Zochita Zolimbitsa Thupi za Elite Kuti Mutenthetse Msonkhano wa Owononga 28
Chidule
M'miyezi isanakwane msonkhano wa United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wa 2023 (womwe unachitikira ku Dubai), misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi, 'multipolar' komanso olemekezeka aku Africa ndi oyenera kuganiziridwa pang'ono chifukwa maudindo awo ndiye maziko a kukayikira za kutsika. - amapeza mwayi wa madera aku Africa kuti athe kulimbana ndi zovuta zina zanyengo. Ku Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa bloc, ndi mamembala ake atsopano (apamwamba) a BRICS + ochokera ku Middle East, komanso ku African Union, G20 ndi United Nations pamsonkhano m'miyezi yaposachedwa, kudzikonda komanso kusagwirizana. mpikisano udapambana. Komabe kaya pamitengo yatsopano ya ku Europe yotengera mpweya wa carbon kapena kukakamiza kwa malonda a mpweya wa ku Africa kuno, kutsutsana kukukula pakati pa maulamuliro a nyengo ya mafumu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, zolinga zazikulu ziลตiri zazikulu zidakalipo: choyamba, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa ngakhale kuti zingawononge zamoyo zambiri; ndipo chachiwiri, kupewa mangawa a 'Loss & Damage,' kusintha ndi zolipirira zina. Kutsimikizidwanso kwa chilungamo chanyengo ndi kukulirakulira kwachilimbikitso ku Africa kuli koyenera, ndi mbewu zina zotsutsa zikuyamba kubala zipatso ngakhale m'maiko omwe ali ndi mvula yamkuwa kwambiri, South Africa.
Introduction
Mizinda yambiri mu Africa yachita chipwirikiti posachedwapa chifukwa cha mvula yamkuntho yomwe ikukula chifukwa cha vuto la nyengo, kuphatikizapo kusefukira kwa madzi komwe anthu masauzande afa. M'tawuni ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ya Derna, Libya mu Seputembara 2023, anthu opitilira 13,000 adamwalira pambuyo poti madamu awiri osasamalidwa bwino adagwa pomwe 'Medicane' (mphepo yamkuntho ya Mediterranean) Daniel adagwetsa mvula ya 400 mm mu maola 24. (Nthawi zambiri mvula ya Seputembala imagwa 1.5 mm.) Ku Blantyre, Malawi mu February-March 2023, Cyclone Freddy anafika โ ochokera ku Australia - ndipo anapha 158 m'matope amatope. Ku Kinshasa, mu Disembala 2022, pafupifupi 200 anafa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Ku Lokoja ndi mizinda yambiri yaku Nigeria kuyambira Juni mpaka Okutobala 2022, panali anthu osachepera 600 omwe afa. Ku Durban, South Africa mu Epulo 2022, 'Bomba la Mvula' lidapha anthu opitilira 500 pambuyo poti 351 mm idagwa m'maola 24. Ndipo mu 2019 Cyclone Idai, 90 peresenti ya Beira, Mozambique inali pansi pa madzi, ndipo anthu oposa 2000 afa ku Mozambique, Malawi ndi Zimbabwe. Momwemonso, chilala chinakhudza kwambiri mizinda yaku Africa chifukwa choyang'anira kufunikira kwa madzi sikunali koyenera, monga umboni wa Cape Town udatsala pang'ono kuvutika ndi 'Day Zero' mu 2018, zovuta zomwe zabwerezedwa kangapo kuyambira ku South Africa Eastern Cape Province, kuphatikiza mzinda waukulu. Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth). Kusefukira kwa madzi ku Western Cape kumapeto kwa Seputembala kunaphatikizapo 300 mm tsiku limodzi ku Franshoek (pafupi ndi Cape Town), mbiri - pomwe anthu osachepera 11 adafa (makamaka chifukwa kukwera kwa madzi kudapangitsa kuti anthu asanu ndi atatu omwe adalumikizidwa mwamwayi komanso osatetezedwa za kulephera kwa boma kukhazikitsa mfundo zake za Free Basic Electricity). Ku Somalia mu November, 29 anamwalira m'matauni a Baidoa, Bardere, Luuq, ndi Galkacyo chifukwa cha mvula yowonongeka ndi kusefukira kwa madzi.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, 'IMF Riot' yambiri ku Africa yatsatira kusowa kwa chakudya kapena kukwera kwamitengo komwe kumakhudzana ndi zovuta (Walton ndi Seddon 1994). Mu 2022, kukwera kwamitengo yamagetsi komanso chiwongola dzanja chosabweza pa ngongole zakunja chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama za ku Africa komwe kunkatsika mwachangu zidayambitsa mikangano komanso ziwonetsero zamatawuni ndi kumidzi chimodzimodzi (Bond 2023). Moyo wa anthu wamba ku Africa ndizovuta kwambiri kukonzanso chifukwa cha zochitika zanyengo, makamaka kuumitsa nthaka, chipululu, kusefukira kwa madzi, moto wamtchire, kudula mitengo ndi kukwera kwa nyanja. Posachedwapa a Horn of Africa ndi South Africa anasonyeza kuti chilala chokhalitsa chikayamba, mvula imatha kuyambitsa mliri wa dzombe womwe sunachitikepo. Awa ndivuto lalikulu kwa anthu ambiri aku Africa akumidzi. Kuthekera kofuna kubwezeredwa ndikofunikira kwambiri, osati chifukwa cha zovuta zanyengo komanso chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamakampani opangira zinthu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza mafuta amafuta ndi zinthu zamchere zomwe mitengo yake idakwera kwambiri mu 2020-22 - kutenga pa malo osowa olima ku Africa.
Ngati tifunsa funso, momwe Jun Borras Et al (2022) adachita Journal of Peasant Studies owerenga mu 2022, kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukuwoneka kowopsa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu: "Ndi mitundu yanji ya nkhani ndi njira zomwe zimayika kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mayankho okhazikika pazaulimi? Ndi zosiyanitsa ndi zophatikiza ziti zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha izi?"
Zokonda zaulimi ndizosiyana kwambiri, koma poganizira za msonkhano wa monolithic osankhika, zovuta zomwe anthu olima amakumana nazo zimamveka bwino, monga momwe omenyera ufulu wawo amachitira. Kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa zokonda za anthu aku Africa ndi chilengedwe ku mfundo zanyengo zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 'zosiyanasiyana' zikuwonekeratu pa COP28 komanso m'miyezi yotsatira, poganizira zomwe tingaphunzire pakuchita mpikisano pakati pa 2023 misonkhano ya utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Chiyembekezo chimakhalabe chochepa pa ndondomeko zatsopano zapadziko lonse (komanso zadziko ndi zamatauni), mapulogalamu ndi ndalama zomwe zingathe kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo. Izi zidachitiridwa umboni momveka bwino kudzera m'njira zomwe misonkhano yoyambirira idakhazikitsira nkhani za 28th Msonkhano wa United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) wa Zipani - 'COP28' - udzachitikira ku United Arab Emirates (UAE) mu Disembala 2023.
Nkhani za Climate Justice (CJ) zikuphatikiza magawo ogwirizana omwe amafunidwa kwa anthu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi kontinenti ndi olimbikitsa mabungwe ofunikira kwambiri mu Africa: kuchedwetsa ndi kubwezeretsa Kutulutsa kwa Gasi Wotentha (GHGs) ndi 'decarbonization' yeniyeni ndi njira zoyenera zochotsera mpweya; kulimbikitsa njira zaulimi ndi chilengedwe popanga chakudya ndi kubwezeretsa nthaka; kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zokwanira "Zowonongeka & Zowonongeka" zimapita kwa ozunzidwa kuti amangenso pambuyo pa nyengo yoopsa; kutsimikizira nyengo zomanga ndi zachitukuko (zotchedwa kusintha ndi kupirira); ndi kulipira anthu a ku Africa chifukwa chosakhala ndi chitukuko cha carbon high-carbon ku West ndi BRICS+ economics (Mwenda and Bond 2020). Chilichonse mwa maderawa chikukambidwa mu Mapeto, pamodzi ndi nkhani za utsogoleri wa CJ (makamaka ochokera ku South Africa). Koma kodi omenyera ufulu wa CJ ambiri m'magulu a anthu aku Africa (komanso osavomerezeka) angakhudze atsogoleri awo amayiko ndi akumaloko motsatira izi, ndikulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka zikafika potenga nawo gawo pakuchita zinthu zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira kukondera kwa United Nations?
Popereka nkhani zovuta zotere, magawano ofooketsa amalingaliro amawonekera pakati pa olimbikitsa nyengo: olowa mkati ndi akunja; CJ radicals motsutsana ndi 'Climate Action'; ndi Global South motsutsana ndi Global North activists. Kawirikawiri pamakhala magawo omveka bwino a ntchito omwe akhazikitsidwa, omwe angathandize kuzindikira maudindo oyenera a anthu omwe sianthu "ogwedeza mitengo" omwe ntchito yawo imathandizira anthu otukuka 'opanga jam' ophatikizidwa mu msonkhano wa UNFCCC (Bond 2018). Ndipo poganizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pokhudzana ndi zofuna zonse za CJ (kupatulapo kulimba mtima kwa UN, kutsata zandale zandale), pali chiyembekezo chochepa cha kupita patsogolo pamisonkhano ikubwera yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kutsatira Dubai ku 2023, COP29 idzayendetsedwa ndi mzinda wa Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya (kuti udziwe) mu 2024. Mwina kokha kumapeto kwa 2025 pamene UNFCCC imasamukira ku Amazon (Belรฉm, Brazil), zidzasintha.
Nanga, kodi maulalo amphamvu apano ndi ati, ndipo nkhani zanyengo za ku Africa zikusintha bwanji, poganizira misonkhano yayikulu yayikulu mu Ogasiti-Seputembara 2023, komanso malingaliro omwe akuchulukirachulukira ogwirizana ndi zinthu zakale zakufa zakale zaku Africa, South Africa?
