Msonkhano wa August 22-24 usanachitike ku Johannesburg udadzutsa ziyembekezo za mphamvu yatsopano yotsutsana ndi ndale zapadziko lonse - ndipo adachititsa mantha m'mitima ndi m'maganizo a anthu ambiri akumadzulo - zifukwa zisanu zidachepetsa Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa. BRICS) bloc to acrimonious ziwalo. Komabe, zinthu zasintha mchaka chathachi, ndipo nkhani za 'BRICS+' yokhala ndi mamembala pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri komanso ndondomeko ya 'de-dollarization' yakweza mbiri ya netiwekiyi kukhala yomwe sinachitikepo - komanso yosatheka -.
Kuyambira nthawi yomwe kutsutsana kwamkati kumawoneka kuti kumayambitsa 'spalling' - pomwe khoma la BRICS lidatsala pang'ono kugwa - ndikofunikira kukumbukira zomwe zikuchitika:
- oletsedwa Atsogoleri a BRICS chifukwa chokhala ndi misonkhano yawo kapena kuyitanitsa mazana a akatswiri odziwa ntchito, mabizinesi, maphunziro ndi magulu a anthu omwe adakhalapo muzachilengedwe za bloc.
- anavota makamaka ndi aku Europe m'malo mwa mafakitale awo ogulitsa mankhwala mu 2021-22, Angela Merkel ndi Boris Johnson ayenera kukhala nawo. kuyamikiridwa Bolsonaro's kujowina Atsogoleri ochepa omwe adakana madandaulo omwe Prime Minister waku India Narendra Modi komanso Purezidenti waku South Africa a Cyril Ramaphosa adalankhula m'maiko opitilira 100 pomwe amafuna kuti mankhwala ofunikira aziwonedwa ngati "zaboma padziko lonse lapansi."
- chowoneka kumapiri a Himalaya, kuwonetsa kusakhazikika kwa malire kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, zomwe zidatsogolera mu 2020 mpaka kufa kwa asitikali ambiri pankhondo yolimbana ndi manja. Palibe kutha poyang'ana mikangano yankhondo pamtunda wamapiri komanso - chifukwa cha kuchulukira kwa madamu aku China - pamitsinje yomwe ikuyenda chakumwera. Malo ena opitilira mikangano amayambira kumadzulo mpaka ku Pakistan kuchokera ku Kashmir, komwe kukana kwawoko kumapitilira motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wokhwima wa Delhi ndi Islamophobia, komanso chikhumbo cha Beijing cholamulira Kashmiris ku China. Kupitilira kumadzulo, Beijing ikupereka ndalama zokwana $ 65 biliyoni zopangira makonde kuchokera ku doko la Gwadar ku Pakistan kupita kumadzulo kwa China, zomwe zimawona kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta zamalonda ku Strait of Malacca, komanso kuti apeze mwayi wopeza mafuta kuchokera kunja kwa Belt and Road Initiative. Persian Gulf. Koma kudzipereka kumeneku pazachuma ku dziko la adani lalikulu la India - kuphatikiza gawo laulamuliro womwe ukupikisana nawo ku Pakistan - kumakwiyitsa akuluakulu a Delhi, omwe adatsekanso mabizinesi aku China mobwerezabwereza ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwadziko la Sinophobia.
- chomangira (polanda ana masauzande ambiri a ku Ukraine), akadafika yekha pa msonkhano wa 2023 ku Johannesburg. Ramaphosa anachonderera mtsogoleri wa Russia kuti apite nawo ku msonkhanowo pafupifupi, monga mbali ya mgwirizano wa utsogoleri wa South Africa wa ntchito yamtendere ya Kiev-Moscow yomwe sinagwire ntchito ndi atsogoleri angapo a ku Africa mu June 2023. Ramaphosa adapemphanso poyera mtsogoleri wa Russia kuti abwezeretse mwayi wopita kunyanja ku Ukraine kugulitsa kunja komwe kumapangitsa pafupifupi 10% ya chakudya padziko lonse lapansi, koma a Putin adanyalanyaza pempholi, m'malo mwake adapereka chakudya chake chaulere kumayiko angapo osauka omwe atsogoleri awo adachita nawo msonkhano waku St. Petersburg Russia-Africa kumapeto kwa Julayi.
