Ndemanga yofotokoza za kuwirikiza kawiri kwa imperialism ku US idanenedwa ndi wachiwiri kwa mlembi wachuma wanthawi ya Clinton Stuart Eizenstat, yemwe zaka khumi zapitazo ndiye adayendetsa ziwongola dzanja zotsutsana ndi mabungwe ochirikiza chipani cha Nazi, kuthandiza odandaula kuti apeze $ 8 biliyoni kuchokera kumabanki aku Europe ndi mabungwe omwe adabweza. Ndalama za ozunzidwa ndi Nazi kapena omwe adapindula ndi ntchito yaukapolo m'ma 1930 (onse Achiyuda ndi omwe sanali Ayuda).
Koma bwanji za kubweza phindu la tsankho? Monga wokamba nkhani wamkulu wa Novembala 2002 kugulu la "USA Engage" la mabungwe 650 amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe adagwirizana kuti athane ndi lamulo la Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), Eizenstat adachenjeza kuti omenyera ufulu waku South Africa "atha kukulitsa malingaliro a anthu ndikulimbikitsa ndale," komanso "atha kubweretsa chiwongola dzanja chambiri." kukhala ndi chipambano china ngakhale kuti pali zofooka zalamulo.โ
Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, pa semina ya Columbia University, Eizenstat adanenanso kuti "ozunzidwa ndi tsankho ochokera ku SA adasumira makampani ambiri aku US m'makhothi a US chifukwa cha zomwe amawanena - ndipo ndikutsindika zomwe akuti - kutenga nawo gawo pakuwongolera tsankho." (Anayamba ndi kulongosola kwaumwini pambuyo pa kusankhana mitundu kaamba ka changu chake chobwezera Chipululutso cha Nazi, akukumbukira mochititsa manyazi chokumana nacho cha mโma 1950 mโtauni yakwawo ya Atlanta: โSindinafune kusiya msonkhano ndi kupatsa mkazi wachikulire wakuda malo anga pa gawo la azungu. pa basi ya Atlanta.")
Lero, msonkhano wachigawo ukunena kuti anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi tsankho ayenera kuluza mlandu womwe udzazengedwe ku Khoti Lachigawo chakumwera ku New York Lachiwiri pa July 8. Padzakhala pulofesa Dennis Brutus, wolemba ndakatulo wazaka 83 komanso womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe yemwe adagwira ntchito pa Robben. Island ndi Nelson Mandela, asanatulutse SA mu Masewera a Olimpiki a 1968. Brutus ndi wotsutsa wamkulu, pakati pa zikwizikwi za anthu akuda aku South Africa akumangirira mabungwe khumi ndi awiri kuti apindule ndi "mlandu wotsutsana ndi anthu", monga momwe bungwe la United Nations limatchulira tsankho.
ATCA, yomwe idaperekedwa mu 1789, imati, "Makhoti achigawo adzakhala ndi ulamuliro wapachiweniweni chilichonse chochitidwa ndi mlendo chifukwa cha chiwembu chokha, chophwanya lamulo la mayiko kapena pangano la United States." ATCA idapangidwa kuti ipeze njira yovomerezeka pazambanda, ndipo pokopa maulamuliro achitsamunda kunali kotetezeka kugulitsa ndi US.
Koma mโzaka 2003 zapitazi pamene lamuloli ladziwika kwambiri. Molimbikitsidwa ndi anthu akumudzi aku Burma omwe akumenyana ndi Unocal, mlandu womwe mu 1994 unatsutsidwa ndi Bush Administration, omenyera ufulu monga Brutus, mphunzitsi wa ku Cape Town Lungisile Ntsebeza, Khulumani Support Group for apartheid victims ndi Jubilee SA adagwiritsa ntchito ATCA kuti amange mbava zamasiku ano: ambiri a mayiko osiyanasiyana. mabungwe omwe amagwira ntchito ku SA chisanafike chaka cha XNUMX ngakhale adayitanitsa zilango ndi kuchotseratu ndalama.
