Mphekesera zatsopano zachitukuko zinayamba kuyenda patangotha mwezi wa February chikalata cha Strategy chazaka khumi cha World Bank, "Africa's Future and World Bank's Support to It". M'miyezi itatu yokha, tsunami yaying'ono ya Afro optimism idalowa: International Monetary Fund's Regional Economic Outlook for SubSaharan Africa, Economic Commission on Africa's exbeat study, African World Economic Forum's Competitiveness Report, ndi African Development Bank "gulu lapakati" latsopano (lotanthauziridwa mwaluso kuti liphatikizepo 20% ya anthu aku Africa omwe ndalama zawo ndi $2-4/tsiku).
Ataledzera ndi zolankhula zawo za neoliberal, mabungwe omwe ali ndi mayiko ambiri akucheperachepera pakukula kwabwino kwambiri kwa kontinentiyo ndi chiyembekezo chotumiza kunja, ndikuchepetsa kuponderezana komwe amakhudzidwa: ubale wakatangale, kusokonekera kwachuma, kuipiraipira kwa Zotembereredwa, kulanda malo ndi ziwopsezo za chisokonezo ndi matenda.
Izi zangotchulidwa podutsa mu Africa Strategy ya Bank's Africa - yomwe ili yodzaza ndi mathirakiti otsitsimula atsopanowa - koma kuwerengera moona mtima, moona mtima ntchito ya wolemba sikutheka, ngakhale bungwe la Independent Evaluation Group litapereka lipoti lowopsa komaliza. . Khama limenelo, la 2005 Africa Action Plan (AAP), lidalumikizidwa ndi Msonkhano waukulu wa G-8 wopereka malonjezano ochepa ku Gleneagles.
Banki ikuvomereza kuti AAP inali "ntchito yopita pansi, yokonzedwa munthawi yochepa popanda kukambirana pang'ono ndi makasitomala ndi okhudzidwa", komanso kuti "ntchito za banki m'chigawochi" zinalibe. Banki ikuvomereza kuti, "Anthu omwe adayenera kutsata ndondomekoyi sanagwirizane nawo, ndipo nthawi zina sankadziwa za AAP."
Olamulira ankhanza ndi a demokalase
Ngakhale mu 2021 zidzanenedwanso chimodzimodzi pa Njira imeneyi, Banki imati mankhwala ake ndi “kukambilana pamasom’pamaso ndi anthu oposa 1,000 m’maiko 36.” Komabe, monga mawu ochokera kwa omwe adapezekapo akutsimikizira, Banki ikhoza kubwerezanso ma banal pablum okhawo.
Komanso Strategy imalimbikitsa mgwirizano watsopano (monga ndi Gates Foundation). Pali kuvomereza mwachangu kwa mabungwe awiri otukuka, Africa Capacity Building Foundation (Harare) ndi African Economic Research Consortium (Nairobi) omwe pamodzi aphunzitsa anthu 3000 a neoliberal, Bank itero monyadira.
Chochititsa manyazi, Bankiyi idayima mwachangu kuti ivomereze mabungwe atatu akukontinenti: African Union (AU), New Partnership for Africa's Development (yokhazikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti wakale wa SA Thabo Mbeki mu 2001) ndi African Peer Review Mechanism (2003). Aŵiri omalizirawo nthaŵi zambiri amanenedwa kukhala olephera kwenikweni.
Ponena za akale, panali chiyembekezo chachikulu choti AU iyankha zofuna za Africa pazandale komanso pazachuma, koma sikuti Muammar Gaddafi adagwira mwamphamvu ngati Purezidenti wa AU komanso gwero lothandizira kwambiri.
Horace Campbell adawonetsa zotsutsana zina za utsogoleri mu Pambazuka News mu Marichi: "Kuti atsogoleri apano aku Africa atha kuthandizira kukwezedwa kwa Teodoro Obiang Nguema kukhala wapampando wa bungweli adanenanso kuti ambiri mwa atsogoleriwa monga Denis Sassou-Nguesso. Republic of Congo, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan Omar Guelleh wa ku Djibouti, ndi Yahya Jammeh wa ku Gambia sali otsimikiza za kumasulira zilembo za Constitutive Act kukhala zenizeni.”
