Durban - Zomwe zachitika posachedwa m'sewero lazandale zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira mdziko muno zikuphatikiza nkhondo yayikulu yachilimwe pakati pa achinyamata ndi akulu mkati mwa African National Congress (ANC), mawu a State of the Nation sabata yatha a Purezidenti Jacob Zuma, komanso kutulutsidwa kwa chipani cha ANC '. kafukufuku' pa njira zina m'malo mwa kupititsa patsogolo migodi, zofuna za achinyamata a ANC zomwe tsopano ndi imodzi mwa nkhani zazikulu zomwe zikugawanitsa chipani cholamula.
Pakati pa chipwirikiti, podutsa mtembo wa ndale wa mtsogoleri wa ANC Youth League Julius Malema (watsala pang'ono kuthamangitsidwa chifukwa 'chonyoza ANC'), zikuwoneka kuti Zuma akufunanso kuwonedwa ngati wowona za chilengedwe. Monga atsogoleri a bungwe la United Nations' High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability, iye ndi pulezidenti wa ku Finland Tarja Halonen adasindikiza nkhani yomwe ili ndi mutu wakuti 'Kulanda chitukuko chokhazikika.' Zuma ndi Halonen akufunsa, 'Kodi timayamba bwanji kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu lokonzanso chuma chathu padziko lonse lapansi, kusunga chilengedwe, ndikupereka mwayi waukulu ndi kufanana, kuphatikizapo kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kwa onse?'
Kuchokera ku lipoti la gulu, Anthu Okhazikika, Pulaneti Lokhazikika, kumabwera mayankho omwe akuphatikiza kusintha kwa neoliberal - 'Kuipitsa, kuphatikiza kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni, kusakhalenso kwaulere' - ndi zosintha zodziwikiratu: 'Mitengo- ndi ndalama zothandizira zosokoneza malonda ziyenera kuchitidwa poyera ndikuzimitsa mafuta oyaka kale pofika chaka cha 2020.' Kuphatikizanso kuvomereza: 'Tiyenera kuyika malingaliro anthawi yayitali kuposa zomwe zikufunika kwakanthawi kochepa, pamsika komanso povotera. Kulimbikitsa chilungamo ndi kuphatikizika ndi chinthu choyenera kuchita - ndi chinthu chanzeru kuchita kuti zinthu ziyende bwino komanso kukhazikika.'
Patatha masiku awiri, polankhula ku nyumba yamalamulo kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri pantchito yake yodzaza ndi anthu ambiri, a Zuma adati, 'Ndiloleni nditengere mwayi uwu kuyamikira komiti ya nduna zapakati pa COP17 chifukwa chopangitsa msonkhano kukhala wopambana kwambiri. Zotsatira zomaliza za COP17 zinali mbiri yakale komanso zochitika zakale, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi msonkhano wa 1997 kumene Protocol ya Kyoto inakhazikitsidwa.'
Koma ndani anapambana pa msonkhano wa nyengo ku Durban? Owononga kwambiri, adapezeka kuti adasiya kuchotseratu mpweya wabwino komanso chilungamo chakumpoto-kumwera. Malinga ndi New York Times, pa msonkhano waposachedwapa wa World Economic Forum ku Switzerland, wothandizira wamkulu wa mtolankhani wa US State Department Todd Stern ananena kuti 'bwalo la Durban linali lopindulitsa chifukwa cha zomwe silinanene.' Kupatula apo, adavumbulutsa Trevor Houser, 'Sipanatchulidwepo za udindo wakale kapena mpweya wa munthu aliyense. Sipanatchulidwepo za chitukuko cha zachuma monga chofunikira kwambiri kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Palibe kutchulidwa kusiyana pakati pa zochita za mayiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene.'
'Kupambana kwakukulu' kwa Zuma kunali kwenikweni kugulitsa miyambo ya UN yosiyanitsa udindo pakati pa mayiko olemera ndi osauka. Pamene chipwirikiti cha nyengo chikuyandikira, Africa idzakhala kontinenti yomwe yakhudzidwa kwambiri. (Ndiye ndani angaimbe mlandu bungwe la African Union chifukwa chodana ndi woimira utsogoleri wa Pretoria pa chisankho chomwe chinaimitsidwa sabata yatha?) Anthu a ku Africa okha omwe anamwetulira pochoka ku Durban anali ochokera ku South Africa migodi ndi malonda a magetsi - pamodzi ndi mafuta. zotulutsa - zodalitsidwa ndi kulephera kwa COP17 kupanga zochepetsera zotulutsa.
