Pali njira zambiri zandale zomwe zikuchitika ku South Africa, zomwe zikuwonetsa zotsutsana zomwe sizingagwirizane.
Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ndewu ya pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki ndi abwenzi ake a Alliance mu Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) ndi SA Communist Party, yomwe ndidzapereka chigawo chamtsogolo ku fumbi likadzatha. Mabungwe ndi achikomyunizimu adathandizira zomwe zikuoneka kuti zakatangale? osachepera sleazy ? Wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti, Jacob Zuma, mwachiwonekere chifukwa anali yekhayo ?bwenzi la ogwira ntchito? kuti apezeke m’maudindo apamwamba a boma.
(Kupatulapo ntchito za nthawi ndi nthawi, Zuma sananenepo kuti mtima wake uli kumanzere, kuti amalimbana ndi ndondomeko ya boma ya neoliberal economic and development strategy, kapena kuti angavutike kuteteza ogwirizana ndi achikomyunizimu motsutsana ndi a Mbeki nthawi zonse. kupuma.)
Mwezi watha Zuma adachotsedwa ntchito ndi Mbeki, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwake ndi nduna ya migodi Phumzile Mlambo-Nguka (yemwe mwamuna wake anali, wamkulu woimira boma pa milandu, yemwe nthawi ina anali wozunza wamkulu wa Zuma). Mgwirizanowu udayamba kugawikana, koma Cosatu sabata yatha idagawikana pakati pa magulu atatu: akuluakulu akutsata Zuma, kumanja akutsata Mbeki, ndi kumanzere kudwala ndi onse awiri.
Zowonadi, mgwirizano watsopano wa ?United Democratic Front? wa Cosatu ndi mabungwe olimbikitsa anthu wakhazikitsidwa ku Cape Town. Mazana a anthu omenyera ufulu adagwirizana nawo, ndipo thandizo la Cosatu pa Zuma lidatsika ngati mpumulo?, malinga ndi mtolankhani wa Mail & Guardian.
Poganizira za zigawenga za sabata yatha, komiti yayikulu ya Cosatu idadandauliranso kuti anthu achipani cholamula (omwe) angagwiritse ntchito zida za boma pofuna kuti zigawenga ziyambe kuchita chipongwe anthu owona za chisinthiko?
Yankho la Mbeki ? lofalitsidwa pa webusayiti ya African National Congress (www.anc.org.za) pa Ogasiti 26 ? zinaphatikizapo ziganizo izi: ?Ndadziwitsidwa kuti ena mwa gulu lathu lalikulu, omwe amakhulupirira kuti Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Zuma adazunzidwa ndi zigawenga, capitalist ndi neoliberal, ali ndi chikhulupiliro chakuti monga Purezidenti wa ANC ndi Republic, ine ndikukhala pampando. ?
Pokana mwachangu milanduyi, Mbeki adawulula momwe mlandu wa ?neoliberal? zimabweretsa mantha kwa andale? mitima pano.
Zimenezi zinaonekeranso pa mkangano waposachedwapa wokhudza nkhani ya malo. Malinga ndi bungwe la Landless People?s Movement (LPM), pazaka khumi pambuyo paufulu, Nelson Mandela ndi Thabo Mbeki adalephera kuwatsatira akumidzi. Lonjezo loyambirira la ANC mu 1994 linali "kugawanso 30% ya nthaka yaulimi ya dziko lino kuchokera kwa alimi azungu 60,000 kwa anthu akuda osauka ndi opanda malo akumidzi oposa 19 miliyoni komanso osauka ndi anthu akuda akumidzi oposa 7 miliyoni pazaka zisanu? Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti 2.3% yokha ya malo a dziko asintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nthaka.
Vuto lalikulu linali kutengedwa kwa Mandela ndi Mbeki wa World Bank, wokonda msika, ?wogulitsa-wofuna/wogula-wofuna? pulojekiti yomwe imachepetsa ntchito ya boma kuti ipereke ndalama zongobwera kamodzi ($2,300 pamtengo wakusinthana masiku ano), yaing'ono kwambiri kuti ipeze malo abwino.
