Kukwera kwa Bloc ya Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) ikuyimira mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pazandale komanso zachuma zomwe, kumayambiriro kwa 2014, zikukumana ndi vuto la schizophrenia lomwe likukulirakulirakulirakulirakulira, malinga ndi momwe chuma chikuyendera padziko lonse lapansi. Othandizira kwambiri a bloc amatsutsa kuti ali ndi kuthekera kwa 'anti-imperialist'. Koma pali zoopsa zokulirapo za BRICS kuchita gawo la 'sub-imperialist' pothandizira kukonza maulamuliro a neoliberal (makamaka ku Africa), kapenanso gawo la inter-imperialism pomwe Russia ikuwoneka kuti ikuyesedwa mu Ukraine/Crimea theatre. Koma pali kuthekera, komanso, kwa magulu odziwika kuti agwirizane mu gawo lofanana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi imperialism, poganizira zotsutsana kwambiri komanso kuchulukira kwa zipolowe pamalo aliwonse.
Chilembo cha 'sub-imperialist' chimati kutsagana ndi kukulitsa ufumuwo kudayambika ndi Ruy Mauro Marini (1965) kuti afotokoze udindo wankhanza wa ku Brazil ku Western Hemisphere, ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza m'zaka za m'ma 1970 pomwe Chiphunzitso cha Nixon chidalola Washington kuti achite. perekani udindo wapolisi wokhudzana ndi madera ndi mwayi wopeza mabungwe ogwirizana nawo m'madera, makamaka maulamuliro ochirikiza makampani.
Ngakhale ena amakhulupirira kuti BRICS idzakhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuti ikhale yolimbana ndi ma imperialist (Desai 2013, Escobar 2013, Keet 2013, Martin 2013, Shubin 2013, Third World Network 2013), pamlingo waulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi bloc iyi yakhala ikukulimbikitsani ubale wamphamvu, kupatula pamilandu yapadera monga 2013 pomwe Syria idawopsezedwa kuphulitsidwa ndi Washington komanso mu 2014 pomwe Russia idalanda Crimea itataya mphamvu ku Ukraine.
Monga maiko ena omwe anali akutali m'nthawi zakale zautumiki ku imperialism, njira yodzikundikira ya BRICS, njira yapadziko lonse lapansi yazachuma-zachuma, yapadziko lonse lapansi, kulimba mtima pa hinterlands ndi mphamvu zamkati zopanga magulu pamodzi zikuwonetsa njira yoyenera mawu akuti sub-imperialist (Bond ndi Garcia 2014) ).
IMPERIALISM, CAPITALIST CRISIS, OPLOITATION SUPER-EXPLOITATION NDI REGIONAL HEGEMONY
Pali maubale osachepera anayi a sub-imperialism: ku imperialism, ku zovuta za capitalist, njira zopondereza kwambiri komanso kulamulira kwachigawo.
Choyamba, kutanthauzira sub-imperialism moyenera kumatanthauza tanthawuzo logwirizana la machitidwe a imperialism momwe amagwirira ntchito. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomvetsetsa za imperialism, koma zolimba kwambiri - makamaka ku Africa - zikuwoneka ngati lingaliro lomwe Rosa Luxemburg (1968) adalemba mu The Accumulation of Capital mu 1913, kutsindika kukakamiza kwachuma komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuzunza pakati pa anthu. Magawo a chikapitalist ndi osakhala a capitalist panthawi yamavuto a capitalist (mosiyana ndi nkhani zina zanthawiyo zomwe zimadalira kwambiri kugulitsa katundu, maubale atsamunda ndi mikangano yapakati pa mafumu).
Chachiwiri, zotsatira zake, zovuta za capitalist zimawonekera m'maboma ang'onoang'ono monga momwe zimakhalira mu imperialist, ngakhale kudzikundikira kukupita patsogolo mwachangu. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa likulu ndi vuto lomwe nthawi zonse limakhalapo, nthawi zambiri limakwera mpaka pamavuto. Chotsatira chake, m'maiko angapo a sub-imperialist muli zikhumbo zamphamvu za capital capital kuti onse atuluke kunja ndi kupeza ndalama.
