Kodi mbali yakumanzere yakumanzere mu mzinda womwe mwapatsidwa ikuyenera kukhala yokhwima bwanji komanso yolumikizana isanakhazikitse ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko?
Ngati mayendedwe ku Seattle, Washington, Quebec City, Genoa, Barcelona ndi malo ena ambiri akumpoto adayankha ndikuyankha bwino funsoli, ndipo ngati Porto Alegre's World Social Forum idapereka yankho la "imodzi ayi, yeses yambiri!", yatenganso. Anthu a ku South Africa kuyambira pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa ku Durban Wolimbana ndi Kusalana Mafuko mu Ogasiti watha.
Kuno ku Johannesburg, pali kufulumira kowonjezereka mโmilungu inayi isanachitike Msonkhano wa Padziko Lonse wa Chitukuko Chokhazikika (WSSD), kapena โRio+10โ, womwe udzachitikira mโdera la Haute-bourgeois la Sandton kuyambira 26 August-4 September.
Komabe, vuto lalikulu lochokera ku Durban lidakalipo: kugawanikana pakati pa mabungwe omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri komanso magulu ankhondo omwe amakwiya kwambiri ndi boma la African National Congress (ANC) kuwayika patsogolo pa ziwonetsero. Kuyesera kuyanjanitsa pakati pa mwezi wa July, kupyolera mu bungwe la South African Social Forum lomwe likukonzedwa ndi SA NGO Coalition (Sangoco), linalephera makamaka chifukwa cha nthawi yosakwanira yogwirizanitsa mgwirizano.
Izi zimasiya magulu awiri akuluakulu:
* "Global Civil Society Forum" ya migwirizano, mipingo, Sangoco ndi gulu la anthu omwe kale anali owopsa m'tauni (okhala) (ulalo wa webusayiti: http://www.johannesburgsummit.org); ndi
* "Social Movement Indaba" yomwe imasonkhanitsa pamodzi Jubilee South Africa, AntiPrivatisation Forum ya magulu a anthu akuluakulu a m'madera a Johannesburg ndi ogwirizana nawo m'mizinda ina, National Landless Peoples Movement ndi magulu ena olimbikitsa anthu akumidzi, Environmental Justice Networking Forum, First Mitundu ya anthu, Limpopo Province Movement for Delivery, Indymedia South Africa, ndi magulu osiyanasiyana omwe poyamba adagwira nawo gawo lomwe limadziwika kuti UN Civil Society Indaba hosting committee (webusayiti ikubwera: http://www.globalindaba.org ).
Kugawikana koipitsitsa kwabuka kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990 pazovuta zokhala ndi boma lomwe likuchita nawo komanso Purezidenti Thabo Mbeki makamaka. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1995, Congress of SA Trade Unions (Cosatu) idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe chipani cha ANC chinkatenga pambuyo pa miyezi 18 ikulamulira, kutsatira zisankho zoyamba za demokalase mu Epulo 1994. za ntchito ndi kukweza mitengo kwa ogula osauka, zinakhala chifukwa choyambirira komanso chosalekeza cha mikangano ya mayiko ndi mawu ovuta mkati mwa Mgwirizano wa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ANC-Cosatu-SA.
Pofika mu Ogasiti 2001, kukhumudwa kudakulirakulira m'bungwe la ogwira ntchito mpaka pomwe utsogoleri wa Cosatu udayitanitsa chiwongola dzanja chamasiku awiri, antchito opitilira 10,000 miliyoni - kupitilira kuwirikiza kawiri mamembala ovomerezeka a chitaganya - adamvera pempholi. Nthawiyi inali yofunika, chifukwa kunyanyalaku kunachititsa manyazi chipani cha ANC pa nthawi ya msonkhano wa ku Durban wa tsankho, womwe unachitikira nthumwi zoposa XNUMX zomwe zinkafuna kukhulupirira kuti dziko la South Africa lamasulidwadi.
Komabe, kusonyeza kusakhazikika kwa ndale za Alliance, Cosatu sinagonjetsedwe koma nthawi yomweyo inavomera kukhala ndi maulendo ogwirizana (anthu pafupifupi 7,000) otsutsa kusankhana mitundu pamodzi ndi a ANC ku Durban ndi chipani cha Communist Party. Tsiku lapitalo linali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri za zigawenga zotsutsana ndi utsogoleri wandale zomwe zidasonkhana pansi pa mbendera ya Durban Social Forum.