Olamulira amtunduwu ndi omwe amatsata ndondomeko ya Banki. Palibe kukambirana zabodza ndi anthu otukuka komwe kungabise kuchuluka kwa Ngongole Zosasangalatsa ku mabungwe aku Africa mothandizidwa ndi Banki, IMF ndi obwereketsa ogwirizana nawo.
Komabe amunawa sali olimba monga momwe Bank imaganizira, popanganso mapu a upangiri wamayiko omwe akuwoneka kuti ali ndi "zofooka" zamayiko "otsika", makamaka kuphatikiza Tunisia ndi Libya - monga momwe nkhanza zakale zidagwa ndipo omalizawo adapandukira. .
Mosiyana ndi izi, Africa Strategy sinena chilichonse za demokalase yovuta, yosagwirizana ndi anthu omwe amatsutsana ndi olamulira ankhanza a Banki. Mkonzi wa Pambazuka, Firoze Manji, anati: “Mkwiyo wawo ukuonekera pa kudzutsidwa kwatsopano kumene taona ku Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Côte d’Ivoire, Algeria, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Djibouti, Botswana, Uganda. , Swaziland, ndi South Africa. Kuzuka ooku ncintu cimwi mucikozyanyo cabantu baku Afulika kwakali kukonzya kuzuzikizya mbaakani zyesu, kubikkila maano kuzintu nzyotucita, kubikkilizya abukkale bwesu, alimwi akulwana nzila zyotatwe zikonzya kutugwasya.”
Zomangamanga zosamveka za ku Africa
Banki ipitiliza kuyimilira popereka ndalama kwa opondereza, kusiya Africa Strategy ndi fanizo losamveka bwino, lokhazikika: "Njirayi ili ndi zipilala ziwiri - kupikisana ndi ntchito, komanso kusatetezeka ndi kulimba mtima - komanso maziko - ulamuliro ndi anthu - luso la gawo."
Kupatula zolankhula zaulamuliro wachinyengo, mzati woyamba umagwa chifukwa kupikisana kwakukulu nthawi zambiri kumafuna makina otengera kunja kuti alowe m'malo mwa ogwira ntchito (motero chiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa ntchito ku South Africa chinawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri kudzera mukusintha kwachuma pambuyo pa tsankho). Ndipo upangiri wa Banki ku mayiko onse aku Africa kuti achite zomwezo - kutumiza kunja! - kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mchere kapena mbewu zandalama, monga zomwe zidachitika kuyambira 1973 mpaka kuchuluka kwa zinthu za 2002-08.
Bank Strategy ikuyang’anizananso ndi “zoopsa zazikulu zitatu: kuthekera kwakuti chuma cha padziko lonse chidzakhala chosasunthika; mikangano ndi ziwawa za ndale; komanso zinthu zomwe zilipo kuti agwiritse ntchito njirayo zingakhale zosakwanira.”
Izi sizowopsa chabe koma zotsimikizika, poganizira kuti oyang'anira zachuma padziko lonse adasiya osathetsa mavuto onse omwe adayambitsa kugwa kwa 2008-09; kuti mikangano yokhudzana ndi zothandizira idzawonjezeka pamene kusowa kumawonekera (mafuta makamaka monga momwe Gulf of Guinea ikusonyezera); komanso kuti opereka ndalama azidula ndalama zothandizira zaka zikubwerazi. Komabe, ngakhale Banki imasungabe "chikhulupiriro china kuti zoopsazi zitha kuchepetsedwa", nthawi zonse Njira yake imakulitsa.
Ndizodzikonda - koma sizothandiza ku Africa - kuti Banki ipititse patsogolo kutumiza kunja kuchokera kumayiko aku Africa omwe ali kale ndi vuto lodalira kwambiri katundu. Pazachuma, Strategy ndi yosatheka, bwanji ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya omwe akuphwanyidwa ndikulephera, Japan ikugwedezeka, US mwina ikulowa m'mavuto a zachuma, ndipo China ndi India akupikisana ndi nyumba za migodi za Kumadzulo ndi makampani opanga bio-engineering kuti apeze chuma cha ku Africa ndi kulanda malo. . Palibe kwina kulikonse kumene kungapezeke chifuno chenicheni chothandizira Afirika kupanga mafakitale m’njira yolinganizika.