Potengera njira za David Harvey (2003) zomwe ma sub-imperialists amafunafuna 'zokonza zanthawi yayitali' kumavutowa, BRICS imapereka malo ena owopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano. Mikhalidwe yamavutoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa mu nthawi yamakono, asintha zomwe kale zinali zautundu (kapena 'kapitalist') zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi mayiko omwe amakonda kutsata, kutsata mfundo zaboma zomwe zimachitika kwina. Zimaphatikizanso chitukuko chokulirapo chophatikizana ndi njira zopondereza kwambiri (ndipo nthawi zambiri zokakamiza kwambiri) zodzikundikira, komanso zizindikiro zazachuma zakuthedwa nzeru kwa imperialist, makamaka zachuma.
Chachitatu, maulamuliro ang'onoang'ono amakulitsa machitidwe a neoliberal omwewo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu, motero amavomereza Washington Consensus m'mawu amalingaliro ndi enieni, makamaka poyendetsa malonda a mayiko ambiri, ndalama ndi ndondomeko zandalama. Zoonadi, maulamuliro ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa mabungwe a neoliberal ngakhale akudandaula (nthawi zina zowawa) chifukwa cha kusamvera kwawo mayiko osauka, ndipo nthawi zina amakhazikitsa atsopano omwe ali ndi ntchito zofanana m'madera a madera.
Izinso nthawi zambiri zimalola kuti maulamuliro ang'onoang'ono azigwira ntchito ngati madera oti adziwunjike, kutenga chuma kuchokera kumayiko ena ndi malonda otumiza kunja omwe nthawi zambiri amawononga mphamvu zopanga za hinterland komanso ulamuliro pazachuma. Nthawi zambiri zopindulitsa zimakhala zochulukirachulukira, kuphatikiza zotsalira zamalonda ndi kumayiko ena (komwe zotsirizirazi nthawi zambiri zimapereka zopangira zofunikira pazabwino), mwayi wopeza phindu m'malo azachuma amphamvu yaimperial, ndikukula kwachikoka kudzera pakulimbitsa. chuma makamaka kumene malonda amachitidwa ndi ndalama za sub-imperial power's.
Zonsezi zikuphatikizapo gawo lachigawo la gendarme, gawo la ntchito za apolisi zomwe zimalola dziko la capitalist kuti lipitirize kukulitsa mapangano, kukakamiza kwawo komanso kuchotsa zinthu zokwanira (komanso ogwira ntchito) kuchokera kumadera akutali omwe amakhala ovuta kwambiri. kumagwira ntchito bwino kwa magawo a ntchito padziko lapansi.
Chachinayi, monga momwe Sam Moyo ndi Paris Yeros (2011, 19) amanenera, ubale wa imperialism ndi ogwirizana ndi mafumu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zonse umakhala ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito zapakhomo. Chifukwa chake, zinali zachibadwa kuti, pamene inkakula, ikafunikira misika yakunja kuti ithetse vuto lake lopeza phindu.’ Kunena zoona, titenge chitsanzo cha BRICS, maubwenzi opondereza kwambiri akuchitiridwa umboni m’njira imene mabanja achi China amang’ambika. kuchokera kumidzi yakumidzi panthawi yomwe mizinda ikukulirakulira, komanso momwe anthu akumidzi amafunikira zilolezo zapadera kuti azikhala m'mizinda, komwe amalipidwa malipiro ochepa kwambiri.
Ubale wopondereza kwambiri woterewu umasamutsidwa mosavuta kumayiko akunja, pomwe gawo la China lakhala likuzunza kwambiri kuposa mabungwe aku Western, mothandizidwa ndi thandizo lawo kwa olamulira ankhanza amderali (mwachitsanzo, ku Zimbabwe komwe asitikali aku China ndi akazembe aku Zimbabwe adalumikizana ngati bungwe la Anjin Corporation). m'minda ya diamondi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Resource Curse ikhale yopitilira muyeso monga momwe zilili mu Africa muno) (Maguwu 2013).
