Pa Marichi 16 ku Mexico City, asitikali zikwizikwi am'madzi adaguba motsutsana ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha nthumwi zochokera ku maboma, mabungwe ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi pa World Water Forum.
Omenyera ufuluwo, motsutsana ndi zomwe amatcha 'kugulitsa' madzi, adayimitsidwa pa mtunda wa kilomita kuchokera kwa omwe adawatsutsa. Koma monga momwe nyuzipepala ya Washington Post inanenera, 'Achinyamata ovala zobisala pachithunzipa anaukira atolankhani ndi kumenyana ndi apolisi, kuphwanya galimoto yolondera ndi kuponya miyala pazionetsero zamtendere za Water Forum zophatikizapo anthu pafupifupi 10,000 oguba.'
Nyuzipepalayi inapitiriza kuti, 'Nkhondo zambiri zapamadzi ku Mexico sizimakhudza anthu omwe angaganizidwe kuti ndi ankhanza. Amene ali kutsogolo ndi anthu okhala m'madera opeza ndalama zochepa ku Mexico City omwe amamenyana ndi zonyamula magalimoto amadzi, kapena amayi apakhomo omwe sangathenso kupirira kununkha kwa zimbudzi zosayeretsedwa zomwe zikuyenda pafupi ndi nyumba zawo. Ndiyeno pali mabanja amwenye amene mbewu zawo zawonongeka chifukwa cha madzi opatutsidwa kuti adyetse mzinda wapafupi, pamene ana awo amakhala opanda madzi akumwa abwino.'
Kuno ku South Africa, kuli anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe anganene nthano za 'chilala chopereka madzi'. Madera akumidzi akusowa thandizo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zikutanthauza kuti matepi ambiri omwe anaikidwa pambuyo pa tsankho tsopano auma. Ndipo kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhala pamagulu amadzi am'matauni, kutsekeka kwamagetsi chifukwa chosagula kumakhudza anthu aku South Africa opitilira 1.5 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, ngakhale boma limavomereza.
Malinga ndi Desmond D'Sa wa South Durban Community Environmental Alliance, 'Kudera lonse la metro, anthu opeza ndalama zochepa komanso ngakhale m'mabwalo athunthu akuvutika kulipira mitengo yawo, ndipo ochepa madzi atsekedwa posachedwa. Ndakambirana kuti ndilumikizidwenso, koma ndalama zomwe zatsala ndi zochuluka. Anthu sangakwanitse kulipira mitengoyi. Khonsolo ikukana ngakhale lonjezo lachisankho chisanachitike kuti lichotse ngongole zomwe adabweza.'
Ankhondo apamadzi pano amadzudzulanso ukadaulo watsopano wa 'pre-paid mita' womwe umapangitsa kuti anthu azidzidula okha. Conlog, kampani yotsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa ANC mochedwa Joe Modise atapuma pantchito ngati nduna ya chitetezo mu 1999, ikupanga zidazi, zomwe omenyera ufulu wa Johannesburg mothandizidwa ndi Freedom of Expression Institute adzatsutse kukhothi mwezi wamawa ndi zosemphana ndi malamulo.
Pakadali pano, Conlog ikuwakhazikitsa kudera lonse la Africa. Omenyera nkhondo ku Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee atsogola pakung'amba mita zolipiriratu - zonse zamadzi ndi magetsi - ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amaguba kupita ku maofesi a municipalities kukataya ukadaulo wodedwa.
Ndipo monga gawo la Mgwirizano Watsopano wa Chitukuko cha Afirika, womwe umayang'ana kwambiri za mgwirizano wa zomangamanga za boma ndi mabungwe wamba, Rand Water ya boma - yomwe imapereka madzi ochuluka ku Johannesburg - ikuthandiza kampani ya Dutch ndi World Bank kugulitsa madzi ku Accra, Ghana. Bungwe la National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water la mdzikolo likugwirizana kale ndi bungwe la Johannesburg Anti-Privatisation Forum, kuthandiza kukonza zionetsero.