Kusagwirizana kwa mphamvu za COP28, zikomo ku South Africa ndi Kenyan sub-imperialism
Zizindikiro za kufooka kwa osankhika ku Africa mu UNFCCC ndi gulu lankhondo, makamaka chapakati pa 2023 pomwe amuna awiri adawonedwa ngati atsogoleri akuluakulu a kontinenti: Purezidenti waku South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa ndi Purezidenti waku Kenya William Ruto. Woyambayo anali nduna ya migodi ya malasha (kudzera ku Shanduka, yomwe anali nayo mpaka 2014 pomwe adakhala wachiwiri kwa purezidenti), ndipo ali ndi zikhumbo reKuchulukitsa kwachuma kwachuma cha South Africa kudzera mu zomwe mu 2019 adazitcha "kusintha kwamasewera" mafuta akunyanja ndi gasi omwe amadziwika makamaka ndi TotalEnergies ndi Shell (ngakhale kufufuza kwakukulu kwalepheretsedwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa CJ m'zaka zaposachedwa) (Ramaphosa 2019). Womalizayo, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mtsogoleri wa 'hustler', adawona "mbiri yake ikukwera ndi vuto lalikulu la nyengo," monga Africa Mphamvu anati: "Mphamvu zonse za Purezidenti waku Kenya William Ruto, malo okhala ndi mawu, chithumwa cha anthu komanso kulima mopanda chifundo kwa othandizana nawo otchuka zidawonetsedwa" pomwe adachititsa msonkhano wa Africa Climate Summit (Marks 2023). Mawu oyamba a Ruto adapereka mawu akuti: "Tiyenera kuwona kukula kobiriwira osati kufunikira kwa nyengo komanso kasupe wa mwayi wa madola mabiliyoni ambiri omwe dziko lapansi likukonzekera kuti lipindule" (Ngam 2023).
Koma "ogwirizana nawo" a Ruto - makamaka mlangizi wa New York McKinsey, yemwe ntchito yake yowononga ku Kenya Airways ndi Eskom ya ku South Africa inachititsa kuti mayiko atsutsidwe, komanso Purezidenti wa European Union Commission Ursula van der Leyen, yemwe ali ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa carbon. ndondomeko yamalonda - idawonekeranso kuti ikukhudza iye. Otsutsa m'mabungwe onse aku Africa, omwe adakonzedwa ngati "Real African Climate Summit" (2023), adataya mtima chifukwa cha chipwirikiticho. wa Ruto:
"Komiti yomwe imatchedwa 'think tanks committee' yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti iyendetse zokambirana pa Summit imatsogozedwa ndi anthu omwe akuyimira mabungwe aku UK ndi US osati mabungwe aku Africa. Zomwe zili mu Summit - kuphatikiza zoyeserera zazikulu - ikutsogoleredwa ndi McKinsey, ndi World Resources Institute tsopano akupikisana kuti akonze ndondomekoyi ndi zotsatira zake. Onsewa ali ku United States ndipo sagwirizana ndi zofuna za Africa. Mabungwe ena aku Africa omwe amapititsa patsogolo zolinga zaku Western nawonso apatsidwa gawo lalikulu pakukonza mwambowu. Zotsatira zake ndi ndondomeko ya Summit yomwe ikuwonetseratu zomwe mayiko a Kumadzulo ali nazo, zomwe ndi misika ya carbon, kuchotsa mpweya wa carbon ndi njira zabwino za nyengoโฆ Koma zoona zake nโzakuti, njira zimenezi zilimbikitsa mayiko olemera ndi mabungwe akuluakulu kuti apitirize kuipitsa dziko, zomwe zingawononge Africa.โ
Powonetsa nkhawa imeneyi, chiganizo chachiwiri m'mawu ofunikira a Van der Leyen chidayamika Ruto kuti: "Ndikulandira kwambiri Kenya 'Climate Change Act 2023' yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Msonkhano uno ndipo ikugogomezera kwambiri misika ya carbon." The Civil Society Critique idanenanso izi:
"Pewani njira zonse zabodza monga misika ya carbon ndi geo-engineering zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zilimbikitse mayiko olemera komanso anthu kuti apitilize kuyipitsa ndikusandutsa Africa kukhala malo otayirapo zinthu zoyeserera zaukadaulo. Kukhazikitsa ndi kutengera mfundo zanyengo zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwachilungamo komanso kofanana kwa ntchito zonse zatsopano zamafuta, gasi ndi malasha ku Africa molingana ndi zitukuko za Africa komanso malingaliro a Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Energy Agency ndi mabungwe ena asayansi. podula ndalama zaboma komanso zachinsinsiโ (Real African Climate Summit 2023).
Ndipo zoneneza zawo zachinyengo zakunja zinali zowawa kwambiri chifukwa ndi ochepera theka la atsogoleri 54 aku Africa omwe adachita nawo Msonkhanowo (mwachitsanzo, Ramaphosa akusankha kupita ku chikondwerero cha chisankho cha Emmerson Mnangagwa chotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake). AU payokha imavutika ndi atsogoleri ofooka: monga wapampando, Purezidenti wa Zisumbu za Comoros Azali Assoumani (yemwe adayamba kulamulira mu 1999) ndi Wapampando wa Commission Moussa Faki. Masiku atatu m'mbuyomo, Khoti Lamilandu la AU linali litadzudzula Faki chifukwa cha "kupanda manyazi" ndi "kulimba mtima," komanso "kukhala lamulo kwa iyemwini," zomwe zimadzetsa "kusamvera malamulo" ndi "kuwononga mbiri." Mayiko asanu ndi limodzi a ku Africa adayimitsidwa panthawiyo ku AU chifukwa cholanda asilikali: Gabon, Niger, Sudan, Mali, Guinea ndi Burkina Faso.
Vuto la anthu osankhika akumaloko omwe akusokoneza zofuna za kontinentiyo ndi lakale, lomwe limakumbutsa chenjezo la Walter Rodney (1972, 41-42) (mu. Momwe Europe Idakulirakulira ku Africa): "Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la imperialist kuli ndi udindo waukulu wolepheretsa chuma cha ku Africa powononga chuma cha Africa ndi kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kupititsa patsogolo chuma cha kontinenti mofulumira kwambiri. Kachiwiri, munthu amayenera kuthana ndi omwe amasokoneza dongosololi komanso omwe ndi othandizira kapena osadziwa zomwe zanenedwazo. โ
Ndale zanyengo ndi chitsanzo chofunikira kwambiri, kuyambira ku Copenhagen COP2009 ya 15, pomwe utsogoleri wa Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) udadzudzula mtsogoleri waku Africa, Purezidenti wa Ethiopia Meles Zenawi, popanga chiwembu ndi Purezidenti waku France Nicolas Sarkozy. "Gulitsani miyoyo ndi ziyembekezo za anthu aku Africa pamtengo wochepa" (Mwenda ndi Bond 2020). Pamsonkhanowo, wokambirana ndi G77-bloc Lumumba Di-Aping (omwe panthawiyo anali kazembe waku Sudan, pambuyo pake adatulutsidwa) adafotokozera msonkhano wa PACJA mmene nthumwi zina za mu Afirika zinali โzaulesi kapena โzogulidwaโ ndi mayiko otukuka. Anasankha South Africa, ponena kuti mamembala ena a nthumwizo adayesetsa mwakhama kusokoneza mgwirizano wa bloc "(Welz 2009).
Ntchitoyi ikupitilirabe, pomwe dziko la South Africa lomwe limatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa GHG mu Africa, South Africa, lagwiritsa ntchito molakwika mphamvu zamadiplomate mu miyezi yaposachedwa. Mtumiki wa Zachilengedwe Barbara Creecy. Iye ndi wandale wapadera, mwachitsanzo, monga membala yekhayo woyera wolamulira-chipani chosankhidwa ku African National Congress National (ANC) Executive Committee mu 2021. Iye amatha kukhalapo ndi utsogoleri wolimba kwambiri wa ANC - osati Ramaphosa yekha. koma poyera Unduna wa Zamagetsi wamalasha komanso wapampando wachipani cholamula Gwede Mantashe (yemwe mu Okutobala 2023 adadzudzula olimbikitsa zanyengo kuti ndi othandizira a CIA) - chifukwa chakuletsa kwake kuwongolera. Kufotokozera, kukondera kwa Creecy sikungowonetsa zilolezo zomwe amapereka pafupipafupi za gasi wa methane kunyanja komanso kuphwanyidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso kuti boma la South Africa ndi kampani yamagetsi ya Eskom ikufuna kukhazikitsa nyumba ziwiri zopangira mpweya (zolimba 4000MW) zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. pogwiritsa ntchito 44 peresenti ya ndalama za 'Just Energy Transition Partnership' (JETP) zomwe amakweza, komanso posunga magetsi oyaka ndi malasha otseguka nthawi yayitali (ngakhale kuphwanya mapangano azachuma a JETP) (Bond 2024).
Zowonadi, Creecy adakhala mu Ogasiti-Ogasiti 2023 kuvomereza mapulojekiti angapo owononga kwambiri, otulutsa mpweya wambiri omwe amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuthandizira kwake dongosolo la TotalEnergies lokumba mafuta ndi gasi ku Cape Town kunamupangitsa kuti akane chigamulo cha khothi cha 2022 motsutsana ndi lingaliro lofananalo la Shell Oil la Wild Coast ku Eastern Cape. Anathandizira kuphulika kwa zivomezi za m'nyanja pafupi ndi malire a Namibia ndi kampani ya ku Australia (Searcher) yomwe imafufuza zomwe akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka amaneneratu kuti zingakhale mabiliyoni a migolo ya mafuta ndi mathililiyoni a ma cubic feet a gasi. Chowiringula cha Creecy pamilanduyi ndikuti zomwe Khothi Lalikulu la Makhanda lidapereka mu Seputembala 2022 motsutsana ndi kufufuza kwa gasi kunyanja - zopangidwa ndi oweruza atatu, mwa zina kutengera kukana kuganizira zanyengo mozama - zidali zidakali (chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake) pa apilo ku Khothi Lalikulu. Onse a Shell ndi mnzake wakumaloko, yemwe kale anali mtsogoleri wagulu lazamalonda komanso wabizinesi wotsatira Johnny Copelyn, akhala akupereka mowolowa manja ku chipani cholamula cha dziko la South Africa, koma makhothi monga a Makhanda sakhala odziyimira pawokha pa kukondera kwachipani (mosiyana, kunena ku Zimbabwe kapena ku United States of America).