Mofananamo, njira ya mbiri yakale ya Apartheid ya Apartheid - yotchedwa 'articulations of modes of production' yolembedwa ndi Harold Wolpe (1980) - ikuwonetsera gawo lamkati lamkati la kusonkhanitsa kwa mafumu ang'onoang'ono. Ogwira ntchito achimuna ochokera kumidzi ya Bantustans komanso m'madera akumidzi mpaka kumpoto ku Malawi ankagwira ntchito zotsika mtengo, chifukwa cha amayi akuda akumidzi omwe amabereka ana popanda malipiro, ogwira ntchito odwala komanso opuma pantchito popanda thandizo la boma.
Imeneyi sinali nkhani chabe ya ulamuliro wautundu. Kukula kwa mtundu wa anthu osamukira ku South Africa mozama kwambiri kudera la Kummwera kwa Afirika pambuyo pa kutha kwa tsankho koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 kunachitika mosasamala kanthu za kunyansidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena. Kupha anthu a ku Marikana mu August 2012 kwa anthu osamukira ku migodi ya platinum ku Lonmin chinali chitsanzo china cha mmene ntchito ya apolisi ya maboma ingapitirire mkati mwawo kuti ateteze phindu la mabungwe ofufuza za mayiko osiyanasiyana (Saul and Bond 2014). Koma ndikukula kosasinthika kwa zigawo ndi kumayiko ena komwe kumakakamiza mayiko ang'onoang'ono kutsatira malingaliro a imperialism.
Izi zimazindikiridwa ndi akatswiri odziwa za geopoliticians of capital, monga kampani ya intelligence ya ku Texas Stratfor (2009), mu memo yamkati (monga yavumbulutsidwa ndi WikiLeaks): 'Mbiri ya South Africa imayendetsedwa ndi kuyanjana kwa mpikisano ndi kukhalira limodzi pakati pa zofuna zapakhomo ndi zakunja chuma cha dziko. Ngakhale kutsogozedwa ndi boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase, zofunika zazikuluzikulu za dziko la South Africa zikukhalabe kusungitsa ulamuliro waufulu womwe umalola kuti anthu azigwira ntchito momasuka komanso kubweza ndalama kuchokera kumadera akummwera kwa Africa, komanso kusunga chitetezo chapamwamba. akhoza kuyendera kum'mwera chapakati pa Africa.'
Kutha kusamukira kumayiko ena kudafunsidwa mu Marichi 2013, komabe, ku Central African Republic likulu la Bangui pambuyo poti wolamulira wankhanza Francois Bozize atachotsedwa ndi zigawenga. Asilikali oposa khumi ndi awiri a ku South Africa anaphedwa, malinga ndi zoyankhulana ndi asilikali omwe anapulumuka mu nyuzipepala yaikulu ya Lamlungu ku Johannesburg, pamene 'akuteteza katundu wa ... malonda ku Jo'burg ... anatinamizidwa kuti tipite ... kuteteza, kuonetsetsa mtendere' (Hosken and Mahlangu 2013). Macapitalist otetezedwa a Johannesburg adaphatikizanso makampani olumikizidwa ku chipani cholamulira (Amabhungane 2013).
ZINTHU ZONSE ZA IMPRIALISM NDI SUB-IPERIALISM
Maubwenzi omalizirawa, m’mene ukapitalizimu umadyera masuku pamutu ndi kuwononga maubale osakhala a ukapitalisti kupyolera mu njira zoumiriza za chuma chowonjezera, unayambidwa ndi Luxembourg ndipo watsitsimutsidwa monga dongosolo lofotokozera ndi Harvey pansi pa rubriki ya ‘kudzikundikira mwa kulandidwa. , pali njira zotengedwa m'maganizo zomwe zimafotokozera malingaliro a imperialism ndi sub-imperialism palimodzi, ngakhale ngati zochitika zowonongeka zingasinthe malo, mawonekedwe ndi kukula komwe ndondomekozi zimachitikira.