Lachinayi lapitali, ku Center ku Durban komwe ndimagwira ntchito (www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs), pulofesa wa pa University of Cape Town Lungisile Ntsebeza anapereka pepala, ?Slow Delivery in South Africa's Land Reform Programme?. Pamsonkhano waukulu wa Boma/Civil Society/Agribusiness Land Summit mwezi watha, Ntsebeza anali wapampando wa gulu la kawombola wa nthaka komwe anathandiza kugwetsa mfundo yofuna kugulitsa/yogula.
Tsopano akuwonjezera mkanganowu poyang'ana kwambiri pa Bill of Rights ya South Africa. Posachedwapa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chipani cha ANC chinatsutsa kuvomereza pambuyo pa tsankho kulandidwa kwa nthaka mu nthawi ya atsamunda ndi tsankho. Komabe, Bill of Rights mu Interim Constitution yomwe idatsatiridwa ndi Interim Constitution idawonetsa mkangano wakale wa tsankho la National Party?s (NP?s). Oimira chipani cha ANC adangofuna mphamvu zogawiranso anthu, malinga ndi Ntsebeza, koma ?popanda udindo waukulu wolipira eni ake?
NP idavomereza kuti msika wokhazikika wa nthaka suyenera kukhala maziko owerengera chipukuta misozi. Mgwirizano wa chipukuta misozi ? ngakhale ?zosamveka bwino kwambiri? - idafikira mu Okutobala 1993, ndipo idalembedwa mu Interim Constitution. Ndiye, akutero Ntsebeza, ? Izi zikungosonyeza kuti zokambirana za ndale zinali patali bwanji ndi zenizeni zam'deralo.
Kodi chipukuta misozi chimatsimikiziridwa bwanji? Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amangonena za “nthawi yachilungamo ndi yofanana? Monga momwe Ntsebeza akunenera, komabe, ?Eni malo amakonda kukweza mitengo.? Bwalo Lamilandu La Land Claims linapanga chilinganizo chomwe chinagogomezera mtengo wamsika wa malowo, kusinthidwa pochotsa chiŵerengero cha mtengo wamakono wa thandizo la boma lapitalo.
Koma pali mavuto ena aakulu kuposa kutsimikizira mtengo wamtengo wa malowo, akutero Ntsebeza: ?Boma lawonetsa kusafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndime yolanda minda. Ena amanena kuti boma lilibe chifuniro cha ndale. Ena amatsutsa kuti Kumanzere mkati mwa Alliance kunagonjetsedwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990. Ndikuganiza kuti pali zambiri ku kukayikira kwa boma: dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.? Mwachindunji, Ntsebeza anati, ?ANC idataya kampasi ya Soviet, koma nthawi yomweyo idapeza kampasi ya neoliberal.?
Ntsebeza akuyankha funso ili: ?Ndi njira ziti zomwe chipani cha ANC chinali nacho chitangoyamba kulamulira? Tiyenera kufunsa funso ili. Chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kufooka kwa mabungwe omwe ali ndi minda, kaya ammudzi kapena NGO. Chiyembekezo chawo chinali kukhudza nthambi yowona za Land Affairs. Kodi izi zikanatheka bwanji malinga ndi mfundo za neoliberal zomwe ANC idatengera sizinafotokozedwe momveka bwino. Ndi liti pamene gulu lomwe linadzadziwika kuti ?land reform liberals? kuchoka ku National Land Committee kupita ku boma chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, iwo makamaka anapaka mafuta a ANC?
Mosiyana ndi izi, gawo lomwe linali lodziwika bwino lopanda malo kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1994 lidalimbikitsa kugawiranso 30%, kupitilira pulogalamu yobwezera malo omwe azungu adagwirizana pambuyo pa Lamulo la Land la 1913. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, ngakhale ogwira ntchito ku Banki Yadziko Lonse ndi mnzake wapamtima wapafupi, Land and Agricultural Policy Center, adagwiritsa ntchito chiwerengerochi, pamene adagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti apange njira zovomerezeka za msika.
