Kodi boma la South Africa lakhala kumbali ya Russia mosakayikira, monga momwe tachitira umboni osati m'magulu ankhondo a February (pamodzi ndi China) komanso pogulitsa zida ku Moscow kumapeto kwa chaka chatha? Kodi ubalewu udzalepheretsa Purezidenti Cyril Ramaphosa kuti amangidwe Vladimir Putin pamsonkhano wa ku Johannesburg, kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, wa Bloc ya Brazil-Russia-India-China-Johannesburg - monga momwe Khothi Ladziko Lonse la International Criminal Court limalamula (chifukwa chozunza ana omwe agwidwa ku Ukraine) ? Ndipo kodi chilichonse mwa zinthu zimenezi chidzawopseza gawo limodzi lalikulu kwambiri la malonda a ku South Africa ogulitsira kunja, African Growth and Opportunity Act kugulitsa kunja kwaulere ku United States, zokwana madola mabiliyoni angapo chaka chatha chokha?
Munthawi yomwe kuli chifunga chankhondo, ndikutsagana ndi gulu lankhondo, ndizodziwikiratu kuti andale aku South Africa atha kuthana ndi kukaikira. Nduna ya Zachuma Enoch Godongwana ndi m'modzi mwa anthu omwe adazemba kwambiri, pa Meyi 14, pomwe kupotoza Dipatimenti yokwiya ya US State Department inanena kuti anthu aku South Africa adanyamula zida zopita ku Russia m'sitima ya Lady R, pamalo osungiramo zida zankhondo ku Cape Town mu Disembala 2022: "Zikadachitika monga momwe aku America amanenera, zitha kukhala za anthu omwe adachita zoipa. opanga.โ
Kodi ndani amene angachite zachipongwe pogulitsa zida zakupha, ndipo ndi zotulukapo zotani pazachuma?
Wotsogola wotsogola wankhondo padziko lonse lapansi akadali United States. Ndipo ngakhale zonena za White House ndi State department za "nkhondo pakati pa demokalase ndi autocracies,โ omalizawa ndi makasitomala okondedwa ndi a Purezidenti Joseph Biden. Monga The Intercepts Stephen Semler anamaliza sabata yatha atawunikanso zambiri zamalonda za 2022, a Biden "athandizira kukulitsa mphamvu zankhondo zamayiko ambiri aulamuliro ... US idagulitsa zida pafupifupi 57 peresenti ya mayiko odzilamulira okha padziko lapansi mu 2022." Zokonda za Saudi Arabia, Israel ndi Egypt zili pamwamba pamndandanda. M'menemo, inanena Axios, "United States idawerengera 40% yazogulitsa [zida] zonse kuchokera ku 2018-2022, kuchokera ku 33% m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, pomwe Russia idatsika kuchokera ku 22% mpaka 16%.
Enanso omwe amapanga nkhanza za usilikali ndi omwe akugulitsa zida zankhondo ku South Africa, motsogozedwa ndi bungwe la Denel ndi Paramount Group. Koma Obed Bapela, wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa komiti ya African National Congress Foreign Policy Committee, yemwe wanenetsa kuti asachitepo kanthu pamene bungwe la United Nations lidavota pa kuukira dziko la Russia posachedwapa. ankadzinenera pa wailesi ya dziko la SAfm, โNdinali ndi management ya Denel, ndinali komweko sabata yatha Lachisanu. Denel sinakhalepo kwa zaka zitatu zapitazi. "
M'malo mwake, Rheinmetall-Denel Munitions (RDM) ndi mgwirizano waukulu ku Somerset West womwe wakhala ukuchitika. kupanga ndi kugulitsa zida zakupha ndithu, kuphatikizapo masabata aposachedwapa. Pamene olimba amakana kupatsa Putin zipolopolo (monga ma RDM akuwoneka kuti sakugwirizana ndi mfuti zaku Russia), malinga ku DefenceWeb pakhala โkuchuluka kwabizinesi, mwina chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Ukraine. Mu Disembala 2022, mwachitsanzo, RDM idalengeza kuyitanitsa dziko la NATO la zida za 155 mm za Assegai.
Woyang'anira wamkulu wa RDM a Jan-Patrick Helmsen, "Ndife okondwa kuti makasitomala awiri - kuphatikiza membala wa NATO ndi dziko lomwe siali a NATO - ayikanso chidaliro chawo paukadaulo wathu wapadziko lonse lapansi wa Assegai." Rheinmetall yochokera ku Dรผsseldorf ndi yanthawi yayitali wogwirizana ndi maboma opondereza; poyamba anali wogulitsa zida wachiwiri wa Adolf Hitler, komanso analibe chikayiko chokhudza kugulitsa ku ulamuliro wa tsankho.