Koma zinthu zinavuta pamene pulezidenti wa SA Thabo Mbeki anapemphedwa ndi boma la Bush kuti atsutsane ndi Brutus ndi omenyera ufulu wina mu 2003. Mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana, Jaji John Sprizzo poyambirira adagamula mlanduwo m'malo mwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2004. Adaganiza kuti ATCA idasemphana ndi mfundo zakunja za US ndi ndondomeko yazachuma yaku South Africa, ndipo idachitadi momwe mfundozi zimaganizira kuti phindu lamakampani ndilofunika kwambiri.
Koma mu Okutobala watha, ozenga milandu adachita apilo ndipo mu Meyi, pomwe Khothi Lalikulu la US likuyembekezeka kupha mlanduwo, m'malo mwa mabungwe, oweruza anayi adapeza kusamvana pazachuma zawo. Chifukwa anali ndi magawo m'makampani omwe adatsutsidwa, mlanduwo udabwereranso ku Sprizzo, momwe loya wotsutsa Charles Abrahams adatsutsa kuti "ndikupambana kwakukulu kwa gulu lonse laufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi."
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, woimira Washington ku bungwe la International Marketing Council la boma la SA, Simon Barber, anakana kupambana kwa oweruza a Supreme Court, ponena za mlandu wa Mbeki woti ulamuliro wa SA unaphwanyidwa. Mulimonsemo, "Kuyesetsa kumakhalabe kodabwitsa."
Nicole Fritz, mkulu wa Southern African Litigation Center, akutsutsa kuti: โMakampani amene sanali olakwira ufulu wa anthu koma anali ndi phande mโkuswa koteroko kupyolera mโzochita zawo ndi maboma opondereza tsopano ali ndi thayo lalamulo la zochita zawo.
Kuletsa kutengera phindu lamtsogolo kuchokera ku maulamuliro ankhanza monga Burma kapena Zimbabwe ndi cholinga chachikulu. Pakati pa chaka cha 2008, pamene asilikali a Zanu(PF) a Robert Mugabe anapha ndi kuzunza kokwanira kuti awonetsetse kuti "asankhidwanso", chifukwa cha chiyanjano chosatha cha Mbeki, AngloPlats adalengeza za US $ 400 miliyoni ku migodi ya platinamu ya Zimbabwe.
Monga momwe Abrahams akunenera, "Cholinga chachikulu cha mlanduwu ndi chakuti mabungwe akunja akunja adathandizira ndikuthandizira boma la tsankho popereka zida ndi zida, luso lankhondo, mayendedwe ndi mafuta omwe boma ndi magulu ake ankhondo adachita nawo milandu yowopsa kwambiri. motsutsana ndi anthu ambiri aku South Africa." (Ntchito zamakampani zotere zinali, kwa Eizenstat, "zonenedwa" - sizodziwikiratu - kuwongolera tsankho.)
Mabungwe omwe akutsutsidwa ndi odandaula a Abrahams akuphatikizapo Reinmetall Group, chifukwa chopereka zida ndi zipolopolo ku boma la tsankho; British Petroleum (BP), Shell, Chevron Texaco, Exxon Mobil, Fluor Corporation ndi Total Fina-Elf, popereka mafuta kwa asilikali; Ford, Daimler-Chrysler ndi General Motors, popereka zoyendera kupita kumagulu ankhondo; ndi Fujitsu ndi IBM popatsa boma luso lankhondo lofunika kwambiri. Mabanki omwe amathandizira tsankho ndi Barclays, Citibank, Commerzbank, Credit Suisse, Deutsche, Dresdner, JP Morgan Chase ndi UBS.
Ngakhale Mbeki anali nthumwi yakunja ya African National Congress isanafike 1994 ndipo adafuna kuti mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana achotsedwe ku SA, zaka zotsatila adayambitsa amnesia mosavuta.
Mu 2001, ku UN World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) kuno ku Durban, adatsutsa ndime yomwe akuti "US iyenera kutenga udindo ndikulipira malipiro a Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade." Ngakhale kuti Nigeria ndi mayiko ena aku Africa adalimbikitsa kubwezera, Mbeki anakana kuti izi zitchulidwe m'chikalata chomaliza, m'malo mwake akupempha thandizo lowonjezera.
