandu wa Hitachi umakhala chikumbutso kuti m'mayiko ambiri, zipani za ndale zimakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu pakupanga zisankho ndi bizinesi. Kawunidwe ka kampani kalikonse pa ngozi ya katangale, ndi ndondomeko yolimbana ndi katangale ya kampani, iyenera kuganiziridwa ndi zipani za ndale ndi akuluakulu a zipani.'[31]
Modabwitsa, Moosa adabwereranso m'boma la South Africa kumapeto kwa 2010s ndipo, modabwitsa, adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Presidential Climate Commission, osatchulapo za gawo lake pakuchita zachinyengo za Medupi ndi Kusile. Chitsanzo cha US FCPA sichinanyalanyazidwenso ndi dziko la South Africa, ngakhale ulamuliro wa pulezidenti wachinyengo Jacob Zuma utatha mu February 2018.
Ndipo mwatsoka, chifukwa chakulephera kwa ozenga milandu ku Pretoria, m'malo molipira chindapusa cha FCPA cha $19 miliyoni kwa okhometsa misonkho komanso ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'chaka cha 2015, Hitachi adatuluka kukhothi (kotero dziko la US lidalandira chindapusa). Ogwiritsa ntchito a Eskom amayenera kubweza ndalama zomwe zidachitika chifukwa chakatangale, komanso kubweza kwa chiwongola dzanja ndi chiwongola dzanja.
Kusafuna kwa ndale kwa Banki kuti atenge katangale wa Eskom mozama kudawonekeranso mu 2015, pomwe "Vice President-Integrity" anali munthu wa ku South Africa, Leonard McCarthy. Monga mkulu wa bungwe lofufuza milandu la dziko ('Scorpions') Zuma asanatenge udindo mu 2009, mafoni ake omwe adaimba a 'Spy Tapes' mu 2007-08 amatanthauza kuti otsutsa adanena kuti amakondera, ndipo izi zinalola kuti Zuma akhalepo. asiye mbedza pa milandu 783 ya ziphuphu.[32]
Kenako mu 2015 Hitachi atalipira chindapusa, ndipo popanda kuvomereza kusagwirizana kwa zofuna zake (atalephera kubweretsa Eskom pazaka zomwe akuyendetsa Scorpions), a McCarthy mwachidwi adachotsa madandaulo otsutsa Hitachi ndi chipani chachikulu chotsutsa, Democratic Alliance. Umboni wotsatira wa katangale wowonjezera wa $10 biliyoni wa Eskom, makamaka wokhudza ntchito zina zoperekedwa ndi banki ku Medupi, sunafufuzidwe ndi McCarthy ndi wolowa mmalo mwake, kapena banki ina iliyonse.[33]
Ngakhale kusiya katangale wokhudzana ndi zinthu zakale ku Eskom ndi Transnet, kudzipereka kwa Banki Yadziko Lonse pakuthandizira ndalama zamagetsi opangira mpweya wambiri kudawonekera mu 2019 pomwe IFC idalumikizana ndi Transnet kulimbikitsa malo opangira ma LNG atsopano, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, popereka malangizo okhudza njira ya Eskom yochotsa mpweya m’thupi, malinga ndi katswiri wodziwa za mphamvu za magetsi a Mark Swilling, ‘maboma a UK, US, France ndi Germany kuphatikizapo EU adapanga bungwe la Just Energy Transition Partnership pambuyo pa ulendo wamphezi wa nthumwi za nyengo kutatsala pang’ono kuti msonkhano wa COP26 uyambe. . Bungwe la World Bank la Climate Investment Funds ladziika kukhala wogwirizira.'[34]
Ngongole Yonyansa ya Eskom iyenera kukanidwa
Mu 2019, malo opangira magetsi atsopano a Eskom adawunikidwa ndi Tsiku la Amalonda ndipo mkonzi wake ndi woyenera kutchula motalika:
Malo opangira magetsi a Eskom a Medupi ndi Kusile atha kukhala tsoka lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yazachuma ku South Africa. Mauthenga aposachedwa akuti mafakitale ali ndi mndandanda wamapangidwe ndi zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito awo zimaperekedwa ku lingaliro lililonse kuti vuto lamagetsi la SA lingakhale lokhalitsa. Wapampando wa Eskom, Jabu Mabuza, wati malo opangira magetsiwa akupanga theka la magetsi omwe akuyenera kukhala. Mndandanda wa zolakwika - zomwe Eskom mwiniyo adazivumbulutsa ngati gawo la pempho lake ku National Energy Regulator SA kuti aganizire zokweza mitengo yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma - ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe a boiler amabweretsa kutentha kwambiri komwe sikungathe kuziziritsidwa mokwanira ndi madzi opopera. Mapangidwewo amayambitsanso kutsekeka kwa phulusa ndipo samalola kuwongolera koyenera kwa fumbi, pomwe makina owongolera makompyuta samakwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo. Zonsezi, ndi zina, zimabweretsa kugwa pafupipafupi ndipo zimafuna kukonza kuwirikiza kawiri momwe zimafunikira.