Otsutsa pafupifupi 20,000 adagwirizana m'malo mwa ufulu wa Palestine, ufulu wa nthaka, kuchotsedwa kwa ngongole, nyumba za anthu ndi ntchito, kuyitanitsa ukapolo / utsamunda / kubwezera tsankho komanso kufunikira kwa njira ina yotsutsana ndi neoliberalism. Zinthu zinali zaudani kwambiri, ndipo Mbeki kapena mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations a Kofi Annan sanagonje kuvomera mamemoranda omwe anaperekedwa pabwalo la msonkhano ku Durban.
Pamene mikangano idakula ndikuzilala mkati mwa ANC-SACP-Cosatu Tripartite Alliance m'miyezi yotsatira, atsogoleri a Cosatu adalumikizana ndi Sangoco, SA Council of Churches ndi SA National Civic Organisation (Sanco) kuti atenge sekretarieti ya UN ya WSSD. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, gulu la Civil Society Indaba-lidathamangitsidwa mopanda manyazi, chifukwa, malinga ndi Cosatu, za kusayendetsedwa bwino kwachuma (komwe kunawonetsa kuti ndi zabodza) komanso, pandale, kuti "mabungwe a Indaba amapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo kwa ang'onoang'ono. ndi mabungwe omwe siayimilire omwe anali "otsutsa boma".
Mbali inanso idawonekeranso, monga momwe inanenera mu nyuzipepala ya Mail & Guardian: "The New Partnership for Africa Development (Nepad) ikuwoneka ngati yofunika kwambiri pamagawidwe a gawoliโฆ Bungwe la Civil Society Indaba likuyang'ana kumanzere, kudana ndi kufalikira kwa mayiko. Iwo ati pali kusokoneza kwa 'mchimwene wake wamkulu' kuchokera ku boma pa msonkhano watsopano wa South African Civil Society Forum womwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi Cosatu ndi mabungwe ake.
Panthawiyi, mโmiyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira ya 2002, pafupifupi magulu onse a anthu mu Afirika anakana dongosolo la mgwirizano wa Mbeki (onani โNepad, No Thanks, Say African Progressivesโ ya Bond, ZNet Commentary, June 21). Pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa msonkhano wokhumudwitsa wa Mbeki ndi G8 ku Kananaskis, mipingo ina yokhala ndi mipanda ngakhale anzeru ochepa adapitiriza kutsutsa mawonekedwe a Nepad, zomwe zili ndi ndondomeko yake, komabe tsopano avomereza mwaulemu "kuchita" Mbeki ndi atsogoleri ena a ku Africa popempha kuti alembedwenso. .
Komabe, nkoyenera kuneneratu kuti palibe chomwe chingachitike pakufunika kwa "Nepad ndi ogwira ntchito ndi osauka", monga momwe utsogoleri wa chipani cha SA Communist Party adanenera kuti zitha kuchitika pa msonkhano wawo sabata ino (http://www.sacp .org.za). Chipani cha ANC chikhalabe chotsutsana ndi SACP ndi mosemphanitsa, monga momwe nthumwizo zidakanira chisankho cha nduna yovomerezeka ya Jeff Radebe ndi mnzake wamkulu wa Mbeki wa SACP, nduna Essop Pahad, pomwe awiriwa adafuna kuti asankhidwenso mu komiti yayikulu.
Kukulitsa mikangano kunali ganizo la Mbeki loletsa kulankhula kwake kotsegulira msonkhano wa SACP, komanso chiwembu choyipa chomwe adayambitsa wachiwiri kwa mtsogoleri wa SACP Jeremy Cronin ndi wothandizira wamkulu wa Mbeki ANC, Smuts Ngonyama. Kumenyedwa kwa Ngonyama kudachititsidwa ndi malipoti sabata yatha okhudza tsamba lomwe lakhala la miyezi ingapo lomwe linasindikizidwa pomwe Cronin adavomera kuchepetsedwa mwadongosolo kwa gulu lamanzere mkati mwa ANC (http://www.comms.dcu.ie/sheehanh/sheehan.htm ).
Pofuna kuwonjezera mafuta pamoto, chionetsero china cha masiku awiri chidayitanidwa sabata yatha ndi Cosatu pa Okutobala 1-2, pazifukwa, monga mlembi wamkulu Zwelinzima Vavi adanenera, kuti "Kukhazikitsira ntchito zachinsinsi kwapitilirabe. Kupha kwa anthu otayika kwa ntchito kwakula ngakhale kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akutsutsa kuukira kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kuyambira 1999โ (http://www.cosatu.org.za).
Kuyimitsa kwa Cosatu kudana ndi privatisation chaka chino-potsatira zokambirana za intra-Alliance-sikunapezepo gulu la ogwira ntchito, Vavi adavomereza, ndipo nthawi yakwana yoti muyambirenso kutentha mumsewu.
Mamembala a Cosatu mu SA Municipal Workers Union ya anthu 120,000 nawonso adachita sitalaka ya milungu itatu kumayambiriro kwa mwezi uno (http://www.samwu.org.za). Mizinda ikuluikulu idadzala ndi zinyalala, zomwe zidachititsa manyazi Mbeki pomwe adachita nawo mkangano ku Durban kukhazikitsidwa kwa African Union koyambirira kwa Julayi-malo omwe akuluakulu aboma aku Africa Gaddafi (Libya), Mugabe (Zimbabwe) ndi Mwanawasa (Zambia). ) adasokoneza kwambiri za kumadzulo kwa Nepad komwe kunali kumadzulo, koma pomwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe akuchita ziwonetsero panja adaganiza kuti alibe anzako kapena anzawo.
Mogwirizana kwambiri ndi Cosatu, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) yachita ntchito yolimbikitsa kwambiri kuti mankhwala a Aids apezeke kwa anthu 5 miliyoni a ku South Africa omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ngakhale ngati chitsenderezo sichinapambane pakugwetsa mfundo zotsutsa Aids ku Pretoria, zophera anthu.
Ngakhale kupambana kwa TAC pamlandu wa khothi la malamulo kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa July kukakamiza Mbeki kuti apereke mankhwala a nevirapine kwa amayi oyembekezera omwe ali ndi HIV+ ndi opulumuka kugwiriridwa, ntchito yofalitsa nkhaniyo ikuchedwa ndipo ikukhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa boma. Nduna ya zaumoyo Manto Tshabalala-Msimang adanenedwa pamsonkhano waposachedwapa wa Barcelona Aids akutcha nevirapine "poizoni", ndipo adabera thandizo ku chigawo cha KwaZulu-Natal kuchokera ku UN-administered Global Fund sabata yatha kuti akhazikitse ndalama pakati pa mapulogalamu omwe tsindikani chithandizo.
Misonkhano yochititsa chidwi ya anthu wamba ku Soweto, ma townships a Cape Town ndi malo ena ambiri akuphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa ntchito mosaloledwa ndi lamulo komanso kukana kuthamangitsidwa chifukwa cha umphawi (onani, mwachitsanzo, http://www.antieviction.org.za, http://www.queensu. ca/msp makamaka buku latsopano lanzeru la Ashwin Desai, *We are the Poor,* http://www.monthlyreview.org).
Tsiku la zionetsero zapadziko lonse pa akazembe a SA pa Ogasiti 15 lidzagwirizana ndi mlandu wofunikira wa Trevor Ngwane ndi ena 86 omenyera nkhondo a Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee (lankhulani ndi Ranja pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa] kupereka mgwirizano).
Mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi kampeni zawonekeranso pazovuta zina. Bungwe la Jubilee lidayika ngongole ya tsankho pamwambo ndipo itsutsa ngongole yoyipa ya Pretoria mwezi watha ku Democratic Republic of the Congo kuti ichotse ngongole za IMF kuyambira masiku a Mobuto.
Magulu a mipingo yopita patsogolo ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma apanga migwirizano yolimbikitsa anthu kufuna thandizo la ndalama zonse za Basic Income Grant (za $10/mwezi); kuletsa zakudya zosinthidwa chibadwa; kuthetsedwa kwa malonda a zida zankhondo okwana madola 6 biliyoni; ndi kubwezeredwa kwa phindu la nthawi ya tsankho. Kumbali yomaliza, mlandu wotsutsana ndi makampani aku US ndi Europe ndi mabanki omwe adaperekedwa mwezi watha ndi imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zikuchitika kuti anthu adziwe za mbiri yakale yakusalungama. Moyenera, likulu latsopano la ku Africa la wopereka ndalama za tsankho la Citibank likuyimira pafupi ndi malo a msonkhano a Sandton omwe ali ndi WSSD (pazifukwa zopanda malire zothamangira ku Citibank, onani http://www.ran.org).
The Landless Movement nthawi ndi nthawi imayenda ndikukhala pamtunda. Bungwe la Environmental Justice Networking Forum limaphatikizapo kampeni yolimba ya anthu ammudzi komanso chitukuko cha nkhani zapadziko lonse pazovuta kuyambira mafuta otsogolera mpaka kutentha kwa dziko. Ophunzira nthawi zonse amatsutsa kuchotsedwa m'mayunivesite chifukwa chokhoza kukwanitsa, ndipo posachedwapa adalowa nawo mabungwe ena asanu ndi atatu - kuphatikizapo NGOs ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'gawo la maphunziro - kulimbikitsa zofuna za maphunziro aulere kwa onse, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a Adult Basic Education.
Kutsitsimuka kwa gulu lomenyera ufulu wachikazi kunachedwa kale, koma ufulu wa amayi ukupita patsogolo chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi anthu ofunika kwambiri.
Tiyenera kuvomereza, ndithudi, kuti mgwirizano pakati pa omwe akulimbana ndi neoliberalism, utsogoleri wa abambo, kusankhana mitundu, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zovuta zina zambiri zidakalipo zaka zingapo, mpaka mabungwe amalonda achoka ku ANC. Pakadali pano, chiyero nthawi zambiri chimawonetsedwa, monga momwe bungwe la Landless Peoples Movement (LPM) lidafotokozera m'mawu odana ndi Cosatu sabata yatha:
โMarch of the Landless pa 31 August, 2002 sidzaphatikiza mabungwe omwe ali mโgulu la Tripartite Alliance omwe mbiri yawo yaulamuliro yawonetsetsa kulephereka kwa kusintha kwa nthaka ku South Africa. The March of the Landless idzatsogozedwa ndi LPM tsiku lomwelo mogwirizana ndi mabungwe ena aboma.
Kugubaku kudzakhala chimaliziro cha Sabata ina ya Opanda Malo yomwe idzachitika mosamalitsa kunja kwa ndondomeko za UN za WSSD. Cholinga cha March of the Landless sichidzakhala kuthandizira Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse pa Chitukuko Chokhazikika, kapena kupanga mafoni osadziwika bwino a 'chitukuko chokhazikika' kudzera mu ndondomeko zosakhazikika monga Nepad kapena Gear.
M'malo mwake, cholinga cha March of the Landless chidzakhala kudzudzula ndondomeko zosakhazikika zomwe zikulimbikitsidwa ndi anthu apamwamba padziko lonse ku Sandton Convention Center; kuyang'ana chidwi cha dziko lonse pa kulephera kwa ndondomeko ya dziko la South Africa ya World Bank ya kukonzanso nthaka; ndi kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za anthu 19-million osauka ndi opanda malo akumidzi aku South Africa ndi 7 miliyoni osauka ndi opanda malo okhala m'tauni ku South Africa. Chofunikira chimenecho ndi: `Malekezero a Umphaลตi: Dziko! Chakudya! Ntchito!'โ
Chifukwa chake mukuwona, zolankhula zochokera ku South Africa Lefts zimakhalabe zolimbikitsa: zolimba monga zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mayendedwe ambiri masiku ano, makamaka m'dziko lolankhula Chingerezi. Koma magawano ndi mikangano - nthawi zina zomveka ndipo nthawi zina zamanyazi - zimakhala zowopsa. Tiye tikuyembekeza kuti izi sizikhala zofooketsa m'masabata akubwera, chifukwa olemekezeka ochokera padziko lonse lapansi kupita kumalo akufunika uthenga wamphamvu kwambiri: kubisa zonse zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ku WSSD zikhala bwino.
(Malo abwino kwambiri owonera zomwe zikuchitika pano, monga kale, ndi http://southafrica.indymedia.org; masamba ena abwino kwambiri amaphatikizapo http://www.aidc.org.za, http://www.earthsummit.biz ndi http://www.und.ac.za/ccs)
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Bond ndi Guliwe amagwira ntchito ku Wits University's Graduate School of Public and Development Management ku Johannesburg. Buku la Bond *Unsustainable South Africa: Environment, Development and Social Protest* likusindikizidwa mwezi wamawa ndi University of Natal Press ndi Merlin Press ya London.