Mu Epulo 2003, Mbeki adagwirizana ndi Bush kuti "ndizosavomerezeka m'pang'ono pomwe kuti nkhani zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pa tsogolo la dziko lathu zigamulidwe m'makhoti akunja omwe alibe udindo wosamalira dziko lathu, komanso kutsata malingaliro athu. zomwe zili m'malamulo athu olimbikitsa kuyanjana kwa dziko."
Iye adati "chikhumbo chofuna kuphatikizira nzika zonse za ku South Africa, kuphatikiza nzika zamabizinesi, mu mgwirizano ndi wodzipereka" - koma adalephera kuwunikira zambiri zomwe bungwe la Reparations Task Force ndi Archbishop wa Anglican wa Cape Town pa nthawiyo Njongonkulu Ndungane, zaka zisanachitike milandu.
Nduna ya zamalonda ku SA Alec Erwin ndiye adanenetsa kuti Pretoria "ikutsutsa, komanso kunyoza milandu" ndi omenyera ufulu. Zotsatira zilizonse zotsutsana ndi makampani "sizingalemekezedwe" mkati mwa SA.
Mu July 2003, nduna ya zachilungamo ku SA Penuell Maduna adalembera makhoti kuti mlanduwu ukhumudwitsa "ndalama zomwe zikufunika kwambiri zakunja ndikuchedwetsa kukwaniritsa zolinga za boma. dalaivala wa kukula, komanso kusowa kwa ntchito. "
Monga bwenzi la khoti m'malo mwa otsutsa (pamodzi ndi Archbishop Desmond Tutu), wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Joseph Stiglitz anayankha kuti ndemanga zoterozo zinalibe "chifukwa," chifukwa, "omwe anathandizira kuthandizira dongosolo limenelo, ndi omwe adathandizira kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, akuyenera kuyankha mlandu."
Kalata ya Maduna ku khothi la US idapempha kuti milanduyi ichotsedwe, "potsatira ufulu wa mayiko akunja kupanga malamulo, kuweruza ndi kuthetsa nkhani zapakhomo popanda kusokonezedwa ndi ena." (Mbeki ndi Maduna sanachitepo kanthu kuti akhazikitse ATCA ya SA.)
Koma mu Ogasiti 2003, potsegulira msonkhano waukulu wa Reparations Conference, Berend Schuitema wa Jubilee SA adanena kuti Maduna adavomereza modabwitsa: "Chifukwa chomwe adatsutsa chinali chakuti adafunsidwa kuti apereke lingaliro pa mlanduwu ndi Colin Powell. . Anapatsa Powell yankho lake lolemba, pamene Powell ananena kuti apereke izi kwa Woweruza wa Khoti la New York. Akulira kuchokera pansi. Wapampando wa Jubilee SA M.P. Giyose anasonyeza kulephera kwa mkangano wa ufulu."
Mโmiyezi yoลตerengeka, zotsatira zoipa za kuloลตererapo kwa Maduna pankhani ya chilungamo chapadziko lonse zinakhala zoopsa kwambiri, pamlandu wokhudza akazi amene anazunzidwa ku Japan pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. "Amayi otonthoza" khumi ndi asanu ochokera ku Korea, China, Philippines ndi Taiwan adasumira Tokyo ku US pogwiritsa ntchito ATCA. Mu June 2005, Khoti Loona za Apilo la ku United States mโchigawo cha Colombia linakana chigamulo chawo, linanena kuti Maduna anavomereza.
Pakadali pano kunyumba, boma la South Africa limangolipira $3500 kwa mabanja 19 000 omwe mamembala awo adaphedwa kapena kuzunzidwa mu nthawi ya tsankho, zomwe zimaganiziridwa ngati ndalama zochepa.
Jubilee ndiye adatenga mwayi kuti athane ndi Barclays mu kampeni ya nzika zambiri, panthawi yomwe wopereka ndalama ku London adalanda banki yayikulu yachiwiri ku SA, ABSA mu 2005. Nduna ya zachilungamo ku SA Brigitte Mabandla (wolowa mโmalo mwa Maduna mu 2004) adayankha ndi abwenzi a khothi mu October 2005 mโmalo mwa banki, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Jubilee achite ziwonetsero.