Masiku ano, "RDM imatumiza kunja kwa 80% yazopanga zake, makamaka ku Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates, zomwe ndi zodziwika bwino chifukwa chophwanya ufulu wa anthu," Terry Crawford-Browne, yemwe ndi wotsutsa zigawenga. akumbutsidwa potsatira kuphulika kwa 2018 pa fakitale ya kampaniyo ku Cape Town komwe kudapha antchito asanu ndi atatu chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kwa RDM. Ananenanso kuti: "Kupewa malamulo aku Germany otumiza zida zankhondo, Rheinmetall amaika dala zambiri zomwe amapanga m'maiko omwe malamulo ndi ofooka."
Kuphatikiza pa misika yopondereza yamafuta ku Middle East, pakhala kugulitsa kwamphamvu kwa asitikali aku South Africa kumayiko a NATO, kuphatikiza ogula asanu ndi awiri aposachedwa kuphatikiza United States, monga bungwe logula zida zankhondo. Armscor amavomereza mu lipoti la pachaka la chaka chatha. Wapampando wa bungweli Phillip Dexter wadzipereka ku โmalondaโ a ntchito zogula zida ndipo pamene bungweli liri ndi ntchito yoyangโanira ndi National Conventional Arms Control Committee (NCACC), dongosololi ndi lolakwika kwambiri.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Dexter ndi m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino pazandale ku South Africa, omwe ali nawo tweeted kumapeto kwa Epulo, "Tikuyembekezera kulandira ndi kuteteza Purezidenti wa Chitaganya cha Russia. Ma Imperialists ndi nthabwala zawo za ICC ziyenera kutembereredwa. Ayambe amange zigawenga zonse zankhondo tisanawaganizire mozama. Ngakhale pamenepo tidzateteza Putin. "
Komabe Armscor idatsimikizira kugulitsa zida zazikulu zankhondo ku South Africa ku Germany ndi Britain, kuphatikiza zida zomwe zitha kupita kubwalo lankhondo la Russia-Ukraine. ku mbali ya Kumadzulo. Izi sizingakhale zodabwitsa, chifukwa mu 2021, a Kupindula ndi Zowawa lipoti la NGOs Open Secrets and Lawyers for Human Rights linaphatikizapo mndandanda wokhumudwitsa wa NCACC ikulephera, kuphatikizapo kulola zida za SA kulowa Yemen kudzera ku Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates.
Ivor Ichikowitz wokhala ku Johannesburg amayendetsa Paramount Group, yomwe Mbombe magalimoto okhala ndi zida adapeza njira yolowera ku Libya komwe kunkachitika nkhondo kudzera ku Jordan mu 2019. Zikuoneka kuti amakhulupirira kukondweretsa mbali zonse zomwe zikuchita nkhondo, kulemba Chaka chatha, "Russia, yomwe idakhala nthawi yayitali ku Africa kudzera mu thandizo lake lankhondo ndi ndale zamagulu omenyera ufulu, komanso popereka zida zodzitetezera ndi alangizi ankhondo kumayiko ambiri odziyimira pawokha, idachita chithumwa mwadala mu Julayi pambuyo pa kuwukira kwawo koopsa. ku Ukraine."
Ndipo chaka chino, Ichikowitz anatengeka kupitilira mu New African, "Ngakhale akutsutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi pakuukira dziko la Ukraine, kazembe wamkulu waku Russia amaika patsogolo ubale wa Russia ndi Africa. Ndalama zokwana madola 20 biliyoni za chaka chatha pakati pa Russia ndi Afirika zingasonyeze ngati zimenezi; ndi chiwonjezeko chodziwika bwino cha 17% kuposa chaka chatha, komabe gawo limodzi la zomwe maulamuliro ena akupanga, komanso zomangira zocheperako. "
Sabata yatha, Ramaphosa ndi Putin anali ndi foni yaubwenzi "kulimbitsa ubale wopindulitsa m'mbali zosiyanasiyana." Masiku m'mbuyomo, mneneri wa ndale zakunja Clayton Monyela nayenso amawombera "Ubale wopindulitsa komanso waubwenzi womwe ulipo pakati pa United States of America ndi South Africa," pomwe akuwonetsa "kuipidwa" ndi kazembe wa US Reuben Brigety pa Meyi 11 kuphulika kwa katundu wa Lady R: "Tikukhulupirira kuti zida adakwezedwa m'chombocho ndipo ndikanati moyo wanga uyenera kulondola kwa zomwe ananenazo."