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Creecy inavomereza kuchotsedwa kwa kuipitsa kwa siteshoni yaikulu kwambiri ya malasha ku Kontinenti (Kusile), kuti fakitale ya Eskom - yomwe imapanga 4800MW ngati ikugwira ntchito ndi nthunzi yotentha - ikhoza kutulutsa sulfure dioxide ndi nitrous oxide popanda Flue Gas Desulfurization, chilolezo chomwe asayansi amaneneratu kuti chidzapha mazana angapo okhala pafupi. Komanso mu 2023, adazengedwa mlandu ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe (Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance) chifukwa cholola gulu lachimphona laku India la ArcelorMittal kutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen sulfide kuposa malire. Potsirizira pake, kukweza kwake njira yolimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira malo osungirako zachilengedwe lopanda zipangizo zokwanira zothandizira mafuta opangira mafuta a ku Turkey, Karpowership, omwe zombo zake zoyendera gasi wa Liquefied Natural Gas adapatsa chilolezo kuti zizigwira ntchito kuchokera ku madoko atatu ovuta. mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso chokhazikika cha akatswiri a zachilengedwe chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha zombo za ku mpweya wabwino, ku zamoyo za m'nyanja ndi bajeti ya South Africa ya mpweya wa GHG.
Njirayi imafikira ku zochitika zowononga za ku kontinenti, ndipo ndithudi nyengo ya dziko la South Africa ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe sikwachilendo. Monga Sam Moyo ndi Paris Yeros (2011, 19) adafotokozera mu 2011, mkangano wotsutsana ndi dziko la Africa ndi mbali ya ubale wa BRICS ndi imperialism: Kutsatira, ngakhale, wina anganene kuti, pali 'schizophrenia' ku zonsezi, zomwe zimafanana ndi 'sub-imperialism'." Mwachitsanzo, asitikali opitilira 1200 a SA National Defense Force alowererapo ku Mozambique kuyambira 2021 - motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wa France Emmanuel Macron komanso kuombera m'manja kwa US African Command, m'malo mwa malo a TotalEnergies's $20 biliyoni a Liquefied Natural Gas (motsutsa. zigawenga zachisilamu zakomweko) (Bond 2022).
Izi zikutsatira kutumizidwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Pretoria kuyambira 2013 m'gulu lankhondo la UN 'losunga mtendere' kum'mawa kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo, pafupi ndi migodi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani aku South Africa, komanso mochulukirachulukira, mafuta oyaka mafuta (monga Nyanja Albert. Ndalama zokwana madola 10 biliyoni zamafuta zomwe mu 2010 zidaperekedwa kwa Khulubusa Zuma, mwana wa mchimwene wake wa pulezidenti waku South Africa Jacob. Kutumiza kofananirako ku Central African Republic kudatsata likulu lazachuma ku South Africa koma kudachepetsedwa pomwe mu 2013, zigawenga zidalanda gulu laling'ono la SANDF ku Bangui. Kwa Samir Amin (kulemba mu mbiri ya moyo wake pambuyo pa humous), zochitika zoterezi zimasonyeza momwe kusintha kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa tsankho kupita ku neoliberalism pambuyo pa tsankho kunatanthawuza "palibe chomwe chasintha. Nthambi ya Afrika-Dzonga ya ma imperiyamu a yinโwe yi pfunisiwa, naswona sweswo sweswo tanihi matimba ya migodi ya Anglo-Amerikaโ (Amin 2019).
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2023, Creecy adasankhidwa kuti aziyang'anira ntchito zofunika za UNFCCC ndi Sultan Al Jaber, wotsogoleli wa UAE, yemwenso amagwira ntchito ngati wamkulu wa Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (kampani yomwe maofesi ake adalowererapo pakuwongolera misonkhano pakati. -2023 ngakhale pali kusagwirizana koonekeratu). Creecy adzakhala ngati mtsogoleri wina (pamodzi ndi nduna ya zachilengedwe ya ku Danish) ya Global Stock Take (GST) - mwachitsanzo, kuyesa momwe mayiko adachepetsera mpweya wotulutsa mpweya - mu 2022 adatsogolera komiti ya COP27 yowunika kuchepetsa. Mthandizi wake Richard Sherman amayang'anira ntchito za Loss & Damage Fund, njira yomwe mu Okutobala 2023 idatsala pang'ono kutha, adaulula kuti: "Kwachedwa, tatopa, takhumudwa. Talephera, pamlingo waukulu, "(Sengupta ndi Goswami 2023).
Palibe nthumwi za ku Africa zomwe zidakhalapo ndi chikoka pazanyengo zotere, kuyambira pomwe South Africa idachita COP17 ku Durban mu 2011 ndikutsatiridwa ndi Morocco mu 2016, nthawi zonse ziwiri zomwe zimathandizira zofuna za emitters (monga tafotokozera pansipa). Zochita za 2023 GST zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zisapewe chilankhulo chofunikira cha "pase out of fassil fuels", komanso kutenthetsa kuyaka kwa dziko lapansi ndi kutayikira kwa methane, ngakhale mphamvu yake yochulukirapo ka 85 ngati mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuposa CO2 pazaka 20. Mapaipi a gasi ku South Africa adadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuphulika mu 2023, ngakhale pakati pa Johannesburg - pomwe ntchito zazikuluzikulu za gasi wa methane ndi mapaipi zidakhazikitsidwa kudutsa magombe a Indian ndi Atlantic komanso kudzera m'malingaliro a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Ngakhale Creecy akadafuna kuthana ndi nyengo mozama, dziko lapansi silili bwino. Mwachitsanzo, misonkhano inayi ya Ogasiti-Seputembala motsatizana idakhazikitsa njira yowopsa ya COP28, kulola UAE ndi South Africa kuchita zomwe zitha kuonedwa ngati gawo lokhulupirika la 'sub-emperial' pochita mgwirizano ndi mayiko akumadzulo ndi BRICS. Choyamba, msonkhano wa Ogasiti wa Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa Bloc BRICS ku Johannesburg adakulitsa gululo kukhala mamembala 11, kuphatikiza atatu - Saudi Arabia, UAE ndi Iran - ndi mpweya wambiri komanso kupanga mafuta kapena gasi, ndi ena awiri. , Egypt ndi Argentina, ndi nkhokwe zazikulu zomwe zikugwiridwa. Chachiwiri, Msonkhano woyamba wa Zanyengo ku Africa unachitika ku Nairobi koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Chachitatu, sabata yotsatira, G20 idakumana ku New Delhi. Ndipo chachinayi, mu Mzinda wa New York, kuyambira pa September 18-22, Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN unasonkhanitsa atsogoleri a dziko. Izi zinali nthawi zofunika kufotokozera nkhani, njira, ndi mgwirizano wa osankhidwa a ku Africa kuno pankhani ya mfundo zanyengo zapadziko lonse lapansi - ndipo zonse zimalephera pamlingo wochepera wofunikira kuteteza anthu aku Africa ku zovuta zanyengo.
Kukhazikitsa gawo la UNFCCC pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya ndi udindo wa 'poluter pays'
Zotsogola zitatu za UNFCCC COP zimafunikira kutchulidwa pazomwe zikuchitika - 2009 COP15 ku Copenhagen, 2011 COP17 ku Durban, ndi 2015 COP21 ku Paris - komanso ubale wamphamvu zidawululidwanso m'mawu a mkulu wa zanyengo ku US, John Kerry, mu Julayi 2023.
Mgwirizano wa Copenhagen udayimira kutha kwa kuyankha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidachitika ndi msonkhano wachinsinsi wa mayiko asanu omwe akutsutsana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, kuvomereza kuti njira yodzifunira 'yotsika' idzalowa m'malo mwa zomwe Kyoto Protocol imakhazikitsa. Monga Bill McKibben (2009) adadandaula za Barack Obama:
โIye anaphulitsa United Nations. Lingaliro lakuti pali gulu la anthu padziko lonse lapansi lomwe likutanthauza kuti china chake chasowa usikuunoโฆ mukayandikira kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimawerengedwa - mafuta oyambira pansi omwe ali pakati pa chuma chathu - mutha kuyiwala za izi. Sitikufuna. Ndinu wovutitsa, ndipo mukamamira pansi pa mafunde, sitifuna kumva zambiri za izo. Chiyembekezo chokondedwa kwambiri cha ufulu waku America kwa zaka 50 chidakwaniritsidwa chifukwa pamapeto pake malasha ali pachimake pachuma cha America. Tinachita kale izi ndi nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndipo tsopano tazichita ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Kodi mfundo ya UN tsopano ndi yotani? Anapanga mgwirizano wa owononga kwambiri, ndi oti akhale oipitsa kwambiri.โ
Kuwonongeka kwawo kudzakhala kwanthawi yayitali, komabe atsogoleri owononga kwambiri a 'BASIC' - Ignacio Lula da Silva waku Brazil, Jacob Zuma waku South Africa, Manmohan Singh waku India ndi Wen Jiabao waku China - omwe adalumikizana ndi Obama pamsonkhano wa UNFCCC pambuyo pake adachoka paudindo. , ngakhale kuti Lula anabwereranso mu 2023, mโkupita kwa nthaลตi atamva kuti nkhalango ya Amazon yasintha mosalekeza kuchoka ku sink ya carbon kupita ku net emitter. Pakadali pano, a Zuma adawonekeranso pazochitika zanyengo mkatikati mwa 2023 (kungotsala masiku ochepa kuti akhululukidwe kunyoza khothi pamlandu womwe ukupitilira wa katangale wa KwaZulu-Natal): ku Zimbabwe, adagulitsa "mamiliyoni awiri" a carbon offset kuchokera ku Russia Siberia - yomwe adanyozedwa ngati opanda pake ndipo pamapeto pake anakanidwa ndi okonza msonkhano wa Victoria Falls (Lang 2023). Kukakamira kodziwikiratu kotereku, machitidwe a Zuma mu 2009 ku Copenhagen anali ogwirizana ndi zosowa za mayiko akuluakulu oyipitsa. Chifukwa chake mu 2011 pa nthawi ya kuchititsa COP17, utsogoleri wake udakondweretsedwa ndi wokambirana nawo ku US State Department Todd Stern (2011), yemwe adauza Mlembi wa boma wa US a Hillary Clinton za "kupambana kwakukulu kwa United States" ku Durban, makamaka zolinga zazikuluzikulu za mbiri yakale zoipitsa. pochepetsa mangawa, kapena zomwe mu UNFCCC zimatchedwa Udindo Wophatikiza Koma Wosiyana.