Mneneri wa Zuma wa State of the Nation adakulitsa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe angachite powononga nyengo. Pretoria ikumanga kale fakitale yachinayi pa dziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi ya malasha ndi ngongole yayikulu kwambiri ya projekiti ya World Bank, ku Medupi kumapiri okongola a Waterberg komwe kulibe madzi okwanira kuziziritsa. Pafupi ndikutali, mapangano akusainidwa kuti apange fakitale yachitatu padziko lonse lapansi yopanga malasha, Eskom Kusile.
Opindula kwambiri ndi Eskom ndi BHP Billiton, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opitirira 10 peresenti ya ku SA ndipo ikupezabe mphamvu yamagetsi yotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse ku Richard's Bay, kumene anthu ogwira ntchito ametedwa ndi zida zosungunulira aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri mpaka pano zosakwana 1500. Ena opindula ndi kampani ya ku Japan ya Hitachi, yomwe mu 2010 inkayesa ngati sakudziwa kuti eni ake akuphatikizapo Chancellor House ya ANC, komanso omwe ma boilers - omwe amalipidwa ndalama zokwana 40+ biliyoni - zatsalira kwambiri mpaka Eskom. magetsi kuzimitsidwa.
Zolankhula za Zuma zidavumbulutsa mapulojekiti owononga zachilengedwe komanso owononga zachilengedwe: 'Choyamba, tikukonzekera kukhazikitsa ndi kuphatikiza zomangamanga za njanji, misewu ndi madzi, zokhazikika m'madera awiri akuluakulu a Limpopo: Waterberg kumadzulo kwa chigawochi ndi Steelpoort gawo lakummawa. Zoyesayesa izi ndi cholinga chotsegula lamba wokulirapo wa malasha, platinamu, palladium, chrome ndi mchere wina, kuti athandizire kuwonjezeka kwa migodi komanso kupindula kwa migodi.'
Pali zambiri: 'Pakati mwa mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe zakonzedwa ndikukulitsa njira yotulutsira chitsulo kuchokera ku matani 60 miliyoni pachaka kufika matani 82 miliyoni pachaka…, kukulitsa matani 16 miliyoni pachaka njira yotulutsira kunja kwa manganese kudzera pa Port of Ngqura ku Nelson Mandela Bay… ndi kukulitsa njanji ya chitsulo pakati pa Sishen ku Northern Cape ndi Saldanha Bay ku Western Cape.'
Kulankhula kwa CityPress Pambuyo pakulankhula kwa Lachinayi, Zuma adalongosola momveka bwino kuti: 'Pofika chaka cha 2014, ndikufuna kuwona ma cranes, kumanga, kukumba chilichonse. Ndikufuna kuwona anthu atalembedwa ntchito. Tikuyang'ana mtundu watsopano wa mzinda ku Waterberg. Umu ndi momwe Johannesburg idayambira, ngati tawuni yamigodi.' Kupatulapo kuti Johannesburg ndi mzinda wosakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, kodi Zuma akudziwa kuti pali kusowa kwa nyumba zapadziko lonse komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe alibe ntchito, komanso kuti kumanga nyumba sikufuna ma cranes, koma kumapanga ntchito zambiri pagawo lililonse la ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. ?
Kodi adawona kuti ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya platinamu, Implats, idachotsa antchito 17,000 patangotsala sabata imodzi kuti alankhule, omwe akadzawalembanso ntchito adzadulidwa kwambiri m'mapenshoni awo? Kodi adawerenga zomwe bungwe la National Planning Commission lidapeza kuti 'South Africa iyenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe molakwika'?
Ponena za chuma chosawongoleredwa chomwe tsopano chikuchokera ku South Africa komwe kuli ndi ndalama zochepa chabe kwa anthu, ogwira ntchito komanso ndalama za boma, Zuma adateteza migodi yamayiko osiyanasiyana ku zofuna za Malema zotengera dziko lonse lapansi pokhazikitsa bungwe lomwe lipoti lake likunyoza kale.