Chifukwa chiyani 30%? Msika wa nthaka nthawi zambiri umasintha 6% ya malo chaka chilichonse, kotero cholinga chazaka zisanu cha 30% chikanakhala chomveka - ngati boma likanachotsa ndalama zotsalira za nthawi ya tsankho (kuyambira ulimi wothirira mpaka mphamvu mpaka ngongole zotsika mtengo) alimi ochita malonda ndipo, pofuna kuvomereza, adawatumiza kwa alimi akuda omwe akutuluka kumene.
Kuti tifike ku 30% ya chandamale, panali zosankha ziwiri. Chimodzi chinali chomwe tingachitcha ?commodification? Chitsanzo cha kukonzanso nthaka: kudalira msika, kudzera mu thandizo laling'ono lapakhomo ndi kuonjezera mwayi wopeza ngongole kumidzi. Posankha njira iyi, Hanekom anatengera chitsanzo cha Lancaster House ku Zimbabwe chomwe chili bwino, mpaka kutengera uphungu kuchokera kwa katswiri wa zachuma wa World Bank, Robert Christiansen, yemwe anali ndi udindo woyesa kuthetsa ndondomeko yomwe inalephera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990.
(Kulephereka kwa zaka khumi kwa Zimbabwe kwa wogula/wogula wofunitsitsa, pamodzi ndi a Robert Mugabe? kufuna kuwopseza nzika zake ataluza referendum ya malamulo okhudza malamulo a February 2000, zikuthandizira kufotokoza za chipwirikiti chakumidzi chomwe chimatchedwa ?kukonzanso kwa nthaka kofulumira. ?.)
Chisankho chachiwiri chikanakhala kuti boma lidagula malowo? kaya abwera modzifunira kumsika kapena kulandidwa mwanzeru, komwe kumayenera kukhala kotsika mtengo pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, kuchotsedwa kwa chithandizo chotsalira cha tsankho kukanakakamiza alimi achizungu ambiri kupereka malo awo.
Komanso, kutsatira South Africa? komanso kuwonongeka kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi - 1990-93, siteji ya kusintha kwamitengo komwe kunalipo mu 1994 kunali kosangalatsa. Masiku ano, mitengo ya malo m'malo abwino kwambiri ku South Africa ikuwonetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi yamisika yongopeka. Izi zimapangitsa kukonzanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamsika kukhala zodula kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale akuluakulu aboma ? kuphatikiza Mbeki - akuyang'ana mokayikira malo a gofu omwe ali ndi azungu komanso mafamu amasewera omwe tsopano akubowola dothi laulimi lomwe kale linali lokolola.
Chisankho chachiwiri chimenecho? tinganene kuti ?decommodification? chitsanzo - akanadalira minda yayikulu ya boma, yomwe ikanatha kugawidwa m'magulu omwe njira zothandizira mgwirizano zinali zovuta kuyambitsa. Kunena zowona, minda ya boma ili ndi mbiri yoyipa pakuyesa kosinthika kwa nthaka komwe anthu akumidzi ali ofooka, koma nthawi zina, monga Cuba, zinali zofunika pakugawiranso bwino ndi ulimi.
Powononga nthaka, makamaka poyichotsa pamsika kamodzi m'manja mwa boma, zomwe zikuchitika zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono ? chiwongola dzanja chokwera m'mbiri, mitengo yotsika kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito makina ochulukirachulukira aulimi ndi njira zotumizira kunja, ndi njira zapamwamba zolipirira zokhala ndi kusintha kwa chibadwa ? Akadatsutsidwa mogwira mtima.
Koma chofunika kuti patsogolo kumidzi ? Mfundo zaulimi zomwe zasinthidwa kwambiri, kupeza malo abwino, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka mwanzeru - ndiko kupatsa mphamvu anthu, makamaka magulu a anthu. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi, mwina, Brazilian Movement of Landless Workers (MST).
Ntsebeza akuvomereza, South Africa ikufunika kulengeza zamphamvu za MST. ?Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Landless People?s Movement mchaka cha 2001 kudadzetsa mikangano yamtundu uliwonse mu National Land Committee, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti network iyi ithe.? Chotsatira chake, lerolino, “pali chitsenderezo chochepa kwambiri chimene chimachokera pansi.?
