Ngasekupheleni kuka-1945, esimweni sokuthula okubuyiselwe, abaholi baseMelika baqala ukwakha uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwangemva kwempi. Phakathi kwezingqinamba ababhekane nazo kwaba ukusungulwa kweNhlangano Yezizwe kanye nokusabela kwezakhamizi zase-US ekucekeleni phansi kwezikhali zenuzi eHiroshima naseNagasaki. Lesi sakamuva ikakhulukazi savusa umoya wesikhashana wokungaqiniseki ngekusasa lesintu enkathini yenuzi.
Imibuzo eyayisezingqondweni zaseMelika ngaleso sikhathi yayiwukuthi: Ingabe amabhomu e-athomu ngolunye usuku ayeyophendulwa ngokumelene nathi? Ingabe le โmpiโ entsha yayizophela, njengaleyo eyalandela iMpi Yezwe I, inamandla amakhulu enqaba imingcele yomthetho nokuziphatha kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi yenza indikimba yezwe elisha ibe buthaka? [1] NgoJuni 1950 uMongameli Harry S. Truman, owayekholelwa ngokuqinile ebukhosini bepolitiki yamandla phezu komthetho, wanikeza impendulo yakhe eqondile embuzweni wesibili ngokunyathela uhlamvu nomoya we-UN Charter. Ngokuqondile, wenza ngokungemthetho i-US ukuthi izolwa eKorea ngegunya lakhe, ngaphandle kwemvume yeCongressional noma imvume yangaphambili evela kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, kanye neSec. woMbuso, uDean Acheson, uchithe i-UN Charter ngokuthi โayinakwenzeka.โ
I-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki idale inkinga engenakuxazululeka. Abezindaba noma abantu baseMelika abenqabanga obala, njengoba kwenza abanye eBrithani, ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu okhaphethi emadolobheni aseYurophu naseJapane nasekubulaweni ngobuningi kwezakhamuzi zaseJapane noma zaseJalimane. Kunalokho, abantu baseMelika abaningi babhalise ngokuvumayo izindaba zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu endaweni kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu. Inhlolo-vo ye-Gallup ngo-August 1945 yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-85 abaphendula (ababengazi lutho ngemiphumela yemisebe yebhomu leathomu) agunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwayo emadolobheni aseJapane. Ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi zaseJapane ezingenacala ezingu-200,000 akuzange kubangele isihawu noma ukuzisola. Ngempela, amaphesenti angu-22.7 abantu baseMelika azwakalisa imizwa yokuqothulwa kohlanga ngemva nje kokuba amabhomu e-athomu ephonswe, ezisola ngokuthi ayengakasetshenziswanga ekubulaleni amaJapane. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva cishe amaphesenti afanayo - amaphesenti angu-24 - "avunyelwe ngokuqinile" ephonsa amabhomu e-athomu yokuqala. [2] Nokho, iningi lalingaqiniseki ukuthi lizosabela kanjani ekucekeleni phansi kwamadolobha enuzi. Noma kunjalo, idlanzana elincane labaholi benkolo, abagxeki bezenhlalo, ososayensi, nezishoshovu ezimelene nempi labiza ukubhujiswa kwala madolobha amabili njengobugebengu bempi, futhi lamangalela ngokuthi uhulumeni unyathele izimiso eziphakeme okwakufanele zisebenze njengesisekelo sokuziphatha sase-U.S. inqubomgomo yangaphandle.
Abaholi bezombangazwe nabezempi baseMelika abaqaphela izithombe basheshe bangenela ukuze bashunise kahle ulayini kahulumeni osemthethweni. Ojenene bathi, ngokuphambene, lapho izindiza ze-US Army Air Force zishisa iTokyo namanye amadolobha angamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu aseJapane, babehlose ukufeza umgomo wokunemba "ngezinye izindlela" ukuze bavikele impilo yabantu ngenkathi bephula amaJapane. isimilo. [3] Ngokuqondene noHiroshima noNagasaki, uTruman ekuqaleni โwazama ukunciphisa umbono wokuthi izakhamuzi zihlaselwe ngebhomu le-athomu.โ Umbiko wakhe wokuqala kwabezindaba ukhombe i-Hiroshima "njengesizinda sezempi esibalulekile saseJapan," enganaki ukuthi ibhomu beliqondise esikhungweni sedolobha ukuze kwandiswe izigameko zokubulawa kwabantu. Emsakazweni wakhe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-August 9, 1945, uTruman waphinde wagcizelela โukuthi ibhomu le-athomu lokuqala lajikijelwa eHiroshima, isizinda samasosha. Lokho kwakungenxa yokuthi sasifisa kulokhu kuhlasela kokuqala ukugwema, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi.โ [4] Izintatheli zamaphephandaba aseMelika kanye nababhali bomagazini bawandisa ngokufanelekile amanga aluhlaza kaTruman ngokudlulisa imininingwane ngokushesha futhi babhale izindaba zabo โngemibandela engakunaki noma efihla ukufa kwabantu.โ [5] Izithombe zezithombe ziqinise lo mbono: ifu lamakhowe, hhayi ukucekelwa phansi kwedolobha nezidumbu, lixoxe indaba esemthethweni.