Malema, yemwe adakhala wolemera kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha kukopa ma tender a Chigawo cha Limpopo kuti alandire malipiro ambiri, anali wankhanza. Monga momwe adafotokozera Lachisanu lapitali, wofufuza wamkulu, Paul Jordaan, "adasweka" chifukwa chotsutsa malonjezo a ANC Freedom Charter mu 1955: "Jordaan ndi gulu lofufuza adayendera mayiko 13 ndipo mfundo yokhayo yomwe angabwere nayo ndi maganizo a Comrade. Paul Jordaan mu 2010. N'kutheka kuti kafukufukuyu anali wosuta fodya kuti atsimikizire maganizo aumwini a Comrade Paul Jordaan ndipo si momwe ANC imagwirira ntchito.'
Otsutsa ena analinso ankhanza. Katswiri wa ndale wa pa University of Cape Town Anthony Butler, wothirira ndemanga wotsogola, analongosola kuti, ‘Luntha lachikalatachi n’losagwirizana. Kafukufuku wa "methodology" amakhudza maulendo ambiri akunja ndi "maphunziro okhudzidwa". Gulu lophunzira limagwiritsanso ntchito mosadziwika bwino zinthu "zamaphunziro ochepa", monga Wikipedia ndi answers.com. Kudalirika kwa lipotili kumawonongeka chifukwa cha ndime zazitali zomwe zikufanana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya katswiri wopuma pantchito wamisonkho wa ku North America Charles McPherson.'
Monga Butler anadandaula, mu umodzi mwa "zochitika zosamvetsetseka za kusankha mawu ndi kachitidwe (kubwereka koteroko ndi kochuluka kwambiri kuti tifotokoze pano) onse [a ANC ndi McPherson] amafuna "kuzindikirika momveka bwino mu bajeti ndi zolemba zokonzekera zachuma. ndi ndalama zandalama ndi zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa boma”. Kodi McPherson adathandizira kulemba lipoti la ANC? Ngati ndi choncho, kodi komiti yaikulu ya bungwe la ANC inadziwa kuti mkulu wina wakale wa mafakitale amafuta, amene posachedwapa anamaliza ntchito yake mu dipatimenti yoona za chuma cha International Monetary Fund, anatumidwa kuti athandize nawo pa kafukufukuyu?'
Butler akuda nkhawa kuti lipotili likugwirizanabe ndi zomwe Malema akufuna kuchita ndi 'phoney nationalization drive', monga kusamutsa ndalama zapenshoni za anthu ogwira ntchito ku migodi 'm'magalimoto a cholinga chapadera kuti akwaniritse zolinga zachitukuko. Zoona zake n'zakuti njira zoterezi zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwika popereka ndalama zothandizira anthu ogwirizana ndi ndale.'
Zowonadi pansi pamikhalidwe ya utundu wa neoliberal, zotulukapo za mfundo zambiri zaboma ku South Africa ndizosapeŵeka kuti capitalism yodzaza ndi ziphuphu. Kafukufuku wamkulu wa ANC yemwe adayambitsa katangale mu mzinda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri, Durban, sabata yatha adawonetsa kusaloledwa kwakukulu makamaka pamakontrakitala omanga nyumba zabizinesi amtengo wa $400 miliyoni pansi pa utsogoleri wa 2002-11 wa manejala wa mzinda Mike Sutcliffe, yemwe akuti posachedwa. tsutsani milanduyo.
Koma vuto lalikulu si nyumba, zomwe ndi gawo la ndalama zambiri zomwe anthu sapeza. Ndikumanga kosalekeza kwa njovu zoyera ndi ntchito zolemekezeka. Izi ndi zomwe mtsogoleri wakale wa bungwe la ogwira ntchito Ebrahim Patel - yemwe tsopano ndi Minister of Economic Development - adachepetsedwa kuti asangalale, povomereza ndalama zambiri za zomangamanga. M’mayankhidwe ake anyumba yamalamulo kwa Zuma, Patel anati, ‘Tinaganizira za maphunziro a chitukuko cha nkhokwe ya dziko lonse ya 2010 ndi kukula kwa mapologalamu omanga a Gautrain, malo opangira magetsi a Medupi ndi Kusile, pulogalamu yowongoleredwa ndi Freeway ndi bwalo lalikulu la ndege. kukonzanso.'
Koma kupitiriza kutsatira njira imeneyi ndi kudzipha. Mabwalo amasewera a World Cup pafupifupi onse akutaya ndalama pakuyendetsa ndi kukonza. Maulendo okwera a Gautrain kuchokera ku eyapoti ya Johannesburg kupita ku boma lazachuma komanso nyumba za boma ku Pretoria ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Malo opangira magetsi akweza kale mtengo wamagetsi ndi 150 peresenti, ndi 25 peresenti yowonjezera yomwe ikukonzekera mu April. Mgwirizano wapaboma ndi wabizinesi ndi kampani yaku Austrian ndi yosasangalatsa kotero kuti pa Marichi 9 gulu la mabungwe akuwopseza kuti likuchita kunyanyala. Zokonzanso zosafunika kwenikweni za eyapoti ndi za anthu osankhika okha.