Nthawi zina, pamakhala ziwonetsero za zionetsero, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zabwino za LPM pamisonkhano ya UN yokhudzana ndi tsankho ndi chitukuko chokhazikika mu 2001-02, kuwukira kwawo malo nthawi ndi nthawi komanso ziwonetsero zandale pa tsiku lachisankho mu 2004. (Wapolisi yemwe adayambitsa milandu itatu ya kuzunzidwa kwa atsogoleri a LPM tsiku lomwelo, miyezi 16 yapitayo, adawonekera ku khothi sabata yatha.) Kuphatikiza apo, ziwonetsero zotsutsa njira yogulitsira zidamveka mu khoti lamilandu la 2003, kampeni ya Red October ya 2004 ya SA Communist Party (mogwirizana ndi LPM), komanso mwezi watha?
Kukwaniritsa chitsanzo choletsedwa cha kukonzanso nthaka kumafuna chuma chochuluka cha boma, magulu onse a anthu akutsutsa. Hanekom anali atalengeza pakati pa 1996 kuti mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa $ 2.3 biliyoni m'mabungwe a boma udzalipira kukonzanso nthaka m'zaka zisanu zotsatira. Sizinadziwike bwino momwe chiwerengerocho chinafikira, chifukwa antchito ake adawona kuti mabanja a 1.7 miliyoni amafunikira malo (pawokha kuyerekezera kokhazikika). Poganizira thandizo lokhazikika la $2,300 (chiwerengero chosankhidwa chifukwa chinali chofanana ndi sabuside ya nyumba) ndikuwongolera kukwera kwa inflation, mabanja ochepera miliyoni miliyoni angathandizidwe.
Msonkhano wa Land Summit mwezi watha unali, mwamwano, njira yophera njira yogulitsira malonda kwa wogulitsa / wogula wofunitsitsa. Komabe nthawi yomweyo, pamene wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka anaitanitsa ?maphunziro? ndi ?luso? kusamutsidwa kuchokera ku Zimbabwe, mwayi wa njira yochepetsera katundu ukuwoneka kuti ukupita patsogolo.
Poona kufooka kwa mabungwe a anthu komanso mphamvu za atsogoleri achikhalidwe, Ntsebeza amalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zakumidzi. Kumudzi kwathu kudera la Eastern Cape la Cala, Ntsebeza ndi mchimwene wake Dumisa (woweruza yemwe ndi m'modzi mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri ku South Africa) adayendetsa sitolo yotchuka ya mabuku a Marxist kwa zaka zambiri. Zoonadi, Ntsebeza walemba buku latsopano lonena za dera limenelo: Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in South Africa (Leiden, Brill).
Ngakhale kuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi cholowa chamaphunziro, kumenyera ufulu ndi zolimbikitsa, sindikutsimikiza kuti ndikugwirizana ndi mfundo yayikulu ya Ntsebeza, yoti ndime ya katundu wa Constitution ndiye chotchinga chachikulu. Ndi chizindikiro, osati chifukwa.
Chifukwa? Njala ya nthaka ndi kuphatikiza kwa neoliberal fiscal austerity, World Bank Strategy, ndi mgwirizano wa anthu osankhika omwe akuwonetsa zolephera zina zambiri zachitukuko za pambuyo pa tsankho la South Africa.
Pamenepa, mawu omaliza a Ntsebeza akuti: ?Zikhala zovuta kuti dipatimenti yoona za nthaka ithane ndi msonkhano wa Land Summit. Anthu ambiri adavomereza kuti tili ndi vuto. Ochepa ochepa mwa nthumwi za AgriSA [zaulimi wamalonda oyera] adatsutsa. Ndipo adawopseza kuti ngati mutasokoneza msika padzakhala zotsatira zomwe sitingathe kuziganizira. Tayang'anani ku Zimbabwe, akuti: mukunyoza dziko, ndipo mumapezeka kuti dziko likunyanyala inu.
Koma momwemonso, pitirizani ndi chitsanzo cha ogulitsa/ogula mwakufuna, ndipo mikhalidwe ya kusokonekera kwa ndale ku Zimbabwe ikungoyenda bwino.