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba isihloko sikaNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson ku-Harper's Magazine (February 1947) sizame ukuvimba ukugxekwa okwengeziwe kwabaholi besayensi nezakhamizi ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kokuqala kukaTruman, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, samabhomu e-athomu, izikhulu zase-US zethula impikiswano yokuthi amabhomu ayesindisile. ukuphila kwenani elikhulu labantu baseMelika ababehlelelwe ukuhlasela iziqhingi zaseJapane. Ngokunembile ngokwengeza impikiswano ephilayo-yaseMelika-esindisiwe esicelweni sikaTruman sokuhlonipha inkambiso โyokungavikeleki okungalwi,โ abaholi baseMelika bakwazile ukuthola ukwesekwa komphakathi ngokungagxeki kwephrojekthi yebhomu le-athomu kanye nokugwema inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi mayelana nokwesaba. ukuqhuma kwamabhomu.
Nokho ukugxekwa nokungabaza ngokuthi i-US neBrithani balwe kanjani iMpi Yezwe II kwaqhubeka. Idlanzana labantu baseMelika laqhubeka nokungabaza umkhuba wokubulala inqwaba yabantu abangenakuzivikela. Babelangazelela izwe lokuziphatha elingenayo impi, impi, nezikhali. Kodwa-ke, kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle, ama-elite avelele ayekholelwa ukuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengoba uhlelwe ikakhulukazi yi-US kufanele uphumelele, nokuthi ukuphepha komhlaba kufanele kuqinisekiswe amandla ezempi e-United States neBrithani, esebenza ukuhlola amandla I-Soviet Union.
Ukukhathazeka nethemba kuhlangene. Ngemuva kwakunomuzwa okhathazekile wokuthi izwe lizohlala esimweni esimenyezelwe sikaRoosevelt sezimo eziphuthumayo ezingenamkhawulo (May 1941) futhi lingalokothi liphume ngokwengqondo empini yalo yempi. Ukuqinisa lokhu kwesaba ngomunye uzakwabo waseMelika โkwisimo esikhethekileโ sikaHitler kwakuwukukhathazeka okukhulayo kokuthi i-US ngokubusa kwayo ngezikhali zenuzi ingase ibambe isintu ngokwaso njengesithunjwa semiklamo yayo yokwandisa.
Ukuphatha kukaTruman Demokhrasi kufune ukuqeda lokho kwesaba nokungakhululeki mayelana nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi kanye namandla amakhulu okuphatha ngokubonisa ukuthi i-US yayisebenzisa amandla ayo afana noNkulunkulu ngokunenzuzo, ukuphoqelela ukubusa komthetho esikhundleni sokubusa kwabanamandla kakhulu. I-US izozama, kunokuba ibulale kafushane, izigebengu zempi ye-Axis ezisele ekuqulweni kwamacala okuqala empi yamazwe ngamazwe eNuremberg naseTokyo. Lezi kungaba izivivinyo zemibukiso yezepolitiki ngendlela engcono kakhulu, hhayi njengezivivinyo zombukiso zika-Stalin. Bazothuthukisa udumo lwase-US futhi bethule i-U.S., isizwe esinezibazi ezijulile ngamakhulu eminyaka yobugqila nokucwasa ngokwebala, njengomlweli wesithunzi somuntu.