Kusafuna kwa US kulipira malipiro, ophatikizidwa ndi BASIC ndi ma emitters ena akuluakulu, adatsimikiziridwa ku Paris Climate Agreement ya 2015. Malingana ndi Saleemul Huq ndi Roger-Mark De Souza (2015) wa Woodrow Wilson Center, "Kuloledwa mwa kukulitsa maiko okhudza mangawa ndi chipukuta misozi anasonyezedwa mโchigamulo cha Mgwirizanowu, umene ukunena kuti palibe kuthekera kodzinenera kukhala ndi chiwongoladzanja ndi chipukuta misozi cha Kutayika ndi Kuwonongeka,โ mwachitsanzo, ndalama za zochitika zowopsa za kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndipo pa Julayi 13, 2023, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Clinton ngati Secretary of State waku US panthawi yokambirana ku Paris, a John Kerry, adachitira umboni ku House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee (2023) ngati nthumwi ya Biden Administration. Adafunsidwa ndi wokhazikika waku Florida Republican Brian Mast za kukonzanso kwanyengo:
Mast: "Kodi mukukonzekera kudzipereka ku America kukonzanso kwanyengo: ndiye kuti, tiyenera kulipira dziko lina chifukwa chasefukira kapena anali ndi mphepo yamkuntho kapena chimphepo kwakanthawi?"
Kerry: โAyi. Palibe chilichonse.โ
Mast: "Chabwino, ndakondwa kumva kuti ndili ndi ayi."
Kerry: "Bwanji osapanga mawu okweza pambali pake."
Mast: "Ndikulemberani mokweza ndipo ndine wokondwa kuti tagwirizana kuti sindikudziwa ngati cholembera changa chakuda chidzagwira ntchito. Tiwona. Ndiko komwe, tabweranso!
Kerry: "... Pali kumalizidwa kwa thumba lomwe linapangidwa, zomwe zimatchedwa thumba la kutayika ndi kuwonongeka, lomwe likungozindikira. Ilibe mangawa aliwonse mmenemo. Timayika makamaka mawu omwe amatsutsa kuthekera kulikonse. โ
Mawu omaliza asanu omalizawa akuyimira kukana kwa Washington kwa 'malipiro oipitsa,' kuphatikiza de A facto kusakhulupirika pa ngongole yanyengo, kukana udindo wovomerezeka womwe umaperekedwa m'madongosolo ambiri adziko lonse owongolera zachilengedwe. Mkhalidwe woterewu umathandizanso zofuna za Pretoria ndi BRICS, chifukwa nawonso ali ndi ngongole yobwezera.
BRICS + kuwonongeka kwanyengo ku Johannesburg
Mayendedwe a nyengo a BRICS ndipo tsopano BRICS + (omwe ali ndi mamembala asanu ndi mmodzi atsopano) ndi odzikonda, monga umboni wa mgwirizano wa ufumu waung'ono ndi United States, Europe ndi ma emitters ena akuluakulu mu 2009, 2011 ndi 2015, komanso Kukonzekera kwa COP28. Kudzikonda kumeneku kumasonyeza mayiko 11 omwe amatulutsa mpweya woipa wa dziko lonse 58 peresenti ndi 43 peresenti ya mafuta padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa BRICS - makamaka BASIC - atsogoleri akugwirizana ndi mphamvu za imperialist potsutsa kuchepetsa mpweya wokwanira ndi kubwezera, palinso zomwe Brazilian. kudalira katswiri wamaphunziro Ruy Mauro Marini (1972) adatcha 'mgwirizano wotsutsana': mikangano yapakatikati yotsatizana ndi njira zapakhomo zopezera ndalama zomwe zimasemphana ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kunena zowona, m'machitidwe (osati ongolankhula), ambiri a BRICS amalamulidwa ndi chuma cha neoliberal, magulu olamulira amalonda, ogwirizana ndi chiwonongeko chadziko lonse lapansi, komanso mosasamala kanthu za mikangano yowopsa ya madera (ku Russia / Ukraine, Israel/Palestine, Central Asia, mapiri a Himalaya ndi South China Sea) komanso zokambirana zandalama za 'de-dollarization', pali kuphatikizika kwa mfundo zamayiko ambiri ku UNFCCC.
Ndipo komabe mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi mpweya wa carbon-antagonists wakhazikitsa maziko owonetsera zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi nyengo ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo pokhudzana ndi 'zilango za nyengo' monga njira za Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs). Kuyambira ku European Union mu Okutobala 2023 (koma mitengo yamitengo idangogwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2026), ndipo mwina kutsatiridwa ndi ogulitsa ena akumadzulo, CBAM imawonjezera mitengo yamtengo wapatali kuzinthu zakunja zomwe zili ndi ma GHG ophatikizidwa, pomwe chuma chotumiza kunja sichikhala ndi misonkho yokwanira ya kaboni. (motero akuyimira chithandizo chotsimikizirika cha mpweya wotulutsa mpweya). Mu Ogasiti, BRICS' Johannesburg Declaration idadandaula,
"Timatsutsa zolepheretsa malonda kuphatikizapo zomwe zili pansi pa chenjezo lothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe maiko ena otukuka achita ndikubwerezanso kudzipereka kwathu pakupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pankhaniyi. Tikutsindika kuti njira zomwe zimatengedwa pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe WTO-yokhazikikaโฆ Tikuwonetsa nkhawa zathu pazankho lililonse losagwirizana ndi WTO lomwe lingatero kusokoneza malonda a mayiko, Kuyika pachiwopsezo zotchinga zatsopano zamalonda komanso kusintha kwakusintha kwakusintha kwanyengo ndi kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe kwa mamembala a BRICS ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumeneโ (kutsindika kwawonjezera) (BRICS 2023).
Mawu apa akuyimira mtundu wa kukana kwanyengo, chifukwa pali kale kusokonekera kwakukulu kwa malonda a mayiko, ndalama ndi zachuma chifukwa cha kulephera kwa capitalist kuyika mpweya wa GHG m'makampani, kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa zinthu pakuwerengera mitengo. Poganizira zoopsa za nyengo ndi kuphana kwachilengedwe kudziko lapansi, makamaka kumayiko a BRICS +, chikhumbo chofuna kusunga zosokoneza zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe ndi "kulephera kwakukulu kwa msika komwe dziko lawona," malinga ndi katswiri wazachuma waku Britain Nick Stern (2007). Zowonadi, mobwerezabwereza kuyambira 2021, olamulira aku South Africa omwe akukhala nawo - maboma ndi mabungwe - adabwerezanso kuti zilango zomwe zikubwera zaku Western motsutsana ndi kutumizira kunja kwamphamvu ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chuma chikuyenera kuwononga mpweya. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya malasha yochuluka yomwe ili muzinthu zotumizidwa kunja, maiko omwe atenga mitengo ya carbon yapamwamba - $ 100 / tonne mu EU Emissions Trading Scheme, poyerekeza ndi Pretoria $ 0.35 / tonne - kuti apewe. 'kutuluka kwa carbon'.
Misonkho yotereyi ingakhale yowononga kwambiri kumakampani a ku South Africa omwe amatchedwa kuti Energy Intensive Users Groups firms: 27 makamaka mabungwe amayiko akumadzulo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 42 peresenti ya magetsi osowa mdziko muno makamaka pokonza migodi yosawonjezedwanso. Moyenera amakana kutulutsa mpweya chifukwa pali 'baseload mphamvu' yochepa komanso mtengo wapamwamba wam'tsogolo wokhudzana ndi dzuwa, mphepo ndi kusungirako. Bungwe la BRICS likudandaula za mitengo yamitengo yomwe, โmonamizira kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, [idzakhazikitsidwa] ndi mayiko ena otukuka.โ
Madandaulo amenewa, kuyambira 2010, adanenedwa ndi anthu a ku South Africa ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa chitukuko cha carbon high-carbon, osati momveka bwino kuposa nduna yakale ya zamalonda ndi mafakitale Rob Davies. Polembera bungwe la African Climate Foundation, Davies (2023) anati, "CBAM ndi muyeso womwe, m'malingaliro mwanga, uyenera kukanidwa, kutsutsidwa ndi kutsutsidwa mwanjira iliyonse kapena msonkhano. Kupanga njira yochitira izi ndikofunikira kuwirikiza kawiri poganizira kuti ikuyenera kufotokozedwanso m'malo ena angapo. " Zomwe zatsala pang'ono ku South Africa, iye adati, zinali zotayika za $ 1.5 biliyoni pachaka zogulitsa zitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo ku Ulaya, ndi mankhwala, mapulasitiki ngakhale magalimoto oti atsatire posachedwa.
Davies (2023) sanaganizirepo za zabwino kutayika kwa katundu wotumizidwa kunja, kutanthauza kuti South Africa idzakhala ndi kuchepa kochepa kwa chuma chomwe sichikhoza kusinthidwa (ie, minerals yomwe imapita ku zitsulo zambiri zosinthidwa) kotero kuti idzapindula posunga zachilengedwe. chuma kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Komanso sanaganizire za mtengo wamagetsi wa migodi yakuya, kusungunula, kukonza zitsulo, mafuta a petrochemicals, magalimoto oyaka mkati ndi kunja kwa carbon. Ubwino wotumiza mphamvuzo kumafakitale omwe akuchulukirachulukira, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabanja ndizodziwikiratu ku vuto lililonse laku South Africa lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi kukhetsedwa kwa katundu. Sananyalanyaze Mtengo wa Carbon wochokera kumafakitale owonjezera mphamvu zotere, womwe ukayesedwa pa $ 3000/tani ya CO2 yotulutsidwa, kenako ndikuyika ma megatonnes 500 a mpweya wapachaka wapachaka, ndi pafupifupi kanayi kuposa momwe South Africa ikuyembekezeredwa 2023 GDP. $400 biliyoni.
Kukondera kwake kwa Davies pazakutulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa carbon uku kudadziwika mu ntchito yake ngati Nduna ya Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani kuyambira 2009-19, pomwe adathandizira ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi oyaka ndi malasha, chitukuko cha gasi wa shale, magalimoto a dizilo ndi petulo ndi magalimoto (ndipo opanda magalimoto amagetsi) ndi mafakitale ena a carbon high (makamaka Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone yachinyengo), zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri omwe adatulutsa phindu lakunja. Zowonadi, nthawi zambiri, njira yobweza phindu idayendetsedwa ndi 'Illicit Financial Flows,' mpaka pomwe dziko la South Africa lidakumana ndi 'grey listing' ndi Financial Action Task Force mu February 2023 chifukwa chaulamuliro wa Treasury ndi Reserve Bank, zomwe Davies sanadandaulepo poyera.