Luxemburg's (1968, 396) Accumulation of Capital imayang'ana kwambiri momwe mphamvu zokakamiza za capitalism zowonjezera zachuma zimalanda machitidwe othandizirana ndi malo ogwirizana, mabanja (makamaka gawo la amayi pakuberekana), malo, mitundu yonse ya chilengedwe, ndi dziko lomwe likucheperachepera: ' Mgwirizano pakati pa capitalism ndi njira zopangira zosagwirizana ndi capitalism zimayamba kuwonekera pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Njira zake zazikulu ndi ndondomeko ya atsamunda, njira yobwereketsa yapadziko lonse lapansi - ndondomeko yachiwongoladzanja - ndi nkhondo. Mphamvu, chinyengo, kuponderezana, kuba zimasonyezedwa poyera popanda kuyesa kubisa, ndipo pamafunika kuyesayesa kupeza mkati mwa mkangano umenewu wa chiwawa cha ndale ndi mikangano ya mphamvu malamulo okhwima a ndondomeko ya zachuma.’
Tithokoze chifukwa chowunika mosamalitsa za chikhalidwe cha atsamunda ku South Africa, Namibia ndi DRC (Bond, Chitonge ndi Hopfmann 2007), chidziwitso chake chachikulu (1968, 397), mosiyana ndi zomwe Lenin, Bukharin, Hilferding, Hobson ndi ena a m'nthawi yake, anali kusonyeza kuti 'Likulu silingathe kuwunjikana popanda kuthandizidwa ndi maubwenzi omwe si a capitalist'. ‘Kusokonekera kopitirizabe ndi kopita patsogolo kwa bungwe losakhala lachikapitalisti kumapangitsa kudzikundikira ndalama kukhala kotheka.’
Njira iyi, Luxembourg inatsutsa, momwe 'malipiro amadyetsera mabwinja' a ubale wosakhala wa capitalist, amafanana ndi 'kudya. M’mbiri yakale, kusonkhanitsidwa kwa ndalama kuli mtundu wa kagayidwe kameneka pakati pa chuma cha chikapitalist ndi njira zopangira zija za chikapitalisti chisanadze chimene sichingapitirire ndi chimene, m’lingaliro limeneli, chimawononga ndi kukhazikika.’
Izi zimachulukitsidwa m'nthawi ya kusimidwa kwazovuta za capitalist, a Luxemburg (1968, 76) adawona, akutengera nthanthi yakale ya Marx yokhudza 'kuchulukirachulukira kosatha,' komwe kumadziwika ndi 'kuyenda kosalekeza kwa ndalama kuchokera kunthambi ina yopangira kupita ku ina, ndipo pomaliza pake. pakusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi kwa kuberekana pakati pa kubalana mopitirira muyeso ndi mavuto.'
Panthawiyo, Luxembourg (1968, 327) ikulimbikira, maiko oyambira amawulula 'mkangano wozama komanso wofunikira pakati pa kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito komanso kuthekera kopanga gulu la capitalist, mkangano womwe umabwera chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa likulu komwe kumayamba nthawi ndi nthawi. m'mavuto ndikulimbikitsa chuma kuti msika uwonjezeke mosalekeza.' Kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwa ndondomekoyi - zovuta, kukulitsa msika, ndi kukulitsa ubale wa capitalist-noncapitalist super-exploitative - ndi maziko a imperialism yatsopano.
Koma Harvey (2003) akuwonjezeranso mfundo ina pa mfundo iyi: ‘Kutsegulidwa kwa misika yapadziko lonse m’zinthu zonse ziwiri komanso ndalama zogulira ndalama kunachititsa kuti mayiko ena adzilowetse mu chuma cha padziko lonse, choyamba monga chotengera zinthu koma kenako monga opanga ndalama zazikuluzikulu. Kenako adakhala opikisana nawo padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zitha kutchedwa 'sub-imperialisms' zidayamba… Chigawo chilichonse chotukuka chakuchulukitsira chuma chinafunafuna njira zokhazikika zapanthawi yake kuti zipeze ndalama zake zochulukirapo pofotokozera magawo a chikoka.'