Bankiyi inanena mopanda pake kuti: “Ngakhale kuti Africa, pokhala gawo laling’ono kwambiri la chuma cha padziko lonse, silingachite zambiri kupeŵa ngozi yoteroyo, njira imene ilipo tsopano yakonzedwa kuti ithandize maiko a mu Afirika kuthana ndi vuto limeneli kuposa kale.” Koma izi si "zochitika" komanso "zadzidzidzi": ndizomwe zimayambira pazachuma chakumpoto-kumwera komwe Africa iyenera kufunafuna chitetezo.
Neoliberalism, umphawi ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe
Chitsanzo chodetsa nkhawa ndi kuvomereza kwa Banki za malonda odula maluwa ku Kenya ngakhale kuti madzi akuchulukirachulukira, kusasinthika kwamitengo ya zinthu komanso kusakwanira kwa msonkho wa kaboni. Komabe, "pakati pa 1995 ndi 2002, malonda odulidwa a maluwa ku Kenya adakula ndi 300 peresenti" - pamene alimi apafupi anali ndi kusowa kwa madzi, vuto lomwe silingatchulidwe m'nkhani zabodza za Banki.
Kodi kusunga madzi ndi mphamvu zimachokera kuti? Kukwezeleza mabanki kwa ma megadam (monga Bujagali ku Uganda kapena Inga ku DRC) kunyalanyaza kulephera kwa anthu osauka kulipira magetsi opangira magetsi, osatchulanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wokhudzana ndi nyengo, nthaka kapena mpweya wa methane wotentha.
Kusalankhula kwina kukuwulula, monga momwe Banki idaulula kale kuti: "Kuyang'ana kwambiri paumoyo kunapangitsa kunyalanyaza zinthu zina monga madzi ndi ukhondo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ana akhale ndi moyo." Chifukwa chomwe madzi adapeza ndalama zochepa kutsatira lipoti la Jeffrey Sachs lodziwika bwino la World Health Organisation mu 2001 linali gawo lina lomwe akatswiri ake sanawone bwino chifukwa chomwe $ 130 biliyoni pakubowola ndikuyika ndalama zapaipi zidalephereka mzaka za m'ma 1980-90s: thandizo losakwanira kuphimba zoperewera zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza.
Kusowa kwa thandizo la zomangamanga ndi vuto lomwe likupitilira, mwa zina chifukwa "lonjezo la G-8 lothandizira kuwirikiza kawiri ku Africa lachepa pafupifupi $20 biliyoni." Chifukwa chake, "ndondomeko yomwe ilipo ikugogomezera mgwirizano - ndi maboma aku Africa, mabungwe oyimira pawokha ndi mabungwe ena achitukuko," ngakhale kuti Public-Private Partnerships simagwira ntchito kawirikawiri. Njira zambiri zamadzi za ku Africa zawonongeka.
South Africa yakhala ndi zoyeserera zambiri zomwe zalephera, m'gawo lililonse. Ngongole yaposachedwa ya Banki ku Pretoria, ya $3.75 biliyoni (ngongole yake yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kale lonse) ndiyomwe ikutsutsa zonena za Strategy kuti "pulogalamu ya Banki ku Africa idzagogomezera zomangamanga zokhazikika. Njirayi imaposa kungotsatira malamulo oteteza chilengedwe. Ikufuna kuthandiza mayiko kukhala ndi njira zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimasankha kusakaniza koyenera kwa zinthu, matekinoloje ndi malo kuti alimbikitse zomangamanga komanso chilengedwe. ”
Ngongoleyi idapangitsanso kusalinganika kwamitengo yamagetsi komanso kuvomerezeka kwa ma tender omanga a African National Congress. Izi zidadzudzula boma ndi ofufuza ake komanso Bank ndi nyuzipepala ya ku Johannesburg ya Business Day, yomwe nthawi zambiri imathandizana nayo.
Ogwira ntchito ku South Africa angatsutsenso lingaliro la Banki: "Kuwongolera ntchito (ku South Africa, mwachitsanzo) nthawi zambiri kumakakamiza mabizinesi ... msika wa antchito udzawonjezera ntchito. "
Malingaliro awa, omwe amanenedwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi katswiri wamkulu wa zachuma ku Africa, Shanta Devarajan, akutsutsidwa osati kokha ndi ntchito 1.3 miliyoni zomwe zidatayika mu 2009-10 komanso ndi kusanthula kwa kafukufuku wa Seputembala 2010 International Monetary Fund Article IV, yomwe imayika SA pafupi kwambiri. kusanja kusinthasintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kutsata US, Britain ndi Canada okha.
Palinso ziphunzitso zina zachikalekale, mwachitsanzo, "Ndalama zazing'ono, pamene zikukula, zili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Africa." Banki ikuwoneka kuti idaphonya vuto lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi lomwe likufanizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa Muhammad Yunus ngati wamkulu wa Grameen (monga momwe Strategy idatulutsidwa), mikangano yambiri yokhudzana ndi chiwongola dzanja, kapena kudzipha kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono 200,000 ku Andra Pradesh, India m'zaka zaposachedwa. ku katundu wosapiririka wa microdebt.
Banki imavomerezanso mafoni am'manja, omwe amati "amakhala chuma chamtengo wapatali kwa osauka. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwaukadaulo kumeneku - makamaka chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kabwino komanso kasamalidwe ka bizinesi - kumatsegula mwayi woti zitha kukhala njira yosinthira miyoyo ya anthu osauka. " Banki amaiwala mavuto ambiri omwe amakumana nawo m'misika yam'manja yam'manja, kuphatikiza umwini ndi kuwongolera kwamakampani akunja.
Ndipo ponena za chimene chilidi “chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri ku Africa chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwake, kusintha kwanyengo kungakhalenso mwayi. Kukonzekera kudzayenera kuthana ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka madzi, kuphatikizapo zosowa zaposachedwa komanso zamtsogolo zosungirako, ndikuwongolera njira zothirira komanso kupanga mbewu zabwino. ” Zowopsa kwa anthu wamba komanso kwa oyang'anira matauni omwe akuyembekezeka kukwera kwa digiri 7 komanso kusefukira kwamadzi / chilala sizimawonedwa, ndipo mwayi wowona bwino kwambiri ku Africa komwe umakhala ndi mpweya umanyalanyazidwa, monga kufunikira kwa Kumpoto (kuphatikiza Banki Yadziko Lonse) kulipira ngongole yake yayikulu yanyengo ku Africa.
"Kugwirizana kwa Africa"?
Poyerekeza ndi ndalama zamabanki zamapulojekiti akuluakulu amisala monga $3.75 biliyoni yomwe idabwerekedwa ku South Africa kuti amange fakitale yachinayi yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi yowotchedwa ndi malasha mu Epulo watha, palibe zambiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo pazantchito za Strategy: $2.5 biliyoni/chaka pazaka khumizi- dongosolo lalitali.
Komabe, Africa Strategy hubris ndi yowopsa osati kungopatuka kuchokera ku zenizeni mwachiwonekere, komanso pofunafuna njira yochokera ku Bank Strategy kupita ku "mgwirizano waku Africa." Banki ikudzipereka "kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi AU, G-20 ndi mabungwe ena kuti athandizire kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo za Africa pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga malamulo a zachuma padziko lonse ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, chifukwa kulankhula ndi liwu limodzi kumakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri. ”
Kodi Africa ikufunika liwu lokhalo la neoliberal lomwe likunena "kuvomerezana", kuyankhula kuchokera ku mizati yosasunthika yomwe ili pamwamba pa maziko ophwanyika potengera malo onama ndi njira zowonongeka, kuyesa mapulojekiti osatheka, ogwirizana ndi ankhanza osachiritsika, osagonjetsedwa ndi zofuna za demokarasi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu? Ngati ndi choncho, Banki ili ndi Njira yomwe ikuchitika kale.
Ndipo ngati zonse zikuyenda bwino ndi momwe zinthu zilili, maulosi a Strategy a 2021 akuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa umphawi ndi 12 peresenti ndi mayiko osachepera asanu omwe akulowa m'magulu a chuma chapakati (osankhidwa ndi Ghana, Mauritania, Comoros, Nigeria, Kenya. ndi Zambia).
Kuthekera, komabe, kukuipiraipirabe chitukuko chosagwirizana komanso kusafunikira kwa Banki pomwe anthu aku Africa akupitiliza molimba mtima kutsutsa uliberalism ndi upondereza, pofunafuna ndale zaufulu komanso kumasulidwa kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe.
Patrick Bond amatsogolera Center for Civil Society ya University of KwaZulu-Natal ku Durban: http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za