Chifukwa chake nthawi zina pamakhala kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa zokonda za chuma chachifumu ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono, potengera mpikisano wa internecine. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za konkriti zimakonda kwambiri kumana, mpaka pomwe zokhumba za BRICS zikadali zokwaniritsa kwambiri udindo muulamuliro wamakampani ambiri, osati kukulitsa (monga ambiri odzipereka ku hype ndi chiyembekezo amakonda kunamizira). Poganizira kuti mawu ena olimbikira komanso odana ndi mafumu akumwera akukweza kusalungama kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ngati chodetsa nkhawa, chiyeso chomveka cha omwe amatsata zopita patsogolo ndikuchirikiza zolankhula zawo - ngakhale zitakhala zopanda ntchito. Koma zilango zanyengo motsutsana ndi mega-emitters mu BRICS + si imodzi mwa nthawizo, ngakhale bungwe lalikulu la BRICS lokambirana zanyengo, BASIC, lidalowa nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi CBAM. Monga Nduna ya Zachilengedwe ku South Africa Barbara Creecy (2023) adadandaula pa 20 Seputembala 2023 ku msonkhano wa nduna za BASIC,
"Mwayi watsala pang'ono kutseka kukakamiza EU ndi ena omwe akuyembekezera m'mapiko kuti apereke misonkho yosagwirizana ndi nyengo, kusiya mapulani awo kapena kuwasintha kuti akhale ovomerezeka, olungama komanso okhudza kusintha kwa nyengo. Malinga ndi dipatimenti yathu yazamalonda, Africa idzataya pafupifupi $26 biliyoni chaka chilichonse pamisonkho yachindunji ku EU mu gawo loyambirira la CBAM lokha. Posachedwapa ena, kuphatikiza USA, UK ndi Canada atsatira chitsanzo cha EU ndipo mndandanda wazinthu zamisonkho udzakula. Zotsatira zake zidzakhala zoposa kungochotsa ndalama zilizonse zanyengo ndi thandizo lina lomwe talandira kuchokera ku North North padziko lonse lapansi ndikusokoneza chitukuko chathu chokhazikika. โ
Osankhidwa aku Africa akhumudwitsa anthu awo ku Nairobi
Atsogoleri aku South Africa ngati Creecy si okhawo omwe amatsutsana ndi chilungamo chanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, padziko lonse lapansi komanso kunyumba. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa BRICS womwe unachitikira ku Nairobi komanso kutangotsala pang'ono G20, "The African Leaders' Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action" imaganiziridwa mwa zina chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mawailesi okhudza nkhawa za akuluakulu a CJ aku Africa. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa BRICS, kutsutsana kwina kofunikira nkwakuti, mbali imodzi, akuluakulu a ku Africa akudziwa kuti njira (monga misika ya carbon) ilipo kuti athetse vuto lalikulu kwambiri la msika padziko lonse lapansi: GHGs siigwiritsidwe ntchito mkati mwa mtengo wa msika. mankhwala. Koma kumbali ina, malingaliro awo ndi kukakamira kuti pakhale palibe njira zowongolera zomwe zatengedwa, monga chilango chochokera kunja kwa CBAM chomwe chikhoza kulinganiza zinthu zotulutsa mpweya wambiri makamaka ku South Africa, poika mtengo wamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake chilengezo cha AU (2023) chinafuna, mogwirizana ndi mawu a BRICS ndi BASIC, kuti "mitengo yokhudzana ndi malonda ndi zotchinga zosagwirizana ndi msonkho ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndi zokambirana ndi mapangano a mayiko osiyanasiyana osati kutsagana ndi mbali imodzi, mopondereza kapena tsankho ...".
Kupatula kuthandizira owononga kwambiri mu kontinentiyi panthawiyi, chilengezo cha Nairobi nthawi zambiri chidagonja pamakambirano amtundu wa McKinsey, mwachitsanzo, "Ife, Atsogoleri Amayiko ndi Boma mu Africa ... tikuyamikira Arab Republic of Egypt chifukwa chochita bwino COP27โฆ" (AU 2023). Wolamulira wankhanza waku Egypt a Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi adachititsa msonkhano wa COP27 ku Sharm el-Sheikh kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2022, chochitika chomwe anthu omwe adawona (osati atsogoleri a mayiko akulankhula mwaukadaulo) ngati kulephera kwakukulu malinga ndi mfundo zamayiko osiyanasiyana komanso kasamalidwe ka zochitika. ngakhale pang'ono chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa Aigupto ndi US, mayiko ena akumadzulo, BRICS ndi Middle East ultra-polluters. Mabungwe a anthu a ku Aigupto anali, monga kale, akuponderezedwa mwadongosolo, monga momwe zabwerezedwa kale ku Dubai mu 2023. Kuvomereza njira zomwe zilili za mayiko a West / BRICS omwe akulamulidwa ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana, ndikungoyamba ndi malingaliro odana ndi zofuna za Africa.
The Nairobi Declaration inapempha โanthu amitundu yonse kuti athandizire pa izi: Kuchulukitsa mphamvu zongowonjezera mphamvu mu Africa kuchoka pa 56 GW mu 2022 kufika pa 300 GW pofika 2030โฆโ (AU 2023). Kufuna uku kumveka koyamikirika; komabe, mkati mwa njira yowerengera ndalama za AU, 'zongowonjezwdwa' zikuphatikizapo mphamvu ya mega-hydropower, yomwe chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza chilala chomwe chimafooketsa mphamvu ya madamu, kapena kusefukira kwa madzi komwe kumawopseza kukhulupirika kwa madamu ambiri), sizoyenera. Dziko la AU, Ethiopia, likuwopseza madera akunsi kwa mtsinje wa Nile ndi Damu lake la Renaissance, ndi madamu awiri akuluakulu omwe akufuna - $ 100 biliyoni + yomwe akufuna kuti Inga Hydropower Project pamtsinje wa Congo kumunsi kwa Kinshasa ndi Mpanda Nkua pa Mtsinje wa Zambezi ku Mozambique - athandizira mpweya wochuluka wa methane pamene zomera za m'mitsinje zimawola. Kuphatikiza apo, kukwaniritsa cholinga cha 300 GW pofika 2030 kungawononge ndalama (malinga ndi zomwe zidalembedwa kale) $600 biliyoni, zomwe sizingatheke chifukwa chokhala ndi ngongole zambiri za kontinenti komanso kusowa kwa kulumikizana pakuletsa ngongole zenizeni. Nkhani ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pazachuma ku Africa za m'ma 2010, Zambia ndi Ghana, zidakhala zosasinthika mu 2022-23.
The Nairobi Declaration inanenetsa kuti "... kusintha kwapadziko lonse ku chuma chochepa cha carbon chikuyembekezeka kufunikira ndalama zosachepera USD 4-6 trilioni pachaka ndipo kupereka ndalama zoterezi kumafuna kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ..." (AU 2023) . Koma njira yokhayo "kusintha" kotereku kungalolere kuyika ndalama mu capitalism ya carbon-carbon yaukulu wotere, ndi ngati kutukuka kwazachuma kuloledwa, kuphatikiza thandizo lalikulu loperekedwa. Zomwe AU ikuzindikira ndikuti pakali pano, maubwenzi amphamvu salola izi. Chokhacho chomwe olemba a Nairobi Declaration DO amavomereza ndikuti pakali pano, chiwongola dzanja ndichokwera kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa chakutsika kwa ndalama:
"Ndalama zobwereka mopambanitsa, nthawi zambiri kuwirikiza ka 5 mpaka 8 zomwe mayiko olemera amalipira ('kugawikana kwakukulu kwachuma'), ndizomwe zimayambitsa vuto langongole zamayiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso cholepheretsa kuyika ndalama pachitukuko ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Tikufuna kutsata mfundo za kubwereketsa koyenera komanso kuyankha mlandu wokhudza kubwereketsa ngongole, kuwunika zoopsa komanso kuwunika momwe ngongole ikuyendera ndikulimbikitsa misika yazachuma kudzipereka kuti ichepetse kusiyana kumeneku ndi 50 peresenti mwachitsanzo, kuchoka pa 5% -8 peresenti mpaka 2.5 - 4.0 pofika chaka cha 2025โฆ limbikitsani ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi kumadera omwe amapindula kwambiri ndi nyengoโฆโ (AU 2023).
Kuyika uku kumafuna kusintha pang'ono ku makonzedwe azandalama apadziko lonse lapansi, m'mphepete. Izi zitha kuthandiza obwereketsa ochepa, monga madera apakati ku South Africa (omwe amakondera) kapena makampani opanga zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti apulumuke osadalirika. Zowonadi, m'mbali yomalizayi, pali makampani ambiri omwe akufuna kuthira magetsi obiriwira kuti apewe chilango cha CBAM pazogulitsa kunja, ndikuwonetsa koyambirira kuti atha 'kuthyola chitumbuwa' 'chipatso chotsika' chokhudzana ndi zongowonjezera. mwayi mphamvu, monga bwino anaika popopera mphamvu yosungirako. Kale, 'magudumu' awo a magetsi ochokera kumadera ozungulira dzuwa - monga zipululu za Northern Cape - achulukitsa mphamvu zotumizira magetsi kumeneko, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa Eskom pakukula kwa gridi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndipo mโchuma chandalama chotukuka kwambiri mu Afirika, South Africa, chiwongola dzanja chokwera chimafunikira kukopa chuma, chotero ngakhale obwereketsa wamkulu amalipira 12 peresenti pachaka koposa zonse. Ndipo kwa osunga ndalama (mwini) monga Opanga Magetsi Odziyimira Pawokha a ku South Africa, kubweza kwakukulu kotereku pazachuma kumakhala kofanana ndi (30 peresenti pachaka kuti apeze ndalama zamabizinesi), kuti malo abwino kwambiri oyendera dzuwa ndi mphepo athyoledwa kale (mwachitsanzo 4 GigaWatts ya South Africa). Zosowa zoyendera dzuwa zamisika yanyumba ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono mu theka loyamba la 2023 lokha). Palibe chiyembekezo chopanga ma 300 GWs omwe mukufuna popanda kulemba-chiwongola dzanja chambiri kapena ndalama zenizeni.