Eskom ikudzudzula zolakwika izi chifukwa cha kontrakitala wake wamkulu, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Africa, kampani yomweyi yomwe idapezeka kuti ndiyomwe imayambitsa kuwotcherera kosokonekera komanso kulephera mobwerezabwereza kuchita chinthu chofunikira kwambiri isanatumize, chomwe ndi kuyesa kwamtundu wa nthunzi. Ndizomveka, komabe, kuti Eskom, yomwe m'mbuyomu idagwiritsa ntchito njira zamalamulo ndi zilango kwa makontrakitala omwe sanapereke, sakuchita izi. Pankhani zonse za makontrakitala mumakampani, kasamalidwe ka polojekiti ya Eskom kwakhala kodetsa nkhawa. Zikuyembekezeka kuti ma kontrakitala, omwe sanathe kulowa pamalowo malinga ndi ndondomekoyi, azikhala ndi milandu yayikulu motsutsana ndi Eskom, zomwe zidzawonjezeke kwambiri pamapeto pake. Mfundoyi ikuyenda nthawi zonse, monganso masiku omaliza a ntchito. Medupi, mwachitsanzo, adabadwa koyamba mu 2004, sod yoyamba idatembenuzidwa mu 2007, tsiku lomaliza gawo loyamba linali 2012 ndipo tsiku lomaliza zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi linali 2015. Komabe, zomwe zidachitika ndikuti mphamvu yoyamba idapangidwa ndi Medupi. mu Marichi 2015 ndipo tsiku lomaliza lomaliza tsopano ndi 2021.
Mtengo wa Medupi wakwera kuchoka pa R69.1bn mu 2007 (R116.7bn mumitengo ya 2016) mpaka kuyerekeza kwaposachedwa, mu 2016, kwa R145bn. Izi ziyenera kuonjezedwa R30bn pakuchotsa gasi wa flue, chiwongola dzanja pazaka 14 zomanga ndi zopempha za makontrakitala. Manambala a Kusile ndi aakulu. Eskom ya R434bn (kapena pafupi) mungongole ndi mavuto ake azachuma ndi zotsatira zachindunji za mapulojekiti awiriwa.
Choyipa kwambiri kuposa kulimba mtima, komabe, chiyembekezo chomwe dziko la South Africa lidzakhala ndi masiteshoni awiri akuluakulu, okwera mtengo komanso osagwira ntchito bwino oyaka ndi malasha omwe sangathe kubweza mtengo wawo. Izi zidzachitika pamene dziko lonse lapansi likuchoka kuchoka ku malasha kupita ku mitundu yotsika mtengo yamagetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Zodziwika kwa akatswiri azachuma ngati chuma chosowa, ndizomwe anthu aulemu ambiri amatcha njovu yoyera. Enafe, komabe, tidzakonda kuzitcha zomwe zili: tambala wochuluka kwambiri.[35]
Ngakhale kuwunika kwa National Planning Commission yaboma kunali kowopsa mu 2020, makamaka za kuchuluka kwamitengo:
Medupi ndi Kusile poyamba ankayenera kubwera pa intaneti mu 2012 ndi 2014 motsatira. Mu 2019 onse akumangidwabe. Tsiku lomaliza la Medupi linakankhidwira kunja mpaka 2021 ndipo Kusile ikukonzekera 2023. Pamene Eskom inalengeza mu 2007 kuti idzamanga mafakitole awiri atsopano a malasha, mtengo wa Medupi unali wocheperapo R70 bn ndi Kusile R80 bn. Ndalama zomwe zilipo panopa ndi R208 bn ku Medupi ndi R239 bn kwa Kusile. Ngakhale kuti mayunitsi ena abwera pa intaneti ndipo akupanga magetsi, akhala akuvutika ndi mavuto. Eskom imatcha izi 'zolakwika zamapangidwe' ndipo ikufuna kuzikonza pamtengo wa R8bn.[36]
Sikuti magetsi a malasha akuyenera kupewedwa, momwemonso Eskom iyenera kusiya kuyamwa mapulojekiti akuluakulu ndikulowa m'dongosolo la demokalase la mphamvu zongowonjezereka za boma komanso kusunga momveka bwino zachilengedwe, mkati mwa gridi yadziko lonse kuti ikwaniritse. kusamutsidwa kwa magetsi ndi kuwoloka ndalama.