Chitsimikizo cha Brigety chimakumbutsa za Secretary of State wa US Colin Powell, yemwe adabetchera (ndipo adataya) miliyoni imodzi yaku Iraq amakhala ndi chidaliro. Funsani kuti zida za Saddam Hussein zomwe zidawononga kwambiri zidalungamitsa kuwukira kwa US mu 2003. Ayi, asitikali aku Washington sanapeze ma WMD amenewo.
Momwemonso chifunga chankhondo chimafuna kuti Godongwana atero bwereza, monga anachitira ku Nyumba ya Malamulo sabata yatha, kuti โndondomeko yathu si yogulitsa zida kapena zida kwa chipani chilichonse pankhondo ya Russia ndi Ukraine,โ chifukwa akuwopa kuti dziko la South Africa latsala pangโono kuchotsedwa mu Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).
Koma ngati izi zitachitika, tikhoza kuyembekezera zazikulu Malingaliro a kampani Western Multinational Corporations akuyenera kuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito zogulitsa kunja kwa nthambi zawo za ku South Africa, makamaka za AGOA-chiwopsezo katundu: magalimoto (omwe dziko la US linaitanitsa $1.6 biliyoni kwaulere pansi pa AGOA mu 2022), zitsulo ndi mchere ($463 miliyoni), zinthu zaulimi ($458 miliyoni), ndi mankhwala ($360 miliyoni).
Awa ndi magawo omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri ku South Africa, ndipo zotulukapo zake ndi zazikulu kwambiri malinga ndi mpweya wa CO2 ndi mpweya wa methane, zomwe zimathandizira ku zovuta monga Epulo-May 2022. Mabomba a Mvula ku Durban zomwe zinapha 500, kapena Cyclone Freddy izo unadulidwa Amalawi oposa 1000 masabata apitawa. Mosasamala kanthu za AGOA, makampaniwa posachedwa adzakopa zilango zanyengo ku Europe pansi pa Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism chifukwa cha mpweya wawo wokwera kwambiri wa CO2.
Kuphatikiza apo, makampani 27 a Energy-Intensive Users Group guzzle 40% ya magetsi aku South Africa makamaka otumiza kunja. Pakusungunula mchere, amawononga chuma chachilengedwe cha South Africa - mpaka ukonde. ndalama zachuma za migodi zimaposa phindu - ndi kupanga zowononga kwambiri.
Nthawi zina, makamaka BHP Billiton's South32 aluminiyamu smelter ku Richards Bay, mtengo wamagetsi womwe kampani ya ku Australia imalipira ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la zomwe anthu wamba aku South Africa amalipira. Makina osungunula okhawo amagwiritsa ntchito 5% ya magetsi a gridi ya dziko, koma akufuna kuti magetsi agawirenso chuma chonse - adapangidwa ngakhale ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Standard Bank. Derek Cooper pa nthawi ya vuto loyamba la Eskom lazimitsidwa mu 2008 ndi Tsiku la Amalonda wolemba Michael Avery chaka chatha - sanamvere kupatsidwa maubwenzi omwe alipo kale.
Kotero ngati Washington ithetsa AGOA ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa kwambiri ndipo motero magetsi ochulukirapo akupezeka kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja wamba, lingakhale dalitso lachuma pobisala - momwemonso mndandanda wa imvi wa mabanki aku South Africa ndi Financial Action Task Force mu February anali kale ndi zotsatira zabwino pa malamulo ndi malamulo oletsa kuba ndalama mwachinyengo.
Kapena pankhani ina yophatikizika zachuma ndi nyengo, Xi Jinping pa Seputembara 2021 kulengeza kwapang'onopang'ono - kuti mapulojekiti a Belt & Road Initiative sangaphatikizeponso magetsi oyaka ndi malasha - posachedwa adabwebweta mu South Africaโs Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone (ndipo ikhoza kutchula imfa yake).
Koma mwachiwonekere njira zopindulitsa kwa anthu ambiri aku South Africa - monga kuchepetsa zotulutsa ndi ma smelters osungunuka komanso zilango zina zazachuma ndi zamalonda zomwe zachedwa kwanthawi yayitali motsutsana, makamaka, ma capitalist - akupitilizabe kubisidwa ndi oyambitsa nkhanza oyambitsa nkhondo. Makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ku likulu la boma la Pretoria komanso kumaofesi a Johannesburg ndi Cape Town opanga zida zankhondo, kusalowerera ndale ndi nthano yabwino, pomwe akupitiliza kugulitsa zida mbali zonse m'dera la mikangano yoopsa.
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