Kukonda kwa Zuma ku nyumba zamigodi ndizovuta kwambiri. Monga ngati kukondwerera kuyambiranso kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma kumakampani akuluakulu, 'Mining Indaba' - chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri chazamalonda mu Africa - ku Cape Town sabata yatha idakwaniritsidwa ndi mawu ofunika kwambiri a David Evans wotsutsa kusintha kwa nyengo. 'Ntchito'yi 'idalandiridwa bwino ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku migodi, omwe amachokera ku mafakitale omwe nthawi zambiri amawona kuti pali vuto la kayendetsedwe ka nyengo poyendetsa mafakitale awo,' inatero. Mail&Guardian.
Vuto lalikulu la Zuma, pansi pa zisonkhezero zotere, ndi kupitiliza kutsutsa Zolankhula za gulu lake la Global Sustainability Panel, pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe iye ndi mabungwe akulu akuchita pano chikuyika zofuna zanthawi yayitali kuposa malingaliro anthawi yayitali, pamsika komanso povotera, kulimbikitsa kupanda chilungamo ndi kuchotsedwa, motero kuletsa kukhalitsa. kulemera ndi kukhazikika. Ndi kuchulukirachulukira kotero kuti dziko la South Africa lakhazikika pa ndale za 'kulankhula kumanzere, kuyenda kumanja'. Kaya ndi zachinyengo za 'Black Economic Empowerment', monga Hitachi ndi Chancellor House, kapena chikoka cha mabungwe aumbombo, chipani cholamula chikuwoneka kuti chimakonda kutukuka kosakhazikika komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi mabizinesi akulu akulu.
Kuchokera ku maziko a ndale a Zuma, mwachitsanzo, CEO wa Toyota South Africa Johan van Zyl sabata yatha anatsutsa, 'Durban monga mtundu si wamphamvu mokwanira kungonena kuti "bwerani mudzawononge ku Durban". Zomwe zimafunika kukopa osunga ndalama ndi ntchito zazikulu.' Pa semina ya University of Pretoria ya Gordon Institute of Business Science ndi Tsiku la Amalonda nyuzipepala, van Zyl adanenetsa kuti, 'Durban ikuyenera kupita patsogolo pampikisano. China ikumanga madoko omwe sakudziwa kuti agwiritse ntchito liti. Ngati kubweza ndalama ndi njira yoganizira sitingathe kuwona zomangamanga.'
M'mawu ena, chonde perekani ndalama zambiri zapagulu kwa amphaka amafuta a carbon wokwera. Mu mzimu womwewo, manejala watsopano wa mzinda wa Durban S'bu Sithole adalandira dongosolo lachinsinsi la 'Back-of-Port' la $32 biliyoni lokulitsa lomwe lili kale doko lalikulu mu Africa, pogwetsa chigawo cha Clairwood chazaka 150 ndikukulitsa mafakitale owopsa a petrochemical.
Komanso pa seminayi anali meya wakale wa Durban Obed Mlaba, yemwe adadzudzulidwa mu kafukufuku wazamalamulo chifukwa chobera ndalama zowononga ndalama zokwana madola 400 miliyoni pa malo otayirako zinyalala a Bisasar Road, malo oyeserera oyesa malonda a carbon. Anadandaula Mlaba, 'Ntchito zazikulu kapena kupanga magulu ozungulira iwo zimalepheretsedwa ndi malingaliro a tawuni yaying'ono.'
Chizoloŵezi chamalingaliro amtawuni yayikulu chinali lamulo loletsa kwa Zuma Tsiku la Amalonda mkonzi Peter Bruce Lolemba: 'mgodi wochulukirachulukira ndikutumiza zomwe timakumba motsika mtengo komanso mwachangu.'
Ngati titero, ndiye kuti tasiyani anthu olimba komanso dziko lolimba.
Wolemba Bond Ndale za Chilungamo Chanyengo (UKZN Press), yosinthidwa Durban's Climate Gamble (Unisa Press), ndipo amatsogolera UKZN Center for Civil Society: http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za
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