Koma Banki Yadziko Lonse idapita ndi chitsanzo chomwe ndi tambala m'njira zonse zomwe mungaganizire. Ndipo si kuti Banki Yadziko Lonse inalibe mphamvu pa wobwereketsa, Eskom; Kuthekera kwa Banki kuyika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zikhalidwe kumanenedwa pafupipafupi. Mwachitsanzo, Nduna ya Zachuma ku South Africa ya 2018-21, Tito Mboweni, adadandaula mu February 2021, 'Zokambirana ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse zinali zovuta ndipo zinali malire ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zikhalidwe. Monga mukudziwira, ndife osagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma conditionality. Sitinathe kuvomereza mikhalidweyo ndipo tinayenera kukankhira kumbuyo.'[37]
Banki idamaliza ngongole ya $750 miliyoni patangotha miyezi ingapo atasinthidwa Mboweni, popanda kumveka bwino pazotsatira zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi wolowa m'malo wa Mboweni. Koma amafuna azandalama osati kulowererapo motsutsana ndi - ndipo m'malo mwake kupindula ndi - gulu la katangale la njovu zoyera ku South Africa zomwe zawonongeka ndi nyengo zikuwulula.
Pazifukwa izi, ochita ziwonetsero komanso nzika zonse zikuyenera kumvetsera padziko lonse lapansi ngati Banki Yadziko Lonse ipitilize kusonkhanitsa Ngongole Yake Yonyansa.
[1] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Greenberg/publication/324088764_Eskom_electricity_sector_restructuring_and_service_delivery_in_South_Africa
[2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077853/
[3] https://poweroptimal.com/2021-update-eskom-tariff-increases-vs-inflation-since-1988/
[4] https://www.change.org/p/unfccc-and-ippcc-ch-make-ending-coal-gas-and-oil-investment-a-condition-for-financial-support-to-south-africa-cop27-climatechange-climatereport-frenchembassyza-germanembassysa-usembassysa-ukinsouthafrica-climateza-presidencyza-cyrilramaphosa?utm_content=cl_sharecopy_32365449_en-GB%3A4&recruiter=1252814831&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=copylink&utm_campaign=share_petition
[5] https://www.transnet.net/Media/Press%20Release%20Office/Transnet%20signs%20a%20cost-sharing%20agreement%20with%20IFC%20to%20facilitate%20investment%20in%20natural%20gas%20infrastructure.pdf
[6] https://journals.uj.ac.za/index.php/The_Thinker/article/view/1175/754
[7] https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4039-1591-7%2F1.pdf
[8] https://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/transformation/tran003/tran003004.pdf
[9] https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/48398/IDL-48398.pdf ndi https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312056555_Unsustainable_South_Africa_Environment_development_and_social_protest
[10] https://archive.internationalrivers.org/resources/world-bank-debars-acres-international-limited-acres-1972
[11] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056244.2018.1484352
[12] https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/patrick_bond_the_elite_transition_from_apartheibookos.org_.pdf
[13] https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/patrick_bond_the_elite_transition_from_apartheibookos.org_.pdf
[14] https://www.cadtm.org/Lessons-from-the-assassination-of-Fikile-Ntshangase-Climate-violence-the-Right
[15] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/world-bank-reparations-demanded-for-murder-of-frontline-south-african-anti-coal-activist/
[16] https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=20132
[17] https://www.groundup.org.za/article/marikana-world-bank-loan-undermines-lonmins-arguments-says-academic_2426/ ndi https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020731415584561
[18] https://peripherization.blog.rosalux.de/files/2014/07/Bond-2014-Monthly-Review-on-SA-Resource-Curses-1.pdf
[19] https://debt-issues.blog.rosalux.de/files/2012/11/Bond-Berlin-paper-on-debt-and-uneven-development-in-contemporary-South-Africa.pdf
[20] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/resources/marikana-sikhale-sonke-withdraws-lonmin-mediations/
[21] https://pressroom.ifc.org/all/pages/PressDetail.aspx?ID=18785
[22] https://www.blacksash.org.za/index.php/media-and-publications/media-statements/81-south-african-ngos-question-ifc-s-investment-into-net1
[23] https://www.itweb.co.za/content/nWJad7b8lBoqbjO1
[24] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/07/23/south-africa-new-world-bank-group-partnership-framework-supports-socio-economic-transformation-for-an-inclusive-resilien
[25] https://www.ciel.org/news/supreme-court-rules-world-bank-group-immunity-jam-v-ifc/
[26] https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/world-bank-reparations-demanded-for-murder-of-frontline-south-african-anti-coal-activist/
[27] https://youtu.be/8AgsTzZCdS4?t=700
[28] https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/business/2010-03-26-cosatu-concerned-on-moosa-verdict/
[29] https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/100325report.pdf
[30] https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%22valli+moosa%22+hitachi
[31] https://www.paulweiss.com/media/3174209/2oct15fcpaalert2.pdf
[32] https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-10-13-polokwane-conference-timing-bad-reasons-for-npa-to-drop-zumas-783-charges-sca/
[33] https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/world-bank-concludes-probe-into-hitachis-medupi-contract-2015-10-14
[34] https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-04-so-where-is-the-8-5bn-that-south-africa-was-promised-at-cop26/
[35] https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2019-02-13-editorial-eskom-is-a-disaster-of-epic-proportions/
[37] https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/banks/we-are-allergic-to-conditionalities-mboweni-on-world-bank-loan-talks-20210224
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