Motsogozedwa ndi Brutus, Jubilee adapitilira kusankha mabanki asanu ndi atatu apadziko lonse omwe ali ku Sandton: "Mabanki awa adapereka ngongole mabiliyoni a madola ku Boma la Tsankho, adakambirananso zangongole zake ndikupangitsa kuti ligwiritse ntchito ndalama zambiri pazankhondo zake, ndipo, pankhaniyi. a Barclays, anapereka ndalama mwachindunji ku South African Defence Force mu 1976. "
Zofuna za Jubilee zinali zophweka: "Mabanki onsewa akuyenera kupepesa kwathunthu kwa anthu a ku South Africa chifukwa cha chithandizo chomwe adapereka ku ulamuliro wa tsankho, ndi kulipira malipiro kwa omwe avutika ndi zomwe adachita." Mobilization for Global Justice yochokera ku Washington komanso gulu la omenyera ufulu waku Switzerland adalumikizana ndi ziwonetsero za Jubilee paziwonetsero za mgwirizano.
Kuchokera ku Sandton kupita ku Washington, Citibank adayang'aniridwa, chifukwa monga momwe Komiti Yapadera ya UN yolimbana ndi tsankho idawonera mu 1979, "Citigroup yabwereketsa pafupifupi 1/5 ya $5 biliyoni kuphatikiza zomwe zidathandizira kulimbikitsa tsankho". Ku Berne ndi Zurich, Credit Suisse ndi UBS zinali zotsutsana chifukwa kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 adalowa m'malo mwa mabanki aku US ndi Britain monga opereka ndalama zatsankho.
Kunena zowona, mikangano yakhalapo pakati pa odandaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukopa mitima ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri. Milandu yoyamba idaperekedwa ndi loya wa New York (wogwira ntchito ku Holocaust settlement), Ed Fagan, yemwe adasemphana maganizo ndi Ntsebeza.
Kenako, pakati pa Khulumani Support Group ndi Jubilee, panabuka mkangano pa zonena kuti mlanduwo ndi mwini wake komanso momwe adayendera. Ndipo pakati pa omwe kale anali ogwira ntchito ku Jubilee ku Johannesburg mbali imodzi, ndipo mbali inayo, mamembala a board ndi machaputala angapo azigawo, mkangano udabuka womwe udasokoneza bungwe kwakanthawi.
Komabe, a Brutus akukhulupirira kuti oimba mlanduwo atha kudumpha Mbeki kuti apemphere ku mtundu wolemera kwambiri wa dziko la Africa kuposa womwe umangodalira pempho laulamuliro. Bungwe la African Unity linapanga mlandu wobwezera mu 1993 Chilengezo cha Abuja chotsutsana ndi ukapolo, chitsamunda, ndi neo-colonialism, zowonongeka zomwe "sizinthu zakale, koma zimawonekera mopweteka m'miyoyo yowonongeka ya anthu amasiku ano aku Africa ochokera ku Harlem. kupita ku Harare, m'zachuma zowonongeka za dziko lakuda kuchokera ku Guinea kupita ku Guyana, kuchokera ku Somalia kupita ku Surinam."
"Ngongole yamakhalidwe abwino imaperekedwa kwa anthu aku Africa", chilengezo cha Abuja chimalengeza, chomwe chimafuna "kulipira ndalama zonse kudzera mukusamutsa ndalama ndi kubweza ngongole."
Kuphatikiza apo, ngongole zaku Northern zachilengedwe ku South zikuyenera kukwezedwa, mosiyana ndi malingaliro okayikitsa akusintha kwanyengo pama projekiti a "Clean Development Mechanism" ngati magalimoto operekera ndalama zochepetsera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa Third World.
Chifukwa chake chovuta kwa omenyera ufulu sikungochita ziwonetsero ndikutumiza ATCA, ndipo pakadali pano - monga mantha a Eizenstat - kuwina mitima ndi malingaliro ambiri. Akufunanso kusonkhanitsa ogwirizana nawo ambiri kudera lonse la Africa ndi Third World kuti zofuna zakubwezera ziwonjezeke. Pochita izi, mgwirizanowu ndi zigawo zina zidzaonetsetsa kuti kulimbanako kudzakhala kutsutsa kozama, kozama kwa chisalungamo chachuma, pamizu yake, chifukwa cha phindu.
Patrick Bond amatsogolera Center for Civil Society ku University of KwaZulu-Natal: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs