Ku Durban, South Africa, atsogoleri asanu a mayiko adakumana pa Marichi 26-27 2013 ku International Convention Center, kuti atsimikizire Africa yonse kuti mabungwe amayiko awo ali ndi ndalama zabwino kwambiri pazachuma, migodi, mafuta ndi ulimi kuposa momwe mayiko aku Europe amakhalira. Mayiko osiyanasiyana aku US. Msonkhano wa Brazil-Russia-India-China-SA (Brics) umaperekanso mwayi kwa atsogoleri a mayiko 16 ochokera ku Africa, kuphatikizapo olamulira ankhanza. Ndalama yatsopano ya $ 50 biliyoni 'Brics Bank' mwina idzayambitsidwa. Pakhala zokambidwa zambiri zosintha ndalama m'malo mwa dola yaku US.
Nkhani zitatu zapezeka za Brics. Yoyamba ndi yotsatsira ndipo makamaka imachokera ku boma ndi anzeru ogwirizana; kaonedwe kachiwiri ndikudikirira ndikuwona chipiriro; ndipo chachitatu nchovuta kwambiri, kuchokera ku mphamvu zomwe zimakumana monga โbrics-kuchokera-pansi.โ Zonse zingapezeke mโmasamba otsatirawa.
Nkhani yoyamba ikuimiridwa ndi mawu okhudzidwa kwambiri okhudza Brics omwe tapeza ndi wandale aliyense wamba: Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, nduna yakunja yaku South Africa. Pamsonkhano wa 5th Brics Academic Forum pa Marichi 10, adapempha kuti achitepo kanthu mwamphamvu, movutikira, ndipo powerenga 'Malangizo' a msonkhano wa gululo ku Durban University of Technology, mutha kuwona ngati angakhutitsidwe.
Sitikuganiza ayi. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale adzaweruza ngati, ndithudi, Brics 'yapatsa mayiko a mu Africa mphamvu zotha kuthawa m'manja mwa neo-colonial kudalira thandizo lakunja, ndi ndondomeko ndi "malangizo" a mabungwe azachuma olamulidwa ndi azungu' - monga adanenera nduna ya Pretoria. a maphunziro apamwamba a Blade Nzimande pamsonkhano womwewo.
(Akatswiri a mbiri yakale anganene kuti mkangano uwu ndi 'Pretorian' poganiza, ndi mawu omwe afotokozedwa patsamba lina la intaneti motere: 'makhalidwe kapena ofanana ndi asitikali achinyengo omwe ali m'gulu la Alonda a Mfumu yokhudzana ndi ziphuphu kapena ndale; akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma odzaza ndi anthu okonda kutchuka komanso omwe nthawi zambiri amachitira nkhanza amagwira ntchito ndipo amachititsa mavuto.โโ Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.)
Komanso kuchokera ku Pretoria, Human Sciences Research Council idzakhala ndi 'think tank' yanthawi yochepa ya Brics, yotengedwa kuchokera kwa ofufuza pa malo monga SA Institute for International Affairs ku Jan Smuts House (yakale imadziwika kuti Anglo American Corporation braintrust), ndipo tikudandaula kuti ngati Malangizo a Msonkhano wa Maphunziro ndi maziko a chiweruzo mpaka pano, ndiye tanthauzo la Naomi Klein la mtundu uwu wa bungwe likhoza kugwira ntchito pano: โanthu amene amalipidwa kuganiza, ndi anthu amene amapanga akasinja.โ
Monga mukudziwira kale, mkangano pa Brics ukukula kwambiri, monga umboni wa Nkoana-Mashabane akugwiritsa ntchito Fanon's. Woyipa wa Dziko Lapansi kuti atiwukire ife omwe timakayikira Brics, komanso ndi invective yomwe idawululidwa m'nkhani ya Peter Fabricius wa Star nyuzipepala. Amanena za mkangano wa February 28 ku Johannesburg wokhudza wachiwiri kwa nduna yakunja ya SA, director wa ActionAid-South Africa Fatima Shabodien (yemwe zolankhula zake zodzaza ndi mafunso osalunjika zalembedwanso pansipa), ndi inenso - kutsatiridwa ndi yankho langa kwa Fabricius akulemba za chipani cholamula. 'kugulitsa ku mayiko akunja.'
Kachiลตirinso kuchokera kumapeto kwenikweni kwa sipekitiramu, Anna Ochkina wa ku Moscow Institute for Globalization and Social Movement Studies (osati tanki yolingalira ya Klein criterion) akutsutsa kuti pali chabe โmgwirizano wapadziko lonse.โ Komabe, Vladimir Shubin amapereka nyonga yamphamvu. kutsutsana.
Otsutsawo akuwona kuti mgwirizano wa Brics uli wogawikana moyipa bwanji panthawi yofunika kwambiri, ndipo ndithudi ntchito imodzi yaikulu yogwirizanitsa ku Durban pambali pa chilengezo cha Brics Bank, ndi kugwidwa kokayikitsa kwambiri kwa 'Africa gateway' ndi South Africa. Monga ndikuchitira lipoti (mu โKuchokera ku Nepad kupita ku Brics, kulipira kwa SA pa โchipata chopita ku Africaโโ), izi sizingatheke kutha bwino, ngati zochitika zazaka khumi zapitazi ndi zowongolera.
Kupatula apo, monga Tomaso Ferrando amatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane, kulanda malo komwe kukuchitika ndi Brazil, India, China ndi South Africa ndikusintha kodabwitsa, kukumbukira msonkhano wa Berlin wa 'Scramble for Africa' mu 1885, wolanda malo atsamunda. Izi zikusewereranso kudzera mu Bilateral Investment Treaties ndi ziwopsezo zina zamalamulo zochitidwa ndi mamembala ndi mabungwe a Brics. Ozunzidwa ndi anthu wamba ndipo ena amadalira nthaka, madzi ndi zinthu zina, komanso ogula zakudya, monga momwe Obang Metho wa ku Ethiopia akuchitira umboni.
Komanso, ngati mphamvu ya kudzipereka ku moyo wamba wa Africa iyesedwa mwa njira ina ndi momwe mabungwe a Brics athandizira kuphika nyengo - chifukwa cha imfa zosafunikira za 200 miliyoni za ku Africa m'zaka za zana lino chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho, chilala, njala ndi matenda ochuluka kwambiri. zolemetsa (zonyamulidwa makamaka ndi akazi) - ndiye fanizo lachipata limasintha kukhala njira yolowera ku gehena, monga ndikutsutsa m'nkhani ina. Friends of the Earth International ikuwonetsera mgwirizano wamabizinesi ndi kafukufuku wa Vale, wotsatiridwa ndi Bobby Peek akuganizira opambana ndi otayika kuchokera ku mabizinesi a Brics ku Mozambique.
Banki ya Brics ndi malo enanso opikisana nawo, ndipo Carlos Tautz akupereka chenjezo landalama zowopsa kuchokera pamwamba, pomwe Susanne Soederburg akuwunikanso zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chobwereketsa anzawo omwe ali pansipa.
Siziyenera kukhala motere, malinga ndi katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya California Chris Chase-Dunn, amene amakhulupirira kuti Brics si kwenikweni 'sub-imperialist'; kapena Sam Moyo ndi Paris Yeros omwe akufuna kutsitsimutsa njira zosagwirizana; kapena wasayansi wandale waku University of Delhi Achin Vanaik. Amawona ma trajectories ochokera ku semiperiphery ya Brics omwe amatha kuyenda molunjika, ngakhale Vanaik amatsamira pampanda kupita kudera la Brics-sceptic. Liwu linanso lodziwika bwino lomwe likukayikira kuti a Brics atha kuthana ndi gawo lawo la 'chitsiru' ndi wolemba ndemanga wazandale ku Sao Paulo Oliver Stuenkel.
Zolemba zosaka izi zimafuna mtsutso womaliza kuti uthandizire kulongosola bwino, kodi lingaliro ili 'sub-imperialism' ndi chiyani, ndipo lingathe kuyenda kudutsa mlengalenga ndi nthawi kuyambira pomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Brazil pafupifupi zaka XNUMX zapitazo? Kapena a Nkoana-Mashabane akulondola kuti izi ndi nzeru zachikale, zaulesi? Mwasankha.
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Koma ngati mukuganiza za zinthu izi kuchokera 'pansipa' (kapena monga ine, mkati mwa 'brics-from-the-pakati), mudzamvetsetsa kuti mkanganowo ukungoyamba kumene. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, mabungwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo ayenera kuunikanso zomwe akunena, ndondomeko ndi zotsatira za msonkhano wa Brics ndi zotsatira zake. Otsutsa mabungwe apachiweniweni amatchula magulu anayi amavuto mu Brics onse:
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kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, umphawi, kusowa kwa ntchito, matenda, kusakwanira kwa maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, ntchito zofunika ndi nyumba zodula, zopinga pakugwira ntchito, komanso nkhanza zowopsa, makamaka kwa amayi (monga kugwiriridwa kochulukira/ kuphedwa kwa wophunzira wa Delhi Jyoti Singh Pandey December 16 watha, ndi ku South Africa, Anene Booysen pa February 2 ku Bredasdorp, Reeva Steenkamp pa February 14 ku Pretoria, ndi ena osawerengeka);
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kuphwanya ufulu wandale ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga kufalikira kwa nkhanza za apolisi, kuchuluka kwa chitetezo m'madera athu, kugulitsa zida zankhondo ndi zida, zoletsa ziwonetsero, kukwera kwaponderezedwa ndi atolankhani ndi chinsinsi, kutsekeredwa m'ndende ndi kuzunzidwa kwa omenyera ufulu wa anthu, kufooketsa utsogoleri ndi kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kuphana kovomerezeka ndi boma. (kuphatikiza ku Durban komwe gulu lodziwika bwino la apolisi ku Cato Manor linapha anthu opitilira 50 mzaka zaposachedwa);
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Kulamuliridwa kwa zigawo ndi chuma cha Brics, kuphatikizira kukumba zinthu zakunja, ndikulimbikitsa malingaliro a 'Washington Consensus' omwe amachepetsa malo oyendetsera mayiko osauka (mwachitsanzo, mu Brics 2012 zopereka za $ 75 biliyoni ku International Monetary Fund ndi lamulo kuti IMF ikhale 'yoipa kwambiri,' malinga ndi Nduna ya Zachuma ku South Africa Pravin Gordhan, kapena mu chikhumbo cha China, Brazil ndi India kuti atsitsimutse Bungwe la World Trade Organization kuti achulukitse mphamvu zawo zamalonda motsutsana ndi oyandikana nawo omwe alibe mphamvu); ndi
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'kutukuka' kotengera osankhika, ogula, okonda ndalama, owononga zachilengedwe, osakhudzidwa ndi nyengo, njira zogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo phindu lamakampani ndi mabungwe, koma zomwe zimadzetsa mavuto ambiri mu Brics (monga momwe zidachitikira ku Marikana Massacre yomwe idachitika. ndi apolisi m'malo mwa bungwe la Lonmin platinamu mu Ogasiti watha, komanso ku South Durban komwe ndalama zokwana R225 biliyoni ($25 bn) zoperekedwa ndi boma la njovu zoyera pofuna kukulitsa chipwirikiti cha madoko, zonyamula katundu ndi ntchito zamafuta amafuta - komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri - zikukanidwa mwamphamvu. ndi anthu ozunzidwa).
Zosokoneza kwa ena, maulamuliro a Brics amachita izi panthawi imodzimodziyo amalankhula monyanyira, ngakhale nthawi zina zotsutsana ndi ma imperialist, zomwe zimatsagana ndi zochitika zazing'ono zaukazembe. Komabe mgwirizano wa Brics ndi wosagwirizana, monga zikuwonetsedwera mu kusamvana kofooketsa kwa akuluakulu okhudza yemwe angatsogolere IMF ndi World Bank mu 2011-12. Mu UN Security Council, mayiko a Brics amadzifunira okha mphamvu zokulirapo, osati gulu lonse: zopempha mobwerezabwereza za umembala wokhazikika ndi India, Brazil ndi South Africa zimatsutsidwa ndi Russia ndi China.
Ndipo kumbukirani zamanyazi pamene Beijing idauza Nduna ya Zam'kati ku Pretoria (yemwe tsopano ndi wapampando wa African Union) Nkozasana Dlamini-Zuma kuti asapereke visa kwa a Dalai Lama kupita nawo kuphwando la kubadwa kwa Archbishop Tutu mu 80, kapena kupita ku msonkhano wa mgwirizano wa 2011 ku Tibet. Tikuwoneka kuti tataya kudziyimira pawokha kwa malamulo akunja ndi zofuna zaku China.
Pakadali pano, dziko la Africa lagonjetsedwa ndi mabungwe a Brics. Mlingo wa malonda pakati pa Africa ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene - makamaka China - adakwera kuchoka pa 5 mpaka 20 peresenti ya malonda onse kuyambira 1994, pamene tsankho linatha. Zowononga ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakhala, chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za Pretoria, malinga ndi wachiwiri kwa nduna yakunja, Marius Fransman, ndikuti 'South Africa ikupereka njira yopezera ndalama ku kontinenti, ndipo pazaka 10 zikubwera dziko la Africa lidzafuna $480 biliyoni pa chitukuko cha zomangamanga. .'
Kuwonongeka kwa 'Resource Curse' nthawi zambiri kumatsatira maziko otere. Izi ndizowonanso, mwachilengedwe, zikafika pakuwongolera mabizinesi a Brics. Mwachitsanzo, mu Januwale 2013, Pretoria idatumiza asitikali 400 ku Central African Republic panthawi yofuna kulanda boma chifukwa 'Tili ndi chuma kumeneko chomwe chikufunika chitetezo,' malinga ndi wachiwiri kwa nduna yakunja Ebrahim Ebrahim. Zomwe mkulu wina wakale wa ku South Africa ananena kuti zofuna za mcherezi zikuphatikiza uranium yokonzedwa kudzera mwa atsogoleri achinyengo, ndipo Ebrahim watsimikizira kuti Pretoria idatumiza zida zankhondo ku boma lankhanza la Franรงois Bozizรฉ.
Milandu ina yoopsa kwambiri ndi ku Democratic Republic of the Congo komwe likulu la migodi ku Johannesburg (AngloGold Ashanti) lidalipira akazembe ankhondo mdera lomwe anthu mamiliyoni asanu adaphedwa makamaka kuti apeze mchere monga coltan yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito m'mafoni athu am'manja, ndi Zimbabwe. kumene makampani aku China ndi gulu lankhondo - pamodzi ndi mabizinesi aku South Africa, amalonda aku India ndi Israeli, amalonda aku Dubai ndi mbalame zina - amachirikiza ulamuliro wa Purezidenti Robert Mugabe, pamodzi kulanda dziko la diamondi mabiliyoni a madola.
Mu 2010, makampani 17 mwa makampani 20 apamwamba kwambiri ku Africa anali South Africa, ngakhale atanyamuka ku Johannesburg zaka khumi zapitazo, zomwe zidapangitsa Anglo American, De Beers, SA Breweries ndi Old Mutual asamukire ku London. Monga momwe zinalili m'tsiku la Cecil John Rhodes, umbombo wa bizinesi yaku South Africa ukuthandizidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma, kudzera mu New Partnership for Africa's Development (yolephera) - yotamandidwa ngati 'philosophical spot on' ndi Bush Administration - komanso njira yopanda ntchito ya African Peer Review Mechanism. . Posachedwapa, National Development Plan ya SA inavomereza monyanyira โlingaliro [Sic] mโdzikoli monga wopezerera anzawo mโchigawo.โ
Povutitsa Africa, mabungwe achikhalidwe aku SA, US, Europe, Australia ndi Canada adalumikizana ndi makampani akuluakulu ochokera ku China, India ndi Brazil. Kubera kwawo kwamanga makamaka pamaziko a atsamunda - misewu, njanji, mapaipi ndi kukulitsa madoko - olumikizidwa ndi migodi, minda, mafuta amafuta ndi gasi. Durban imangosintha njira yoyendetsera ndalama.
Pali mgwirizano wofanana ndi Washington pankhani yazachuma padziko lonse lapansi: mu Julayi 2012, mabungwe osungira chuma a Brics adatumiza $75 biliyoni ku IMF, yomwe inali kufunafuna ndalama zatsopano zogulira mabanki owululidwa ku Southern Europe. Monga momwe zinachitikira ku Africa kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kuchepa kwa mphamvu ku Greece, Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, Ireland ndi mayiko ena olephera ku Ulaya kumavulaza kwambiri kuposa ubwino ku chuma cha m'deralo ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Ponena za mphamvu zovota mkati mwa IMF, zotsatira za kulowererapo kwa Brics zinali kuti China idapeza mavoti ochulukirapo (paulamuliro wa madola ku IMF), pomwe Africa idataya gawo lalikulu la gawo lake.
Pazifukwa izi, Kodi Durban 2013 idzadziwika ngati wolowa m'malo momveka bwino pakujambula koyamba kwa Africa: Berlin 1885?
Kupanga maukonde oyambira pansi kuti awunike, kuyang'anira ndikuyimira mawu osamveka akutsutsana sikunakhale kofunikira kwambiri. Mbali imodzi ya ndondomekoyi ikukhudza kuwunika ubwino ndi kuipa kwa Brics.
Tikukhulupirira kuti inu owerenga mungalowe nawo pa zokambiranazi chifukwa kuchokera ku Africa, zanenedwa zochepa kwambiri za Brics, kutengera zomwe zili pachiwopsezo.