Kampeni yapamwamba kwambiri ya nzika zolimbana ndi madzi ogulitsidwa inali ku Bolivia zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, pamene anthu a mzinda wachitatu waukulu kwambiri, Cochabamba, adamenyana ndi kampani ya US Bechtel, mothandizidwa ndi World Bank. M'miyezi iwiri yapitayo, nduna yatsopano yamadzi yaku Bolivia m'boma lotsogozedwa ndi Evo Morales ndi Abel Mamani, msilikali wankhondo wapafupi wankhondo ina yamadzi, ku El Alto, yemwe adadula mano akulimbana ndi kampani yamadzi yaku France ya Suez.
Mamani adafotokoza mfundo zisanu polankhula sabata yatha:
* Madzi ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wamunthu komanso wofunikira pakukwaniritsa maufulu ena aumunthu;
* Madzi ndi a dziko lapansi ndi zamoyo zonse kuphatikizapo anthu ndipo ndi ntchito ya aliyense kuteteza mwayi wopeza madzi a zamoyo zonse ndi dziko lapansi lenilenilo;
* Madzi ndi ntchito yabwino kwa anthu onse choncho kasamalidwe kake kamayenera kukhala mโgawo lokhala ndi anthu, lachitukuko, lokhala ndi anthu, lotengapo mbali komanso losatengera phindu;
* Madzi asakhale abizinesi ndipo akuyenera kuchotsedwa pamapangano onse aulere ndi mapangano azachuma; ndi
* Payenera kukhala kusintha kwakukulu mu bungwe la World Water Forum kuti alole ambiri ndi otsimikiza kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za anthu osauka kwambiri ndi omwe amafunikira madzi.
Bolivia ndi amodzi mwa malo omwe mphamvu zankhondo zasunthira kumanzere; nkhondo zina zazikulu - osati zopambana nthawi zonse - zakhala zikumenyedwa ku Manila, Jakarta ndi Detroit. Biwater adathamangitsidwa ku Dar es Salaam chaka chatha, chifukwa chachisoni cha mlangizi wake, Adam Smith Institute, mothandizidwa ndi okhometsa misonkho aku Britain.
Magulu a anthu ndi maboma akakamiza Suez kuti achoke m'mizinda ikuluikulu kuyambira ku Atlanta kupita ku Buenos Aires kupita ku Montevideo m'miyezi yaposachedwa. Zofuna za kampaniyo kuti zisunge mgwirizano wa Johannesburg Water kwa zaka zina 25 zidzaganiziridwa ndi khonsolo mu June, koma pambuyo pa zionetsero zazikulu ku Soweto, Orange Farm ndi matauni ena, sizikhala zotetezeka.
Zolinga za omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe akupita patsogolo, nthawi zambiri, ndi 'kuchotsa madzi' kwa madzi, kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wa anthu osauka, mikhalidwe yabwino kwa ogwira ntchito pamadzi, komanso kasamalidwe koyenera ka madzi. Chomalizacho chiyenera kuphatikizapo zilango zogwiritsira ntchito hedonistic.
Zowonjezereka zikuchitidwa motsutsana ndi ma megadams, ulimi wothirira mosayenera, kuwononga nsomba, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, madzi ochulukirapo, madzi a m'mabotolo, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi molakwika m'mabwalo a gofu ndi makampani opanga zinthu monga Coca Cola ndi Nestle, ndi kusowa kwa madzi komwe kukubwera. Pabwalo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri, kuwongolera madzi ndi World Trade Organisation, omenyera ufulu akuwoneka kuti apambana, pochotsa madzi ku Mgwirizano Waukulu wa Zamalonda wa Zamalonda wa WTO.
Monga kulimbana kwa Mexico kukuwonetsa, ochita ziwonetsero akulumikizana ndi mphamvu. Kalelo mu 1992, pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Rio Earth Summit ndi msonkhano wa madzi ku Dublin zonse zomwe zidapititsa patsogolo mfundo yakuti madzi ndi 'ubwino wachuma', kusungitsa anthu kunayamba moona mtima. M'zaka zingapo, gulu lalikulu la mayiko, ogula, zachilengedwe ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito adatulukira kuti athane ndi vutoli.
Kutsatsa kwamadzi kunatsika pang'onopang'ono kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mwa zina chifukwa zidakhala zovuta kuti makampani akuluakulu aku Britain, French, Germany, Spanish ndi US apeze phindu kudera lonse lachitatu, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kusamvana pakati pa anthu. Komabe, ma municipalities ndi mabungwe opereka madzi akukakamizikabe ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse kuti atsatire mfundo zamalonda, kuphatikizapo mitengo ya madzi okwera kwambiri kuti athe kulipira ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito / kukonza, panthawi yomwe thandizo la ndalama likuchepa.