Kupempha kwa atsogoleri aku Africa kuti achepetse mitengo yotsika (kusiyana kwa 4 peresenti ndi zomwe obwereketsa aku Western amalipira) sikungachite zochepa kwambiri kusintha kawerengedwe kameneka chifukwa chazovuta za kontinentiyi komanso kukhala ndi ngongole zambiri: "ndondomeko yapadziko lonse yokhometsa msonkho wa kaboni kuphatikiza msonkho wa carbon. pa malonda amafuta amafuta, zoyendera panyanja ndi ndege, zomwe zitha kuwonjezeredwa ndi msonkho wapadziko lonse wachumaโ (AU 2023). Izi ndi zofunika zotamandika, koma pali mavuto awiri. Choyamba, misonkho ya carbon yotereyi imakonda kukhala 'yochepetsetsa' pokhudza kwambiri anthu akumidzi omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa (makamaka mitengo yamafuta okwera kwambiri), motero ndikofunikira kunena kuti chilungamo chagawidwe chimatsagana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama zotere.
Chachiwiri, panthawi imodzimodziyo, atsogoleri a ku Africa akufuna kuonjezera misonkho ya boma ndi njira zongoganizira za msika mwa 'kugulitsa mpweya' kudzera mu malonda otulutsa mpweya ndi zowonongeka: "Kutsogolera pa chitukuko cha miyezo yapadziko lonse, ma metric, ndi Njira zamisika kuti zitsimikizire molondola ndikulipira chitetezo cha chilengedwe, zachilengedwe, zopindulitsa pazachuma, komanso kupereka chithandizo chanyengoโฆ Kukhazikitsa njira zosakanikirana zomwe zimakweza gawo la Africa la misika ya carbonโ (AU 2023). Kuwonetsa kuzama kwa izi, UAE idalengeza kuti igula kaboni waku Africa wokwana $450 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2030 (ngakhale ngati "kalata yosagwirizana"). Oimira ku Europe ndi US adalonjeza thandizo losadziwika. (Zochititsa manyazi za Zuma pa msika wa carbon-market ku Zimbabwe sizinatchulidwe.)
Chikhumbo cha Ruto chinali chakuti mayiko a mu Africa apitirize kulimbikitsa kutulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa carbon - migodi yakuya, kusungunula, kukonza ndi kupanga zinthu zabodza - zolamulidwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ochokera Kumadzulo ndi BRICS. Izi ziphatikiza kudzipereka kuteteza makampaniwa akamatumiza mchere, zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zomalizidwa kumisika yakumadzulo yomwe ili ndi miyezo yapamwamba yachilengedwe. Yankho la Nairobi Declaration ku nkhawayi, komabe, lingakhale kuti pakapita nthawi zidzakhala zongowonjezwdwa osati mafuta opangira mafuta omwe angapangitse mphamvu ya extractivism: "Kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha mafakitale obiriwira mu Kontinenti yonse mwa kuika patsogolo mafakitale amphamvu kwambiri kuti ayambitse njira yabwino yotumizira mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi ntchito zachuma, ndikugogomezera kwambiri kuwonjezera phindu kuzinthu zachilengedwe za ku Africaโ (AU 2023).
Komabe udindowu uli pachiwopsezo chenicheni chakuti pamene kusungirako kwa dzuwa, mphepo ndi mphamvu kumafalikira ku Africa konse, 'kuika patsogolo' kwa mafakitale opangira zokolola kudzalola kuti zipatso zowonjezedwanso zigweredwe ndi mabungwe, popanda zotsalira zawamba. anthu. Chodetsa nkhaลตa chikukulirakulira ndi olimbikitsa chidwi cha anthu pamakampani opanga mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi' m'badwo wotsatira wa 'green hydrogen' wotumiza kunja kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku Europe (mwina m'maselo a batri kapena ammonia), m'malo mopezeka kwa ogula am'deralo (mwachitsanzo, ma injini anthawi yochepa, mabasi ndi magalimoto, komanso kuthekera kopanga magetsi ambiri). Nthawiyi, yaiwisi mchere m'munsi mwa chuma wobiriwira, makamaka molimba madipoziti lifiyamu mu umodzi waukulu mgodi wotere - Bikita, Zimbabwe - akadali kunja (ndi galimoto kudzera Beira) popanda beneficiation iliyonse ngakhale 2022 malamulo dziko kuletsa kutha koteroko. (Pakatikati mwa 2023, kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa izi ndi Center for Natural Resource Governance ku Harare kunapangitsa kuti mgodi utsekedwe mwachidule.)
Ngakhale kuti chilengezo cha Nairobi chikuzindikira kuopsa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo ku Africa, uku sikunali kusonkhana kuti apeze njira zothetsera mavuto omwe akukumana nawo chifukwa cha nyengo yoopsa yayamba kale ku Africa. Chilungamo - chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti ndichofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwamphamvu - sichinatchulidwe mu chilengezocho, ndipo sichinawonekere pazokambirana. Mwina mosadabwitsa pamwambo wokonzedwa ndi McKinsey, cholinga chake chinali kupanga ndalama pazovuta zanyengo kuti zithandizire kukula ndi chitukuko. "Kodi msonkhanowu wangokhazikitsa nyengo yatsopano yotsatsira anthu m'dzina lachitukuko cha Western 'green'?," adafunsa a Tracey Davies (2023) wa bungwe loyang'anira makampani ku South Africa la Just Share's Tracey Davies (XNUMX), ndipo adayankha motsimikiza kuti:
โMisika ya kaboni imadziwika kwambiri, ndipo imatha kulola owononga kwambiri kuti alipirire mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lawo polipira kuti athetse kuwononga mpweya wa nkhalango ndi mitengo ya mangrove ya ku Africa. Koma mazana ambiri omenyera ufulu wawo omwe adasonkhana ku Nairobi kuchokera kudera lonselo adati misika ya carbon ndi njira yochepetsera kuchepetsa utsi kumwera kwapadziko lonse, ndikupatsa dziko lonse chilolezo kuti lipitilize kuyipitsa. Panalinso chidwi chachikulu pa 'kuphika koyera', pomwe okamba nkhani zandale ndi zamalonda adawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwatsopano kwa anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri aku Africa omwe amaphika ndi nkhuni, makala ndi palafini. Ili ndi vuto lofunika kulithetsa. Koma zomwe zachitika pamsonkhanowu, monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa lipoti logwirizana ndi International Energy Agency ndi African Development Bank, zikuwonetsa kuti zolinga zabwino za omwe akuyesetsa kuthana nawo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cholandidwa ndi makampani opanga gasi padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti kuwala kowala (ku McKinsey?) kwazindikira kuti kampeni ya 'kuphika koyera' ndi njira yabwino yokhazikitsira mapulani okulitsa mpweya wambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
G20 imawonjezera AU ndikuchotsa zilakolako zanyengo ku Delhi, pomwe UN ikupondaponda madzi ku New York.
Msonkhano waukulu wachitatu wapakati pa 2023 womwe unatsimikizira kuti zidzakhala zovuta bwanji kusintha machitidwe mu ndondomeko ya United Nations, inali G20 ku Delhi pa September 8-9. Chiyembekezo cha G20 chidayambika mu Okutobala 2008, pomwe msonkhano woyamba ku Washington DC udachitika pakati pamavuto azachuma omwe adafunikira thandizo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuvomerezeka. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu pazaka zotsatira za 15, zomwe ambiri omwe adatenga nawo mbali ndi ndemanga zomwe adazifotokoza ngati mbiri yakale ndikuwonjezera African Union (AU) ngati membala wagululo. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza a University of Toronto omwe amaphunzira malonjezo a G20 ndi zomwe akwaniritsa ananena kuti msonkhano wa ku Indonesia wa 2022 udakhazikitsa zolinga zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa kwambiri mchaka chotsatira pankhani yanyengo (zogwirizana ndi Pangano la Paris Climate pakuchita bwino kwa 85 peresenti) ndi chitukuko chokhazikika (90). peresenti).
Ena adafika ponena kuti kuchititsa kazembe wa G20 ndi Prime Minister waku India Narendra Modi kumatanthauza kuti maukonde adakhala njira yoyendetsera dziko la US kuzinthu zambiri, makamaka popeza maphwando atatu otsatira a G20 adzakhala ku Brazil, South Africa. United States. Kwa katswiri wazachuma Jeffrey Sachs (2023), pamsonkhano wa Delhi,
โTidawona mawu a mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene akunena kuti tikufuna kusintha kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo aliyense adatsatira izi ndipo palibe amene adaswa zomwe zidachitika ... Masabata aposachedwa ndi BRICS ndi mphamvu zosinthika padziko lapansiโฆ Zokambirana tsopano zikupita ku Brazil ndi Lula ndipo apititsa patsogolo zonsezi ngati Purezidenti wa G20 komanso ngati membala wofunikira wa BRICS. Chifukwa chake chaka chamawa tikhala ndi msonkhano wa BRICS ku Kazan, Russia ndipo tidzakhala ndi G20 ku Brazil, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zinthu zisintha.
Makamaka, ngakhale osatchula za nyengo (kupatula Lula yemwe adachititsanso COP30 mu 2025), a Sachs akuyembekeza kuti pamene kuchulukana kukuwonekera, mitundu yomwe ikutukuka ku Africa ingathenso kutha:
"Ngati [maiko aku Africa] agwirizana achita bwino kwambiri ndipo zomwe tiwona ndikuti Africa ikukwaniritsa kukula kokulirapo kwa 40 mpaka 1980% chaka ndi chaka pazaka 2020 zikubwerazi, monga China idachitira kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2040, monga India ikuchita kuyambira 20 mpaka 20. XNUMX. Africa idzakhala panjira yomweyo ndi kuchedwa kwa zaka XNUMX, ndinganene zaka XNUMX poyambira. Koma zomwe tikuwona ndikusintha kwakukulu ngati anthu aku Africa achita zomwe akuwoneka ngati akuchita pakali pano, ndipo izi zikulumikizana chifukwa monga chuma cha dziko limodzi chomwe chimateteza zofuna zake ndikutsata zokonda zake palimodzi m'malo adziko lonse lapansi. utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Lidzakhala dziko losiyana kwambiri komanso labwino kwambiri. โ
Mawonekedwe avuto lanyengo, kukhala ndi ngongole zambiri, kudalira katundu woyambirira kugulitsa katundu, komanso udindo wautumiki kumakampani amitundu yambiri komanso opereka ndalama aku Western - zomwe maboma ankhondo aku West Africa amatha kusokoneza pang'ono koma pamlingo wa amene m'boma amayang'anira ndondomekoyi - khalabe bwino, ngati BRICS multipolarity agenda ikupitiriza kukulitsa mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Kupatula apo, a Adriano Nuvunga, wapampando wa Center for Democracy and Development ku Mozambique, โAU ndi bungwe lomwe limayimira zofuna za anthu amphamvu. Zilibe mano komanso sizigwira ntchito, ndipo mobwerezabwereza zimatsimikizira kuti sizingatheke kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, chitetezo, ndi mtendere kwa anthu onse aku Africa "(Cascais 2023).
Msonkhano wa ku Nairobi udatsimikizira kuti malinga ndi ndondomeko ya nyengo, amphamvu - ku Africa ndi a G20 mofanana - akudzipereka kubisa mpweya ndikugulitsa ufulu woipitsa m'misika ya carbon, kotero sizinali zodabwitsa kuti zochepa zomwe zinatuluka ku Delhi kulimbikitsa akatswiri a zachilengedwe. Panali kudzipereka kosadziwika bwino kwa mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera katatu (popanda njira zatsopano zothandizira zothandizira), zomwe Mtsogoleri wa International Energy Agency Fatih Birol (2023) amatchedwa "Kutali kukhala wokwanira kuti ugwirizane ndi chandamale cha 1.5C," kapena kuthana ndi zizolowezi zakufa zakuthambo. Mwachiwonekere, monga momwe zinalili mu 2021 COP26 ku Glasgow, pamene mgwirizano wa mfumu / mfumu yaing'ono ya US, China ndi India adagwirizana kuti atenge chinenero cha "gawo lotsika" pokhudzana ndi malasha, G20 inapewanso mawu oti "gawo" kapena kutchulapo. zamafuta ena opangira zinthu zakale kupatula malasha. Mtsogoleri wa G20 wa chaka chatha, Purezidenti wa Indonesia Joko Widodo (Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia 2023), adadzudzula kusowa kwandalama zowolowa manja zanyengo, natcha zomwe Delhi adachita kungokhala 'zolankhula.'
Kwa Modi, zokhumudwitsa zazikulu zophiphiritsa zinali zosawonetsa za Xi Jinping ndi Vladimir Putin. Modi adalandira ulemu chifukwa cha mgwirizano wake wapadziko lonse wa biofuel, komanso US ndi Brazil, kuti "athandizire kufulumizitsa zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna kuti pakhale mpweya wokwanira pothandizira malonda amafuta omwe amachokera kuzinthu kuphatikiza zinyalala za zomera ndi zinyama," ngakhale mafuta achilengedwe. nawonso ali pachiwopsezo pakupanga chakudya padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha mpikisano wolima mbewu. Monga katswiri wa zaulimi waku India Devinder Sharma adanenera, izi "zinali zosokoneza mbiri", chifukwa G20 iyenera "kuganizira za kudyetsa anthu choyamba, magalimoto amatha kudikira. Chakudya sichiyenera kutembenuzidwa kuzinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chitetezo cham'nyumba "(Mukherji 2023).
Malinga ndi katswiri wazachuma Jayati Ghosh (2023), G20 idalepheranso mobwerezabwereza pamlingo wa geopolitics, pomwe kukakamizidwa kwakukulu pamitengo yambewu yapadziko lonse kudachitika mu 2022 potsatira kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine. Pachifukwa ichi, adatsutsa, G20 motsogozedwa ndi Modi "idasiya zomwe ananena ku Bali, purezidenti waku Indonesia, pomwe kuwukira kwa Russia waku Ukraine kudatsutsidwa komanso momwe adapempha kuti achokepo nthawi yomweyo." Nduna ya Zachilendo ku Russia Sergey Lavrov adakondwera ndi chilengezochi chifukwa, monga Ghosh (2023) adanenera, G7 ikuwona "utsogoleri wapano ku India ndi wofunika kwambiri kukhoti kuposa kuyimilira ... Ukraine kapenanso ufulu wachibadwidwe ku India ndi mayiko ena. .โ Ghosh (2023) anapitiliza,
"Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndichakuti G20 iyi sinachite chilichonse pamavuto akulu anthawi yathu inoโฆ [ngakhale] masoka akulu omwe akuchitika padziko lonse lapansiโฆ . Panalibe chilichonse pakuthana ndi vuto lalikulu la ngongole, lomwe m'maiko pafupifupi 80 masiku ano likukulitsa mwayi wothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Ndipo komabe iyi inali nkhani yomwe India adapanga imodzi mwazodetsa nkhawa kwambiri pautsogoleri wake. Modi anali atanenadi kuti, 'Tiyesetsa kuthetsa vuto langongole.' Palibe pa izo. Chete choopsa pa kusowa kwa njira zamisonkho, mwachitsanzo, misonkho yachuma pa olemera kwambiri ndi kugawana zidziwitso zomwe zingathandize kuti, kapenanso misonkho yabwinoko yamakampani kuposa yomwe ili patebulo. Palibe chilichonse chokhudza kupeza zinthu zomwe zingathandize maiko kuthana ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsako, koma pakali pano kungothana ndi zovuta zakusintha kwanyengo zomwe ambiri akukumana nazo. โ
Patatha milungu iwiri, msonkhano wa atsogoleri a United Nations ku New York unatsimikizira kuti Ghosh akutsutsa zakufa ziwalo za anthu osankhika. Secretary-General Antรณnio Guterres (2023) adafotokoza mwachidule:
โKutentha koopsa kuli ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri. Alimi othedwa nzeru akuyang'ana mbewu zomwe zatengedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, kutentha kwadzaoneni komwe kumayambitsa matenda komanso anthu masauzande ambiri akuthawa chifukwa cha mantha chifukwa cha moto wanthawi zonse. Zochitika zanyengo zimacheperako poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zovutazoโฆ Anthu atsegula zipata za gehena.โ
Kutsitsimutsidwa kwa ziwonetsero zanyengo ku New York - ngakhale zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa zoyeserera za 2014 ndi 2019 - zidayesa kuwonetsa zovuta komanso kusagwirizana, chifukwa monga Amy Goodman ndi Denis Moynihan (2023) adanenera, "Anthu 75,000 adaguba ku Manhattan, akusonkhana pafupi ndi United Nations. likulu. Ngakhale unali uthenga kwa atsogoleri adziko lonse, chikwangwani chomwe chinali pamwambowu chinati, 'Biden: End Fossil Fuels'... ndi otsutsa 149 omwe anamangidwa kunja kwa Federal Reserve Bank ku New York, monga gawo la gulu lomwe likukulirakulira kutsutsana ndi omwe akuthandizira ndalama zakufa. mafakitale amafuta.โ Zolinga zidaphatikizapo "Museum of Modern Art, chifukwa cholumikizana kwambiri ndi bilionea wothandizira, Henry Kravis, woyambitsa nawo kampani yopanga ndalama ku Wall Street KKR. Zina mwa nyimbo zimene anthu ambiri ankaimba pa zionetserozi zinali zoti, โTikufuna mpweya wabwino, osati bilionea wina!โโ
Kutsiliza: Chiyembekezo cha Africa chikhoza (?) kukwera kuchokera kwa otsutsa a ku South Africa omwe ali ndi ma imperialist
Otsutsana ndi otsutsana ndi nyengo yapadziko lonse adasintha kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, pamene mbali za chilungamo cha nyengo ku Africa zidalimbikitsidwa ndi atsogoleri apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, omwe kukonzekera kwawo kuli koyenera kuphunzira. Koma choyamba, nkhani zawo zinali zotani, ku Africa komanso kumayiko ena? Ndondomeko ya CJ idakhazikitsidwa m'malo onse ochita ziwonetsero padziko lonse lapansi - makamaka ma COP - komanso kuchokera kumadera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi nyengo. Zina zinaphatikizapo malo amene kunachitika masoka a nyengo, makamaka ku Southern Africa. Koma popanga kudumpha kwa malo ndi ma scalar, kusiyana pakati pa CJ ndi 'zochitika zanyengo' zawonekera kwambiri. Ganizirani zitsanzo zina za nkhani zokhudzana ndi zofuna za CJ:
+ Omenyera ufulu wachiafirika, mosiyana ndi atsogoleri awo, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati kubweza ndi 'ngongole yanyengo.'
+ Zikafika pazandalama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa ndi Kumadzulo, omenyera ufulu wa CJ amaumirira pazandalama, osawonjezeranso ngongole zakunja.
+ Akatswiri a CJ akhala akupereka malingaliro kwanthawi yayitali - monga 'Million Climate Jobs' ku South Africa - kuti ndalama zithandizire ku Just Transitions, osati mitundu ya Washington-London-Frankfurt-Paris-Brussels JETP yomwe yavutitsidwa ku South Africa.
+ Zikafika paukadaulo, omenyera ufulu wa CJ amatsutsa zoletsa za Intellectual Property paukadaulo wabwino wapagulu (dzuwa, mphepo ndi kusungirako mphamvu).
+ Omenyera ufulu wa CJ akhumudwitsidwa ndi mtundu wamagetsi wongowonjezedwanso womwe ukupezeka m'malo ambiri, ndi zosankha zochepa za umwini wapagulu komanso kasamalidwe ka ma gridi amagetsi akomweko.
+ Zofuna zawo zolungamitsa mphamvu zikuphatikiza Free Basic Electricity ndi njira zina zochepetsera zokomera akazi.
+ Omenyera ufulu wa CJ amayesetsa kutenga nawo mbali, kukambirana komanso kusiyanasiyana, makamaka potengera momwe nyengo imakhudzira amayi, anthu azikhalidwe, fuko ndi mafuko, gulu ndi zidziwitso zina, mwa zina chifukwa cha kulemedwa kosalungama komwe kulipo pakutayika, kuwonongeka, kusintha ndi kuchepetsa. ndalama zimakhudza kwambiri maguluwa.
+ Omenyera ufulu wa CJ amaumiriranso kusiya mafuta oyambira ku Africa mobisa, ndipo amamenya nkhondo molimba mtima pakufufuza kumtunda ndi kunyanja.
+ Omenyera ufulu wa CJ akuti kubweza ngongole yanyengo yotulutsa mpweya wambiri ndi njira imodzi yolipirira ndalama zomwe zatayika, malinga ngati ndalamazo zifika molunjika kwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi mtundu wa Basic Income Grant womwe unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Otjivero, Nambia koyambirira. 2010s).
+ Ndipo ambiri omenyera ufulu wa CJ amalimbikitsa mitundu ya 'zoletsa nyengo' - mwachitsanzo, kulandidwa kwa $ 50 thililiyoni muzinthu zamabizinesi kuchokera kumafuta oyambira, motsogozedwa ndi NGOs zapadziko lonse lapansi; kapena Xi's Seputembara 2021 kuchepetsedwa kwa magetsi oyaka ndi malasha m'mphepete mwa Belt&Road; kapena ngakhale (zokonzedwanso) zilango zanyengo zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kudzera m'malire a malire a ku Ulaya - ngati zimathandizira pankhondo zawo zolimbana ndi ma smelters a carbon ndi high-methane-powered smelters, migodi yakuya ndi zida zina zosayenera zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndipo ngati ndalama zochokera kumitengo yotere zimatumizidwa ku kubweza ngongole zanyengo ku Europe.
Awa ndi ena mwa madera omwe chikhalidwe cha CJ chimachoka ku mfundo zanyengo. Koma kuyesa kowona kwa kulimbana kwa mphamvu mumkhalidwe uwu wa moyo ndi imfa kukupitirizabe kukhala momwe nkhani zoterezi zimamasulidwira kutsutsa kwa nyengo ndi zina zokakamiza zomwe cholinga chake ndi kusuntha maganizo a amphamvu, kapena kuwafooketsa. Izi zikuphatikiza kuvomereza kapena kusavomerezeka, komanso momwe; kumene ndondomeko zokhazikika zimasintha nkhani kukhala zofunika - kapena mbali ina, zogwirizanirana - ndi magulu omwe amafooketsa mphamvu zapamwamba; ndi maphunziro ochokera ku kampeni ya ku Africa yonse yomwe zaka makumi awiri zapitazo idathetsa vuto lalikulu: kupezeka kwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamphamvu zamayiko osiyanasiyana zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo wautali, motero kukweza nthawi ya moyo padziko lonse lapansi.
M'nkhani yomalizayi, kupambana mu World Trade Organisation mu 2001 kudachokera ku kuphatikiza kosagwirizana komweko - motsogozedwa ndi South Africa ndi Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) osati motsutsana ndi purezidenti wawo wokana Edzi (Thabo Mbeki) komanso nthambi ya Big Pharma. zomera ndi akazembe a boma la Kumadzulo - ndi kulengeza padziko lonse ndi mabungwe omwe si a zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi (makamaka Medicins sans Frontieres) ndi magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe ali m'mayiko olamulira (makamaka ACTUP! m'mizinda yambiri ya United States). Pamene mu 1999 TAC idayamba kulimbikitsa maiko akunja, zinali zosatheka kuti kufunikira kwa ma cocktails aulere, ageneric, opangidwa kwanuko (omwe amadula $10,000 pachaka) apezeke kudzera m'machitidwe azaumoyo a anthu aku Africa (Bond 1999). Koma bungwe la United Nations Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB ndi Malaria linapereka ndalama (monga momwe boma la United States linachitira PEPFAR), motero - pamodzi ndi Montreal Protocol yomwe inayimitsa mpweya wa CFC (potero kubwezeretsa kuwonongeka kwa ozoni) - kugwira ntchito ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi. zimatengera chiyani zikhoza kuchitika ngati kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kumasinthidwa ku chilungamo cha nyengo.
Pali kuthekera kokulirapo kwa midzi yaku Africa kuti iwuke momwe omenyera ufulu wa Edzi aku Africa ambiri adawonetsera zotheka zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, kuyika chitsenderezo kwa atsogoleri awo ndi osankhika apadziko lonse lapansi (Heywood 2021). Palinso mwayi woti ngati Ramaphosa ndi Ruto apitiliza kulephera madera awo. Zikatero, utsogoleri wochokera kwa omenyera ufulu wapamwamba udzapitirizabe kudzudzula anthu apamwamba, monga momwe amachitira kwa nthawi yaitali monga malemu Wangari Maatthei, woteteza nkhalango ku Kenya yemwe adakhala Mphoto ya Nobel ndi wachiwiri kwa nduna; Nnimmo Bassey, womanga komanso wolemba ndakatulo waku Nigerian yemwe kukonzekera kwake ku Niger Delta kunazindikirika kudzera mu Mphotho ya Umoyo Woyenera; Kazembe Di-Aping, yemwe pambuyo pa Copenhagen COP15 adaletsedwa kuchita ulaliki kumeneko koma adakhalabe wokangalika m'malo ena monga "Ufulu wa Mibadwo Yamtsogolo"; katswiri wamaphunziro Boaventura Monjane wochokera ku Mozambican peasant movement ndi University of the Western Cape Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies; Okonza bungwe la NGO ku Kenya Mithika Mwenda ndi Augustine Njamnshi, omwe adayambitsa intaneti - PACJA - ndi magulu oposa 1000; Mtsogoleri wa dziko la Mozambican Friends of the Earth Anabela Lemos; Zimbabwean Center for Natural Resource Governance Farai Maguwu; ndipo chofunika kwambiri, monga mawu otsogolera achinyamata mu kontinenti, Vanessa Nakate wa ku Uganda. Enanso ndi atsogoleri a gulu la anthu 27 la Africa Climate Justice Collective lomwe lidachita msonkhano wa Counter COP kumapeto kwa Seputembara 2023, ndipo malingaliro awo adatengera kugawikana ndi kuletsa ntchito za UN, zomwe zimasiyana ndi kukakamiza kwa anthu komanso ziwonetsero zomwe PACJA idachita. zachitika kuyambira 2009. Kumbuyo kwa utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi, wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi womanga gulu, ndi omenyera ufulu omwe kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2000s akhala akufotokoza njira za CJ (Mwenda ndi Bond 2020).
Izi zinayamba mu Africa mu 2004, pamene bungwe la Durban Group for Climate Justice linapanga msonkhano wapadziko lonse pofuna kutsutsa njira yomwe ikubwera ya misika ya carbon ndi offsets yomwe inalamulidwa ndi akuluakulu a dziko lonse ku Kyoto COP mu 1997. Ena ochokera ku South Africa Kumenyera ufulu wa nyengo: Kumi Naidoo, wolimbana ndi tsankho ku Durban yemwe adakhala mtsogoleri wa Greenpeace International kuyambira 2009-15; Omenyera ufulu wa Indian Ocean 'Wild Coast' Nonhle Mbuthuma ndi Sinegugu Zukula omwe adatsutsa bwino migodi ya gasi ndi mchenga; EarthLife Africa's leader Makoma Lekalakala; Woyambitsa nawo bungwe la Rural Women's Assembly Mercia Andrews; Samantha Hargreaves ndi Trusha Reddy of the Women in Mining anti-extractivism network; Sunny Morgan wa Debt4Climate; Vishwas Satgar, Charles Simane, Ferrial Adam, Awande Buthelezi, Janet Cherry ndi ena mu Climate Justice Charter Movement yomwe ikufika patali kwambiri mumagulu a eco-socialist; wojambula mafilimu wopambana mphoto Rehad Desai; Bobby Peek woyambitsa NGO wa groundWork; Liziwe McDaid wa Green Connection yemwe adathandizira kuyambitsa ziwonetsero zolimbana ndi gasi m'mphepete mwa nyanja; Desmond D'Sa wa South Durban Community Environmental Alliance; katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Jacklyn Cock; Malik Dasoo ndi Anita Khanna ochokera ku Extinction Rebellion; Ferron Pedro wa 350.org ndi Alex Lenferna wa Climate Justice Alliance omwe amafunafuna ubale wolimba pantchito; komanso maloya amphamvu kwambiri ku Center for Environmental Rights, Legal Resources Center ndi Cullinan and Associates omwe amawathandiza.
Ngakhale pali miyambo yosokonekera ya ndale yomwe ikutanthauza kuti nthawi zina pamakhala malingaliro osiyanasiyana komanso opikisana pazochitika zanyengo, kulimbikira kwawo kwakukulu nthawi zina kumapindula motsutsana ndi Ramaphosa, Mantashe, Creecy ndi mabungwe am'deralo komanso amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe, monga Shell ndi Copelyn, amadyetsa andale aku South Africa mowolowa manja. Malo omenyera ufulu wa anthu akuphatikiza magombe ndi malo opangira mafuta (a Shell ndi Total) pomwe mazana a zionetsero zachitika zotsutsana ndi kufufuzidwa kwa gasi kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2021, mahotela a Johnny Copelyn, likulu la Eskom ndi maunduna amagetsi ndi chilengedwe, Standard Bank (yachikulu kwambiri mu Africa, zotsalira zakale zakufa). -opereka ndalama zamafuta), likulu lamakampani amafuta (makamaka Sasol ndi Total), kampani yopereka usilikali yogwirizana ndi Israel ndi kukumba gasi kunyanja (Paramount Group), ndi maofesi a World Bank ku Johannesburg ndi Pretoria. Bungwe lomalizali linalinso pa radar yomenyera ufulu waku Africa, kukopa ochita ziwonetsero opitilira chikwi ku Morocco komwe Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Banki udachitikira mkatikati mwa Okutobala.
Chifukwa anthu aku Africa omwe amatsutsa zowononga zinthu zazikulu, omwe amapereka ndalama zawo ndi mayiko omwe amawathandizira achulukirachulukira, zovuta zandale zapadziko lonse lapansi zimatayika nthawi zambiri. Koma pamene Nairobi Real Africa Climate Summit yodzaza ndi omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amawonetsa zolinga zosadziwika bwino monga njira zaukadaulo zokonza njira zabodza ndi misika ya carbon, ndipo m'malo ambiri owoneka bwino zowunikira mwatsatanetsatane za ntchito zoipitsa zimayang'aniridwa ndi nzika, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupita patsogolo kolimbikitsa. Lingaliro la chilungamo cha nyengo likhoza, panthawi ina, kuwonjezereka ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, m'malo mokokera kumbuyo ku machitidwe a nyengo ndi msika wamakono ndi zamakono zamakono, monga momwe olemekezeka amafunira. Koma kufunikira kokhalabe ndi kukayikira kwakukulu pazaubwenzi wamphamvu mkati mwa COPs ndi nkhani zomwe zimachokera ku ndale zanyengo zapadziko lonse lapansi, sizimatha - makamaka ku Dubai mu 2023 komanso zomwe zikuyembekezeka kukhala zotsalira zakale zaku Eastern Europe mu 2024, asanasamukire ku Amazon komwe mwina kusanja kwa mphamvu kudzakhala bwino mu 2025.
(Mtundu wa nkhaniyi upezeka mu Journal of Peasant Studies.)
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