- chita kupanduka kwa January 2023; pa June 2023 chisokonezo ndi bwenzi lapamtima la Putin Yevgeny Prigozhin ndi gulu lake la Wagner Group of mercenaries; zachinsinsi kutha ya nduna yakunja yaku China Qin Gang mu Julayi pakati mphekesera zozungulira za chibwenzi ndi kazitape waku Britain kapena kusachita bwino; ndi ku South Africa, a Ramaphosa pafupi-kusiya ntchito mu Disembala 2022 chifukwa cha kafukufuku wowopsa wokhudza ziphuphu zamunthu. Pomwe mtsogoleri waku China Xi Jinping, Modi ndi Putin akuwoneka kuti aphatikiza mphamvu zawo, ma BRICS awiriwa ndi osakhazikika: Lula. nkhope Congress yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi a Bolsonarite ndipo imadalira mgwirizano wodzipundula ndi ma neoberals omwe ali m'boma lake; pomwe a Ramaphosa ake azachuma ziphuphu case ndi kusadalirika wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wake (osatchula omwe adamutsogolerawo kumangidwa kwanthawi yayitali pa August 12 - pa milandu yokhudzana ndi ziphuphu za wogulitsa zida za ku France - zotsatiridwa ndi kukhululukidwa mwamsanga), komanso kufalikira kuzima kwa magetsi, mwina zipangitsa kuti chipani chake chichotse ulemu wake ndikulumikiza boma la mgwirizano pambuyo pa chisankho chapakati pa 2024.
Komabe ngakhale panali chipwirikiti chomwe chinayambika panthawiyi, maiko atatu a BRICS omwe amagulitsa zinthu kunja - Brazil, Russia ndi South Africa - adachita bwino kuposa momwe amayembekezera kuyambira pakati pa 2020 pambuyo pa kutsekedwa kwakukulu, monga mitengo yamafuta amchere ndi mafuta. koyamba idagwa koma idakwera kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira pa Marichi 2022 Putin ataukira, pomwe mitengo ya zinthu idakwera kwambiri kwa miyezi ingapo.
Ngakhale Russia ikanatha kubwereranso modabwitsa mwachangu kuchokera ku zilango zazachuma zaku Western komanso kulanda ndalama zoposa $ 600 biliyoni zakunja za boma ndi oligarchs - zilango zomwe zidatumiza mauthenga amphamvu kwa omwe kale anali ankhanza a Western makamaka ku Middle East, kuti Katundu wakumadzulo nayenso sanali wotetezeka.
BRICS + ikubwera
Zowonadi, kuzunzika pazachuma kwa nduna ya zachuma ku US Janet Yellen mu Marichi 2022 ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe ofuna ku BRICS+ akufuna kulowa nawo bloc yamtsogolo yopanda ndalama. Onse amawona kusakhazikika kwa ubale wandale ndi dipatimenti yaku US State yomwe nthawi zambiri imasinthasintha, osati chifukwa chakuti lingaliro la "paleo-conservative" Make America Great Again la a Donald Trump adasinthidwa ndi mfundo zakunja za Joe Biden "neo-conservative" momwe " mfundo zademokalase” ndi uliberalism pazachuma zimayikidwa ngati kuli kofunikira, mokakamiza.
Mosasamala kanthu za chiyembekezo choti a Trump abwereranso ku ulamuliro koyambirira kwa 2025, vuto lalikulu kwa olamulira ankhanza ndilakuti Washington nthawi zina imayika ndikulowa m'malo mwa atsogoleri a kasitomala, popanda malingaliro. Ngakhale kuti izi zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali, kusintha kwa ulamuliro wakunja kwakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chilango cha ndalama.
Chowululira makamaka ndi zomwe Saudi Arabia idakumana nazo, koyamba mu 2020 ngati m'modzi mwa anthu omwe akufuna kukhala pulezidenti waku US a Joe Biden (monga 'pariah'), atapatsidwa kuphedwa kwa Riyadh kwa mtolankhani Jamal Khashoggi mu 2018. Kumayambiriro kwa 2021. Biden analengeza nkhondo ya Saudi ku Yemen iyenera kutha, koma zosintha ndipo anakhala chete mkati mwa chaka, pamene mitengo yamagetsi ikukwera, Biden U-anatembenuka ndipo payekha adayendera Korona Prince Mohammed bin Salman ('MBS') kupempha Riyadh kukweza mafuta otulutsa (kuchepetsa mitengo), zomwe mtsogoleri wa Saudi anakana.
Zowonadi pofika koyambirira kwa 2023, m'malo ena chizindikiro cha kusalemekeza koonekeratu kwa Washington, Riyadh sanangopanga mgwirizano woyambirira wamtendere ndi Iran, woyendetsedwa ndi China, koma adayamba njira yamalonda ya 'petro-yuan' kuti awononge ndalama za dollar. Kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, Washington adayesa kutero sinthani kuchotsera kofunikira kwambiri ndi phukusi lomwe linaphatikizaponso udindo wa Abraham Accord wa nthawi ya Trump - 'kukhazikitsa' ubale wa Israeli-Saudi wofanana ndi UAE mu 2020 - womwe mtsogoleri wa Saudi adayimitsa mpaka fumbi litakhazikika pamsonkhano wa BRICS ndipo mamembala atsopano a bloc asankhidwa.
Ndi BRICS+ yatsopano ikuyamba kukhazikika, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za ofuna kusankhidwa omwe tsopano akuganiziridwa ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa mpweya wawo komanso chikhalidwe chankhanza chandale, chodziwika ndi MBS. Mndandanda wathunthu wa omwe akufuna kulowa nawo ku BRICS, omwe adatchulidwa koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, ndi nduna yakunja yaku South Africa Naledi Pandor, ndi Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Morocco, Nigeria, State of Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela ndi Vietnam.
Ndi hodgepodge yopanda malingaliro ozindikirika, koma yodzaza ndi zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe, zotsutsana ndi zachilengedwe komanso zandalama zodzikonda zokha. Mphoto zazikulu za China ndi Russia, zomwe zikuyendetsa kukula, zingakhale Saudi Arabia ndi Iran. Ngati onse atsopano 23 agwirizana, maiko 28 a BRICS+ atha kuunikiridwa malinga ndi kutsamira kwawo kwa Putin (kuvotera motsutsana ndi zigamulo za United Nations zochotsa) kapena kusalowerera ndale (kukana mavoti, monga momwe South Africa idachitira), motsutsana ndi iwo. kukonda Ukraine.
Pamsasa womaliza pali mayiko 14 osankhidwa kuwonjezera ku Brazil: Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Honduras, Indonesia, Kuwait, Morocco, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Thailand ndi UAE.
Mosiyana ndi izi, pali maboma 13 a BRICS ndi BRICS+ omwe adatsutsa kapena kukana chigamulo cha February 2023: Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, China, Cuba, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Africa, Venezuela ndi Vietnam. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pa chiŵerengero cha anayi mpaka m'modzi pagulu lotsutsa kapena lodziletsa pansi pa BRICS yomwe ilipo, chiŵerengerocho chikhoza kusintha kuchoka pa 13 kufika pa 15.
Ponena za zomwe zingaganizidwe kuti ndi demokalase yeniyeni, yosatsutsika, palidi Argentina, Bolivia ndi Honduras okha, olumikizana ndi Brazil ndi South Africa. Pazifukwa zomveka, pakhala pali miyambo - osachepera 21st-century - adasiya mgwirizano ndi omwe adasankhidwa ku BRICS + Bolivia, Cuba, Palestine ndi Venezuela, ngakhale kuti zikhalidwe zapambuyo pazaka khumi kuyambira pomwe Hugo Chavez anamwalira, ndipo zatsalanso malingaliro otsalira azaka za m'ma 1960 zotsutsana ndi atsamunda. Algeria ndi Vietnam.
Chodetsa nkhawa, komanso, ndi maulamuliro omwe adagwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kumayiko akumadzulo: Indonesia, Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Thailand ndi UAE. Argentina ikhoza kulowa nawo ngati zisankho za Okutobala zipeza wopambana wamtundu wa Bolsonaro (Javier Milei). Zina mwazosintha zawo pakukhulupirika kuchokera Kumadzulo kupita ku BRICS, nthawi iliyonse, zimasinthidwa kutengera kuyanjana kwadziko.
Ndipo mwanjira zambiri, gawo lowopsa kwambiri la bloc yatsopano yomwe ingakhalepo ndi kuchuluka kwapadera komwe ofuna kusankhidwa ali. kaboni. Zofananira zaposachedwa za 2021 zikuwonetsa kuti sizomwe zikuyembekezeka kukwera kokha, nanga Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Egypt ndi UAE ikuwonjezera matani 3.375 biliyoni a CO2 pachaka kuchokera kumagetsi ndi mafakitale, kupita ku BRICS yomwe ilipo matani 16.9 biliyoni. Palinso mayiko ena omwe amalandila ndalama zakunja kuchokera kumafuta ndi gasi: Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Kuwait, Nigeria, Senegal, ndi Venezuela.
Komabe, pakukulitsa, kukambirana koyenda kumanzere kupita kumanja kungayembekezeredwe. Monga Pandor odzipereka, "Ndingadziteteze ku njira iliyonse yokulirakulira yomwe ingatipangitse kuti tithandizire kukulitsa mikangano padziko lonse lapansi kapena mbali iliyonse ya dziko."
Kubwerera ku kusintha kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana - monga BRICS' ntchito ya sub-imperial
Poganizira migwirizano yosakhazikika komanso kusonkhanitsa kwabwino kwa mamembala, palibe BRICS kapena BRICS + bloc yomwe inganene kuti ikupita patsogolo ku dongosolo ladziko lapansi lomwe amakonda kunena. Mwachitsanzo, mawu a msonkhano wa BRICS nthawi zambiri amafotokoza zokhumba za kusintha kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso njira zomwe zingatheke kuti zigwirizane ndi mabungwe, zachipatala ndi zachuma zomwe sizingadalire mayiko a Kumadzulo. Koma zotsatira zake n’zosasangalatsa.
Mlandu umodzi wodziwikiratu unali chitukuko cha katemera wa mliri, chofunikira kwambiri mu 2020-22 pomwe Covid-19 adapha pakati pa 7 miliyoni (ovomerezeka) ndi anthu 31 miliyoni, kutengera 'imfa yochuluka' kuyerekezera (komwe ku India, Brazil ndi South Africa kunali pafupifupi katatu kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa). Ndipo komabe pamene 2018 Johannesburg Summit analonjezedwa malo opangira katemera a BRICS omwe ali mumzindawo, koma okhawo zakuthupi mu tokenistic, mode virtual mu Marichi 2022.
Mafunso anakhalabe okhudza zothandiza ya katemera waku China ndi waku Russia poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo waku West wa mRNA (South Africa ngakhale sanaloledwe Sputnik chifukwa cha zoopsa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV / AIDS). Ndiye panali zoperesa Othandizidwa ndi boma la US (ndi kuyambira 2014-17 yoletsedwa) Kafukufuku waku China "wopeza ntchito" m'malo mwa Big Pharmacorps. Trump atatenga mphamvu mu 2017, izi zidayambiranso ku Wuhan - mu a "Leky" laboratory - chifukwa ngozi zamoyo zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zoopsa kwambiri kwa tsamba la North Carolina Research Triangle. Zolemba zaku China zakuyesa kwa Wuhan - komanso matenda oyamba omwe adachitika ku labotale kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019 - amakhalabe osatheka kufikira, koma ubalewu ukuwoneka kuti ukuwonetsanso mbuye wachifumu ndi sub-emperial serf.
Ntchito ina ya sub-emperor ndi kutsata ndondomeko za ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, ziyembekezo zina zabodza za njira zenizeni za BRICS m'malo mwa mphamvu zazachuma zamayiko osiyanasiyana zidachokera ku International Monetary Fund pozunza mayiko osauka komanso kukakamiza ziphunzitso za neoliberalism, kusasamala komanso kubisa zikhulupiriro - popanda kutsutsa kwenikweni kwa BRICS:
- mphamvu IMF, pokakamiza obwereketsa a BRICS omwe ankafuna kupeza ndalama zoposa 30% za ndalama zomwe amabwereka (mwachitsanzo, ku South Africa $ 3 biliyoni) kuti alembetse kaye pulogalamu ya IMF yokonza ndondomeko, motero kukulitsa mphamvu za ndalama za Washington.
- anapita ku IMF, osati CRA - kotero kuti 'njira ina' imeneyo sinangolengezedwe zabodza, koma imapezeka pamapepala okha.
Mwachidule, pambuyo pa zaka khumi zomwe - kuchokera ku msonkhano wa BRICS wa Durban 2013 - zachuma zachitukuko za mayiko zakhala zikukwera pamwamba pa ndondomeko ya atsogoleri, filosofi yadziko lonse ya zachuma 'Washington Consensus' siinasinthe. Komanso alibe njira zobwereketsa za Bretton Woods Institutions.
Zochita zowononga zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe - komanso zachinyengo - ndizochitanso kuwonekera Pazochita zazikulu za BRICS, Banki Yatsopano Yachitukuko (NDB), yomwe monga CRA yodziwika bwino, idakhala chiphaso mwachangu. Mmodzi mwa akuluakulu a World Bank.
Momwemonso, ndi Purezidenti wakale Dilma Rousseff yemwe adasankhidwa posachedwapa kukhala purezidenti wa BRICS NDB. chizindikiro cha nthawi pa 26 July 2023 kuti, atangokumana ndi Putin, iye tweeted, "NDB idabwerezanso kuti sikukonzekera mapulojekiti atsopano ku Russia ndipo ikugwira ntchito motsatira zoletsa zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamisika yazachuma komanso misika yayikulu. Zongopeka zilizonse pa nkhani ngati zimenezi n’zopanda maziko.” Iyenso odzipereka kubwereketsa ndalama zokwana 30% zokha pofika chaka cha 2030, chomwe ndi chandamale chokhazikika ngakhale kuti ngongole zandalama zidawonongeka.
Panali chipwirikiti chachikulu chokhudza kuthekera kwa kuchoka pamtengo wa dola, pazifukwa zabwino:
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2023 otsutsa akuchulukirachulukira kwa dola adawona kuti ziwiri mwazinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu zomwe boma la US zidasokonekera zidachitika koyambirira kwa 2023. Mu February, mtolankhani waku Brazil Pepe Escobar. yakuti tweet yotchuka, "BRICS IT UP, BABY" chifukwa "Ngati China, Russia ndi India zigwirizana pa ndalama zothandizidwa ndi golide, ndiko KUTHA kwa fiat dollar… Ndalama yatsopano ingabweretse kuchepeko kwa akaunti ya U.S. - $18 thililiyoni - kuwononga dola."
Koma kukopa koteroko kunali kosatheka, kotero mu June, pambuyo pa msonkhano wa nduna zakunja za BRICS, kupanduka kwandalama kunali kotheka. squelched ndi kazembe wamkulu wa ku South Africa, Anil Sooklal: "Sitinalankhulepo za kuchotsa ndalama. Zomwe tachita, zomwe si zachilendo, tidasaina pangano zaka zingapo zapitazo, mgwirizano wapakati pa mabanki, ndikutsegula njira yogulitsira ndalama zapadziko lathu. Koma izi zidzakhala zovuta, chifukwa cha kusalinganika kwakukulu kwa malonda mkati mwa BRICS, komanso kuwongolera kosinthana kwa China ndi India komwe kumapangitsa kuti kubweza ndalama zamalonda kukhala zovuta.
Chifukwa chake, Escobar amasamala kwambiri ananeneratu kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, "BRICS silengeza za ndalama zatsopano ku South Africa, choyamba chifukwa sanaphunzirepo zambiri. Ndizosatheka. Chachiwiri, chifukwa simungathe kuyambitsa ndalama zatsopano monga choncho. Ndi ndondomeko yomwe ingatenge zaka khumi. Zomwe akuchita ndipo ayamba kusintha, ndikugulitsa malonda pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo za mamembala a BRICS, ndikukulitsa mpaka ku BRICS +.
Escobar adanena Zitha kutenga zaka khumi kuti zikhazikike kenako zikhala ndi, "mwina, ndalama yatsopano yomwe idzakhala ndalama yogulitsira malonda osati ndalama monga, mwachitsanzo, Yuro kapena mapaundi aku Britain. Chinachake chosiyana kotheratu: njira yogulitsira malonda yomwe ingathe kudutsa dziko la US dollar yomwe, mukudziwa, ili padziko lonse lapansi. Nkovuta kwambiri kuthawa.”
Momwemonso, Vijay Prashad wa ku Delhi-based Tricontinental Institute avomerezedwa kumsonkhano wa pa yunivesite ya Johannesburg mu August: “Palibe amene akufuna kuchotsa dola. Ndinafunsa anthu a ku People’s Bank of China kuti, ‘kodi renminbi idzalowa m’malo mwa dola?’ Sangachite zimenezo. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa anthu aku China amadzinyadira kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowongolera komanso kuwongolera ndalama zawo. ”
Imeneyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri, kupatsidwa mphamvu zochititsa chidwi za China kuchepetsa kuthawa kwa ndalama pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa msika wa 2015-16 pogwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro amenewo, ndi kuletsa kwake kolemekezeka kwa cryptocurrencies.
Prashad adafunsa, "Kodi tilowa gawo lomwe tili ndi dengu landalama? Mukudziwa, mwina nthawi yayitali ikubwera, kotero anthu omwe ali okondwa pa intaneti akuyenera kukhazika mtima pansi.
Zomwe zimatchedwa nsikidzi zagolide ndi ena okonda kuthekera kwa BRICS anti-imperial Akuluakulu akuyenera kuzindikira kuti akuluakulu osamala kwambiri pafupifupi mayiko onse ali m'maunduna azachuma ndi mabanki apakati - ndipo BRICS nawonso.
Ndipo ndili pamsonkhano wakumidzi yaku China pafupi ndi malire a Mongolia pa Ogasiti 18, ndidadutsa Justin Lin, osati wakale (2008-12) Chief Economist wa World Bank, koma m'modzi mwa owonera kwambiri dzikolo. Ndidafunsa ngati wina aliyense m'mabwalo ake adanenapo cholinga choti renmimbi ichotse dola, kaya ikugwirizana ndi ruble, rupee, randi ndi zenizeni - ndipo adangopukusa mutu.
Kulephera kwa BRICS polimbana ndi maziko amphamvu amphamvu za chuma sikunayenera kukhala kodabwitsa, chifukwa pakapita nthawi, kuphatikizapo UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - kuyambira 2009 pamsonkhano wa Copenhagen kumene Barack Obama adagwirizana Lula, Wen Jiabao, Manhoman Singh and Jacob Zuma for a zokhazikika-mgwirizano womwe adapereka kwa wina aliyense - a BRICS adakhala m'ma 2010 akusewera mu ndi osapanduka motsutsana, otchedwa Washington-Brussels-London-Tokyo 'unipolar' order.
G20 - yomwe pa Seputembara 9-10 idzakhala ndi Modi ku Delhi - ndiye malo omveka bwino kwambiri pakuphatikiza uku, makamaka chifukwa cha mikangano yake yaposachedwa ndi Biden ndi Emmanuel Macron (yemwe mwezi watha adapempha kuti aloledwe kulowa nawo pamsonkhano wa BRICS ndi adakanidwa). Komabe, choyamba, njira yolankhulira kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja mkati mwa BRICS ndi kalambulabwalo wofunikira, monga momwe zochitika ku Johannesburg zidzatsimikizira.
(Pa Ogasiti 21-22, webinar ya ku Johannesburg yowunikira komanso mphunzitsi womenyera ufulu wawo adzatsogolera ziwonetsero pafupi ndi malo amsonkhano wa BRICS pa Ogasiti 23; zambiri zili pa BRICS kuchokera Pansipa webusayiti.)
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