Palibe amene amatsutsa kuti anthu osachepera 2.6 biliyoni alibe zimbudzi zokwanira komanso 1.1 biliyoni alibe mwayi wopeza madzi abwino, pakufunika kusintha kwakukulu pazachuma, kasamalidwe ndi kukwanitsa. Mayiko a Third World adachepa m'zaka za zana lapitalo lakusintha kwadongosolo, zowonjezedwa ndi kubweza ngongole, kubweza ndalama komanso kuchepetsa thandizo lakunja. Choncho zinthu zofunika pa madzi ndi ukhondo sangapezeke kawirikawiri.
Komabe, njira yayikulu yomwe olimbikitsa zamadzi adatengera ndi kuteteza boma ngati gawo lofunikira popereka madzi. Pali zovuta zambiri pakudalira mabungwe aboma (kaya adziko kapena matapala), komabe m'madera ambiri ndi bungwe lomwe limatha kugawanso bwino ndikukonza zothandizira.
Mabungwe ena omwe si aboma opereka madzi monga WaterAid, mamembala a Freshwater Action Network kapena Mvula Trust ya ku South Africa amapezeka kuti nthawi zina akuimbidwa mlandu wopereka malingaliro odziwika bwino pamitengo yamadzi, miyezo ndi njira zoperekera madzi ku mabungwe. Ngakhale kukulitsa kuwongolera madera nthawi zambiri ndi cholinga cha omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, chodetsa nkhaลตa chachikulu ndi chakuti kugawikana kwa mayiko kusakhale m'malo mwa kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa boma kupereka ndalama zothandizira madzi a anthu osauka. Mosiyana ndi zomwe mabungwe ambiri omwe siaboma atha kupereka, gulu lamagetsi la boma limatha kupereka madzi oyeretsedwa, opanikizika kwambiri kuti athe kuthandizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, thanzi la anthu ndi zolinga zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Otsutsa amanena kuti njira zina za NGO zimalimbikitsa neoliberalism, chifukwa kuyika makina apampopi ophatikizana osakwanira - nthawi zambiri opanda ukhondo wokwanira - kumathandizira kuti boma lichuluke. Zomwe zimachitika pazantchito zachinsinsi, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zina zoperekera ma NGO, zakhala zowononga, chifukwa miyezo ndi yotsika, mitengo ndi yokwera, kuchotsedwa kumakhala kofala, kukonza kumakhala koipitsitsa ndipo kuyankha kumakhala kovuta kukhazikitsa.
Kulimbana ndi madzi amtengo wapatali nthawi zambiri kumayambira pa nsanja zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga msonkhano wapachaka wa World Water Forum - ku The Hague mu 2000, Kyoto mu 2003 ndi Mexico City mu 2006 - ndi misonkhano yokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa madzi monga misonkhano ya WTO. Kumeneko, omenyera ufulu alimbana ndi adani angapo:
* Global Water Partnership (yopangidwa ndi World Bank, UN Development Programme ndi thandizo la Sweden);
* World Water Council yochokera ku Marseilles (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Suez, thandizo la Canada ndi boma la Egypt ndipo idalumikizidwa ndi makampani azinsinsi 300, maunduna aboma, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi);
* International Private Water Association (makampani achinsinsi kuphatikiza World Bank, US Credit Export Agency ndi Overseas Private Investment Corporation ndi European Bank for Reconstruction and Development);
* Banki Yadziko Lokha (yomwe mโma projekiti amadzi amtengo wa $20 biliyoni wa mโma 1990 inachititsa kuti anthu asamangokhalira kubwereketsa ngongole mโgawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malondawo);
* Green Cross ya Mikhael Gorbachev (pamkangano womwe ukupitilira ndi Council of Canada pa ufulu wamadzi padziko lonse lapansi ndi ufulu wa katundu mu UN);
* Aquafed (chitaganya chokhazikitsidwa ndi mtsogoleri wakale wa Suez); ndi
* Gulu Lapadziko Lonse Lazachuma Pazachuma.
Otsatirawa adatsogozedwa ndi mkulu wakale wa IMF Michel Camdessus mu 2002-03, ndi mabanki akuluakulu achitukuko, Citibank, Lazard Freres, US Ex-Im Bank, makampani amadzi wamba (Suez, Thames Water), osankhika a boma (ku Egypt, France, Ivory Coast, Mexico, ndi Pakistan) ndi mabungwe awiri omwe siaboma (Transparency International ndi WaterAid). Linapereka ndalama zambiri zoperekedwa ndi boma kwa anthu wamba, kudzera mu inshuwaransi yowopsa kuti ateteze makampani ngati Suez ku zovuta zandalama zomwe zidawononga ntchito za kampaniyi ku Argentina pambuyo pa 2001.
Ena mwa omwe amatsutsa kwambiri malamulo a madzi a neoliberal ndi mabungwe a nzika / ogula (makamaka Council of Canada ku Ottawa ndi Public Citizen ku Washington); mabungwe ogwira ntchito (Public Services International ndi mabungwe awo); mayendedwe a anthu wamba; magulu a zachilengedwe (otsogoleredwa ndi International Rivers Network ndi Friends of the Earth); ndi zoganiza (mwachitsanzo, PSI Research Unit ku Greenwich University, Polaris ku Ottawa, TransNational Institute ku Amsterdam, Agriculture and Trade Policy Center ku Minneapolis, Municipal Services Project ku South Africa ndi mayunivesite aku Canada, Parivartan ndi Center for Sayansi ndi Zachilengedwe ku New Delhi, Food and Water Watch ku Washington, ndi International Forum on Globalization ku San Francisco).
Kuchokera pazovutazi kwatuluka atsogoleri olimbikitsa, aluntha komanso ndale, kuphatikiza ochita kampeni ku Accra Rudolf Amenga-Etego (yemwe adalandira mphotho ya zachilengedwe ya 2004 Goldman) ndi Alhassan Adam, aku Canada Maude Barlow ndi Tony Clarke (yemwe adapambana mphotho ya 2005 Right Livelihood Award) ndi wolemba. Varda Burstein, Paris-based Danielle Mitterrand, Cochabamba movement leader Oscar Olivera, Washington-based water watchdogs Maj Fiil-Flynn and Sara Grusky, Olivier Hoedeman and Satoko Kishimoto of 'Reclaiming Public Water' at the Transnational Institute, filmmakers Alan Snitow and Deborah Kaufman , wochita kampeni waku Europe Ricardo Petrello, akatswiri olimbana ndi madamu Paddy McCully ndi Lori Pottinger, ndi azimayi odabwitsa aku India monga Sunita Narrain, Medha Patkar, Arundhati Roy, Vandana Shiva ndi Shiney Varghese. Anthu a ku South Africa omwe amadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuphatikizapo Bryan Ashe ndi Lianne Greef a SA Water Caucus, Dale McKinley wa National Campaign Against Water Privatisation, wofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Wits Ebrahim Harvey, Anil Naidoo (wokhala ku Ottawa), Roger Ronnie, ndi mtsogoleri wa bungwe la zamalonda. Sowetans Trevor Ngwane and Virginia Setshedi.
Bungwe la World Social Forum ku Porto Alegre, komanso dera la Social Forum, lapereka malo ochitira misonkhano yolimbikitsa madzi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Maimelo amatumizidwa monga 'ankhondo amadzi', 'kutengeranso madzi a anthu onse' ndi 'ufulu wothira madzi' amalola kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana. Msonkhano wa People's World Water Forum udachitikira ku Delhi zaka ziwiri zapitazo, usanachitike msonkhano wa 'Blue Planet' ku Vancouver mu 2001, komanso misonkhano yanthawi ndi nthawi ku Europe.
Chifukwa mayendedwe amadzi apanga zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za mgwirizano m'malire, kampeni yolimbana ndi ntchito zogulitsidwa ipitilira kukhala chitsanzo kwa mabungwe adziko lonse lapansi. Ngati kwakanthawi kochepa kuno ku South Africa omenyera ufulu atha kulumikizanso madzi kwa anthu osauka ndi ogwira ntchito aku Durban ndikuchotsa Suez ku Johannesburg ndi Rand Water ku Accra, pakapita nthawi yayitali, dziko lapansi likufunika kulumikiza masomphenya awo, mapulogalamu ndi mapulojekiti awo. njira zofananira, mu seti yotsatira ya nkhondo zam'madzi zazaka za zana la 21.
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