Harvey (1992) akuwonetsa 'zosintha zochulukirapo komanso zochulukirachulukira zakusintha kwakanthawi kochepa' kumavuto azachuma omwe akupitilirabe, omwe amapemphedwa kuti awonjezere capitalism kumadera ndi nthawi, nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi kukulirakulira kwachuma. Ntchito ya mabanki m'mayiko akuluakulu ngakhalenso maiko ang'onoang'ono ndikukhala ndi ngongole kumayiko osauka kuti athe kukhala omasuka chifukwa cha malonda omasuka ndi ndalama kapena kuchotsa zinthu mosavuta. Kukula kwadongosolo langongole ndi njira yanthawi zonse yothanirana ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwa katundu, chifukwa ngongole imalola kuti izi ziwonjezeke pakali pano ndi lonjezo lochotsa zina zowonjezera kuti mudzalipire mtengo mtsogolo.
Malinga ndi Harvey (2003,134), kukonzanso uku sikubweretsa mavuto, koma m'malo mwake, kumabweretsa zotsutsana zatsopano zokhudzana ndi chitukuko chosagwirizana: 'kuchulukirachulukira koopsa kwa mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi pomwe malo olimbikira osonkhanitsa ndalama amatuluka kuti apikisane padziko lonse lapansi. nkhope ya mafunde amphamvu a kuchulukana mopambanitsa. Popeza kuti onsewo sangapambane m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mwina ofookawo amagonja ndi kugwera m’mavuto aakulu a kutsika kwa mtengo, kapena mikangano yandale zadziko imabuka m’njira ya nkhondo zamalonda, nkhondo za ndalama ngakhalenso kulimbana kwankhondo.’
Magulu amphamvu okhazikika m'madera opangidwa ndi mgwirizano wamkati (ndi mikangano) mkati mwa malire a mayiko, kapena nthawi zina kudutsa malire mpaka kumadera, ndi magawo ofunikira owunikira pankhani yoletsa kutsika kwa chuma chambiri. Powulula mayunitsiwa, ndizotheka kukhazikitsira chiphunzitso cholimba cha geopolitical choyenera kumvetsetsa imperialism yamakono. Bungwe la BRICS likuwonetsa ubale watsopanowu, chifukwa monga momwe pulezidenti wa ku Brazil Lula analengeza mu 2010 kuti, ‘A new global geography of economic geography was born 2001) kukhazikitsa mphamvu zachuma ndizowopsa.
Zomwe zimawoneka ngati gulu lolimba la mayiko a BRICS pamsonkhano wa utsogoleri mu Marichi 2013 zidakhala, mkati mwa miyezi inayi, maziko a mayiko a 'Fragile Five', kusiya O'Neill kunena kuti China yokha ndiyo yomwe imayenera kusankhidwa ndi BRICS. (Magalhaes 2013). India, South Africa ndi Brazil adataya ndalama zawo zambiri komanso ndalama zomwe zikuyenda bwino atachoka m'misika iyi kukafunafuna malo otetezedwa a US Federal Reserve ndondomeko yazachuma - 'Quantitative Easing' - idayamba 'kuwonongeka' . Zomwezi zinachitikira ku Russia koyambirira kwa 2014, choyamba chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mphamvu zachigawo zomwe boma la Ukraine linagonjetsa, ndipo pamene Moscow inayamba kulanda Crimea mosasamala, ziwopsezo zaku Western ziwopsezo zidasokoneza msika wake.
Mosasamala kanthu za kutsimikizika kwa njira yomwe Luxemburg akufuna, momwe kuchulukitsira ndalama kumaphatikizapo imperialism yomwe ikufika pamtundu wokakamiza kwambiri pazachuma, izi sizotsatira zokhazikika. Mkhalidwe uliwonse uyenera kuwunikiridwa pazokha. Kukhala pachibwenzi kwa zaka zosachepera theka mpaka pomwe lingaliro la sub-imperialism lidayambitsidwa, ku Brazil, zosintha za konkriti ndizofunikira chifukwa pakangochitika ngozi zomwe zitha kupatutsa kuchokera kumalingaliro amapasa a capitalism ndikukulitsa maubale amphamvu mdera.
MALO A CONNCRETE SUB-IPERIAL
Kukhazikika kwatsopano kwa mphamvu zakumwera kunayamba kuonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1960 pamene mgwirizano watsopano unalimbikitsidwa mu Cold War. M'makalata ake ochita upainiya ku Latin America geopolitics kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1960, Marini (1974) adanena kuti zaka za m'ma 1970 Brazil inali 'chiwonetsero chabwino kwambiri cha sub-imperialism,' chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwachuma m'madera, kutumiza ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndale za imperialist, ndi monopolization wamakampani amkati, kuphatikiza ndalama.
Pali maudindo atatu owonjezera a maulamulirowa, lero, ngati akuyenera kuwonedwa ngati a sub-imperialist. Chimodzi ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa gawo lazandale m'madera omwe akuvutika kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, gulu lankhondo la Brasilia ku Haiti ndi Pretoria likupanga mgwirizano kumadera aku Africa monga South Sudan, Great Lakes ndi Central African Republic. Maudindo a Israeli ndi Saudi Arabia ku Middle East ndi ofanana, ndipo South Africa yolamulidwa ndi azungu inalinso gawo laling'ono lamayiko akumadzulo panthawi ya Cold War, momwe nkhondo zomenyera ufulu zinalili m'maiko oyandikana nawo mzaka za 1960-80s. Kukakamiza kowonjezera pazachuma pothandizira kuchotsa zinthu zopangira ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chaulamulirowu, pomwe nthawi zambiri udindo wa gendarme wa m'dera sungokhala 'kusunga mtendere' komanso kusamutsa zotsalira kuchokera kumadera akumidzi kupita ku likulu la imperialism, ndi nthawi zambiri kuyambira pamenepo kupita ku likulu la imperialist, monga zikuwonekera makamaka ku South Africa yamasiku ano (Bond 2006a, Bond 2006b).
Chachiwiri ndikupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko yokulirapo ya neoliberalism yapadziko lonse lapansi, kuti athe kukulitsa mwayi wamsika. Izi zimachitika pomwe maulamuliro ambiri ang'onoang'ono ali okonda ndalama zothandizira magalimoto akuluakulu oyendetsera chuma padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mabungwe a Bretton Woods ndi World Trade Organisation. Pazifukwa zongolankhula maunduna akunja, zamalonda ngakhalenso azachuma a mayiko akunja, zamalonda ngakhalenso zandalama zitha kukhala zosasangalatsa zaulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pankhani ya BRICS mu 2013-14, atha kuyambitsanso njira zatsopano zamayiko osiyanasiyana ndi cholinga chofuna kutsutsa mphamvu. . Koma kuyimirira ndi IMF ngakhale panthawi yamavuto - mwachitsanzo. Kukonzanso kwa bungweli mu 2009 ndi 2012 kunachitika ndi chithandizo chodziwika bwino cha BRICS ($ 75 biliyoni mu chithandizo chogwirizana pamapeto pake) - zikuwonetsa gawo lonse lomwe maboma ang'onoang'ono amachita: kupatsa mafuta, kuvomereza ndi kukulitsa chuma chandale zandale mozama m'madera awo.
Zomwezo zakhalanso chimodzimodzi pazovuta zazikulu zaulamuliro wapadziko lonse wanthawi yayitali, kasamalidwe kanyengo, pomwe BRICS (popanda Russia) idakhala ngati ogwirizana nawo munjira ya Washington ya 'Copenhagen Accord' mu 2009, popewa kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya komanso kulimbikitsa kupitilira apo. Kupititsa patsogolo ndalama zanyengo pogwiritsa ntchito malonda a carbon (Bond 2012; Böhm, Misoczky and Moog 2012). (Pambuyo pake, dziko la Russia linalimbikitsa ntchitoyi pokweza kwambiri mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya wake womwe umatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kenako kukana zomwe Kyoto Protocol idalonjeza ndikuchoka ku mgwirizano waukulu wanyengo.) Ntchitoyi yolimbikitsa kusayendetsedwa bwino kwachuma ndi chilengedwe nthawi zambiri imapindulitsa mabungwe okhazikika m'nyumba. -maiko a Imperial, komanso ndi chizindikiro cha mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano ndi mapulojekiti a imperialist a mabungwe akuluakulu a mayiko ndi mayiko.
Chitsanzo china cha komwe izi sizinali zothandiza kokha koma zofunikira chinali bungwe la World Trade Organisation, lomwe m'mbuyomu maiko angapo a BRICS adafuna kukonzanso msonkhano wa nduna ku Hong Kong wa 2005. Kukula kwamabizinesi aulere komanso kudziteteza kopitilira muyeso kumakonda kusakanikirana kosakhazikika m'maboma ang'onoang'ono, koma zochitika zotsutsana ndi BRICS mu WTO zachitika bwino mundondomeko yayikulu ya neoliberalism. Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa oyang'anira bungwe la "World World is not for sale" (James 2013), kukwezedwa kwa kazembe waku Brazil ku WTO mchaka cha 2013 - Roberto Azevêdo - kukhala director-General wa bungweli kunali kufooketsa kukana. Kumwera kwa 'G-110' bloc.
Kuthetsedwa kwa 2013 kwa European-South African Bilateral Investment Treaties ndi nduna ya zamalonda ku SA Rob Davies idawonedwa ngati nkhani yolimbikitsa kuyimilira kumayiko akumadzulo, koma kupatula zomwe zidatsimikizira lamuloli, komanso zidatsimikiziranso kuti Pretoria ikuteteza ulamuliro wachigawo motsutsana. EU ilowa m'malo ake akunja, Southern African Customs Union. Pamapeto a tsikulo, mu Disembala 2013, Azevêdo adatha kukonza mgwirizano wautumiki wa WTO womwe unabwezeretsa bungweli - zomwe zidachitika bwino chifukwa chakulephera kwa omwe adamutsogolera, Pascal Lamy yemwe adachokera ku (ndikuthandizira) European Union panthawi yomwe idalephera kale.
Munthawi imeneyi, zomwe zingawonekere pakulumikizana kwa osankhika a sub-imperialist, monga tawonera mu BRICS bloc mu nthawi yake yoyamba yopangidwa, 2008-14, ndi ndondomeko yomwe imatsimikizira mwadongosolo machitidwe ankhanza kwambiri mkati mwa madera awo.
Monga momwe zojambula zandale za ku Africa ku Berlin pamsonkhano wa 1884-85 wochititsidwa ndi Bismarck zidayika malire opindulitsa kwambiri mabizinesi opangira migodi - nyumba zamigodi ndi minda komanso makampani omanga okhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama ku England, France, Portugal, Belgium ndi Germany - BRICS zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira atsamunda ndi neo-colonial. Kuzindikiritsa ntchito zamadoko, mlatho, misewu, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zina mwachithunzi chomwechi, msonkhano wa BRICS 2013 ku Durban unali ndi cholinga chokweza chuma cha kontinenti, chosalemedwa - monganso kale - ndi zomwe zinganyozedwe ngati 'Western' nkhawa demokalase ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi atsogoleri amayiko aku Africa opitilira khumi ndi awiri omwe alipo ngati ogwirizana. The New Partnership for Economic Development and African Peer Review Mechanism nthawi zambiri ankaganiziridwa kuti amagwira ntchito ngati njira za apolisi apakhomo ku Africa pazitukuko zotere, koma zinali zosagwira ntchito (Bond 2005, 2009).
Komabe, ndizofunikanso kuvomereza kuti mitundu ya BRICS sub-imperialism ndi yosiyana-siyana, monga momwe Moyo ndi Yeros (2011,19) amanenera, 'Ena amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe achinsinsi omwe ali ndi chithandizo champhamvu cha boma (Brazil, India); zina, monga China, zikuphatikiza kutengapo gawo mwachindunji kwa mabizinesi aboma; pamene ku South Africa, zikuchulukirachulukira kuti ndizovuta kunena za bourgeoisie wapakhomo wodzilamulira, poganizira kuchuluka kwa kuchotsera chuma chake m'nthawi ya pambuyo pa tsankho. Mlingo wa kutengamo mbali m’ntchito yankhondo ya Kumadzulo ngwosiyananso ndi chochitika china kupita ku china ngakhale kuti, wina anganene kuti, pali schizophrenia ku zonsezi, zofanana ndi za sub-imperialism.’
Nthawi yaposachedwa yayambitsa mkangano wopindulitsa pa lingaliro la sub-imperialism komanso za kusintha kuchokera ku sub- to inter-imperialism, ndipo mwinanso tsiku limodzi kupita ku anti-imperialism. Komabe, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupangitsa kuti mtsutsowu ukhale weniweni, osati kungolimbana ndi mawu olankhula pakati pa aluntha opanda mphamvu amanzere, ndi njira yosiyana kotheratu, yosadalira zolankhula zochokera kumwamba, koma zenizeni kuchokera pansi. Zowona kuchokera pansi zikuchulukirachulukira m'maulamuliro akuluakulu a sub-imperialist omwe akufuna mgwirizano, BRICS.
M'gawo lililonse, nkhondo zingapo zamagulu, zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe komanso zandale zayamba kuchitika, zomwe zidachitika ndi zochitika zachilendo zomwe zidadabwitsa ambiri olemba ndemanga, zidakhala zofunika kwambiri mdziko: kukwera kwamitengo yamayendedwe apagulu komanso kuchulukitsitsa komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuchititsa World Cup pakati- 2013 (Brazil); gulu la demokalase kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2011, nkhondo yaufulu wofotokozera yomwe ikukhudza gulu la rock rock mu 2012, ufulu wa gay mu 2013 ndi ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo mu 2014 (Russia); kugwiriridwa kodziwika kwambiri kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2012 komanso kudabwitsa kwa zisankho zatauni zomwe zidachitika ndi chipani chamanzere chakumanzere kumapeto kwa 2013 (India); chiwopsezo chopitilirabe chotsutsana ndi kusamuka kumidzi, zachilengedwe, zotsutsana ndi katangale ndi ziwonetsero zantchito zomwe zimaposa 200,000 pachaka (China); ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito mumigodi pakati pa chaka cha 2012 pakati pa zipolowe za anthu osauka zotsutsana ndi kusowa - kapena kukwera mtengo - kwa ntchito zamatauni (South Africa).
Kulimbana konseku ndi kopupuluma komanso kosatheka kuneneratu, koma kulimbana kozama kwambiri kwa magulu olimbana ndi kudyedwa kopitilira muyeso, kuwononga chilengedwe ndi neoliberalism zikuchulukirachulukira patsamba lililonse. Chovuta cha otsutsa a 'brics-kuchokera-pansi' ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa mayiko mwamsanga momwe angathere, chifukwa zokonda zawo ndi kusanthula kampeni, njira, machenjerero ndi mgwirizano zili ndi mfundo zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana - wina ndi mzake komanso ndi mphamvu zopita patsogolo za dziko. Pokhapokha pamene polojekiti yeniyeni yotsutsana ndi imperialism idzatheka, mwachitsanzo, pamene otsutsa-sub-imperialists a dziko lapansi adzagwirizananso.
Patrick Bond ndi katswiri wa zachuma, wolemba, mkonzi ndi mphunzitsi pa yunivesite ya KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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