Kepha indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqeda ukwesaba kwakuyinkulumo-ze kahulumeni kanye nenkulumo-ze yokuphuphuthekisa abantu baseMelika emacaleni empi enziwa egameni labo ngamasosha ase-US. Lokhu bekuhlanganiswe nemithombo yezindaba ethobelayo, engagxeki egcina izakhamizi zingenalwazi ngomthetho wamazwe omhlaba ophathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi nokwaziswa kabi ngezindaba zangaphandle. Inkinga, njengoba isazi-mlando u-Sahr Conway-Lanz sikuchaza, kwakuyindlela yokubuyisana nokuzibophezela kwePentagon ekuqhumeni amabhomu okucekela phansi amadolobha namadolobhana okungabandlululi, okuthiwa kuklanyelwe ukusindisa izimpilo zamasosha aseMelika, kanye nenkambiso yokungavikeleki kwabangewona amasosha, ngenkathi okuyinto imithetho yempi ebikezelwe. Susa umehluko wokulwa/ongalwi futhi yonke imibono yomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe nobulungiswa iyafa.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvumelana phakathi kweqiniso lempi yase-US kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, abaholi baseMelika baphoqeleka ukuthi baphike noma yikuphi ukuphikisana phakathi kwezinqubomgomo zempi zase-US, amasu, kanye nezinsimbi zempi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nokulimala okukhulu kwezakhamuzi okwakudingeka. umphumela kubo ngakolunye. Lapho abezempi bedingida isu lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu nezikhali zenuzi, ojenene, abaphathi bezempi, kanye nabaphathi babo abangabahlali baphinde baqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi amasosha ase-US ayazibamba, futhi awakukhuthazi futhi awakwenzi ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nabantu abavamile, amakhaya abo nengqalasizinda. Nakuba engakaze asho ngokusobala ukuthi izimpilo zezakhamuzi ezingalwi azibalwanga ize uma zikalwa izimpilo zamasosha ase-US, i-US yafihla izidumbu ezinkulu zezakhamuzi ezibangelwe ukuhlaselwa komoya, noma ngenxa yonya lwempi olwenziwa njalo amasosha aseMelika phansi.
Ukugcina isimo sesizwe saso siqu njengamandla obuntu akhethekile ayekhathalela futhi enza umsebenzi wokunciphisa ukubulawa kwabantu, nokho ngasikhathi sinye athuthukisa futhi asebenzisa izikhali ezilimaza kakhulu emhlabeni, abaholi base-U.S., njengoba uConway-Lanz ekhombisa, baqhamuke kabili. amanye amathuluzi olimi: "izincazelo ezinwebekayo zokuhloswe kwezempi" emazweni ayizitha, kanye nokugcizelelwa kwenhloso nokuhlela kusengaphambili okufihla iqiniso lokuthi iPentagon iyilwe kanjani impi ngempela. Lapho amasosha ase-U.S. ekhulula amandla awo omoya emadolobheni, amadolobhana, namadolobhana aseJapane, Korean, Vietnamese, Afghan noma Iraqi; lapho iwisa amabhomu โejwayelekileโ kanye ne-napalm, idubula izikhali, noma isebenzisa izikhali ezilwa nabasebenzi njengamabhomu e-cluster namabhomu e-phosphorous alimaza izakhamuzi, ayizange ikwenze lokho ngenhloso embi yokuqondisa lezo zikhali kubo noma ngokumelene nabangewona ezempi. izinto. Awenzanga amacala empi ngamabomu, aphule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, noma abeke izakhamuzi engozini. Kodwa uma izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyeli ngokuqondile ekulweni zifa, lokho bekungahlosiwe "umonakalo oyisibambiso," umphumela wesenzo esilungile, esinqunyelwe izimo ezikhethekile enkundleni yempi, hhayi i-firepower yaseMelika engalawuleki ezandleni zabashayeli bezindiza be-gung-ho noma i-trigger- amasosha ajabule, anengcindezi yempi.
Isici esibalulekile kwakuyinhloso. Inhloso eyamenyezelwa yenza umphumelaโukubulawa kwabangewona amasoshaโkubekezeleleke kunembeza waseMelika. Okwakubalwa kwakuyisisusa, hhayi imiphumela yesenzo noma uhlobo lwezikhali ezisetshenzisiwe. Lokhu kugcizelelwa okumangalisayo kwenhloso enkulumweni yeningi yase-U.S. ngempi kwakunomsuka wako kuyo yomibili imibono yobuKristu yobubi nesono kanye nomthetho wobugebengu wase-U.S. [6] Umonakalo wesibambiso uwubufakazi beMpi Yezwe II kanye nenkathi yenuzi, eyakhiwa ngaphakathi kwePentagon, ukufihla ukubulawa kwabantu ngamabomu. Amasosha asebenzisa leli gama njengendlela yokukhulula i-US ekubeni necala lokuziphatha nelomthetho lokubulala okunjalo. [7] Ngamafuphi, ukulimala kwesibambiso kumayelana nenhloso, kanye nokugwema icala lokubulala abangenacala. Kuyindlela yezempi yokusho: yahlulela umkhuzi, umshayeli wendiza, isosha lempi, ngisho nesikhulu sase-U.S. kanye nomhlukumezi hhayi ngalokho akwenza kodwa ngesimo sakhe sengqondo sokuzithoba lapho ekwenza.
Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha nanye abaholi baseMelika, beqinile enkolelweni yokuphakama kwabo kokuziphatha kwabanye, bafuna ukugwema izahlulelo zokuziphatha ngokuziphatha kwabo kwezimpi kanye nokuhlobana kwakho okuseduze nonya lwempi. Inhloso yabo kube ukulondoloza inganekwane yezinhloso ezinhle zaseMelika ngokugqamisa ukubaluleka kwemizwa yokusiza abantu ekunqandeni ukusetshenziswa kodlame. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezikhathi zokuthula noma zempi, basakaza inganekwane yezinhloso ezinhle ukuze baqinise inganekwane enkulu ye-American exceptionalism. Owokugcina umbono we-United States njengomfanekiso wobuhle baseNtshonalanga, umkhululi 'wenkululeko' kubantu abacindezelwe, isibonelo sikaNkulunkulu sekusasa lomhlaba - kafushane, isizwe esikhethiwe esinelungelo lemvelo lokuhola abanye futhi sibeke umhlaba. kahle ngokulwa impi yokuzuzisa umhlaba. [8] Kodwa kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, impi yesimanje iye yacekela phansi kakhulu umphakathi kunempilo yamasosha alwayo; ngenkathi kunqunywa ukuthi ubani oyisitha kuye kwaba nzima ngendlela engenakwenzeka.
Eziqhingini zasekhaya zaseJapane kuphela, ezinyangeni zokugcina ezinonya, amabhomu avamile ase-U.S. namabhomu enuzi ashisa abantu abangamasosha abalinganiselwa ku-600,000 kuya ku-900,000. Izakhamuzi zaseJapane ezibulewe phesheya kwezilwandle ziletha leyo ngqikithi yaba ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa. Ukusabela kokuqala kwabantu baseMelika kanye nabaholi babo kwaba wukufulathela ubugebengu bempi, nokugwema inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okujwayelekile kanye nemiphumela yomuntu yebhomu le-uranium elaphonswa eHiroshima futhi isikhali se-plutonium saqhuma phezu kweNagasaki. Ukuchezuka okufanayo emiphumeleni yabantu yempi kwabonakala ngo-1949-50, phakathi nengxoxo yomphakathi mayelana nokwakhiwa nokuhlolwa kwebhomu le-hydrogen, futhi ngo-1951, lapho abameli bezikhali zenuzi bephikisana ngokuthi zingahle ziklanywe kabusha endaweni yempi. futhi izosetshenziswa kuphela ngokumelene nezinhloso ezibalulekile zezempi.
Kuyo yonke iMpi YaseKorea (1950-53) i-US yathembela โekuqhumeni kwamabhomu okunamasuโ futhi yasebenzisa amandla angenakulinganiswa, angabandlululi ngokumelene nezinhloso zomphakathi nengqalasizinda yezomnotho. Ngemva kokuba amasosha aseShayina engenile empini, ojenene base-U.S., ngaphansi kokulawula kokusebenza kukaGen. Douglas MacArthur, abagcinanga nje ngokuphindaphinda eKorea umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngo-1945 ngokumelene neJapane. Baphinde bachitha โizikhali ezilethwe ngaphezuluโ eKorea kunaleyo eyayisetshenziswe yi-US kuzo zonke izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zeMpi Yezwe II. [9] Amasosha aseMelika ashise cishe wonke amadolobha, idolobhana, nedolobhana laseNyakatho Korea. Baqhumisa ngamabhomu futhi babulala abangamasosha enyakatho naseningizimu ye-38th Parallel, babulala abantu baseKorea abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezimbili. Abakhuzi baseMelika empeleni bakhiphe imiyalo eqondile yokuthi amasosha abo adubule ababaleki abavala imigwaqo namabhuloho, afafaze i-napalm phezu kwezakhamuzi, futhi kulo lonke elaseKorea labhubhisa impahla yabantu ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. Ngenkathi iPentagon ifihla izehlakalo zonya lwase-US kumaKorea, yanciphisa unembeza wobuKristu ngokuvumela usizo lwamathokheni kubabaleki futhi iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe izinhloso ezinhle zaseMelika. Lapho ukudubula kunqamuka, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuzivikela kodwa amasosha nezisekelo zasala, futhi ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka asikho isivumelwano sokuthula esisayiniwe.
Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kwempi yaseKorea i-US yaqala enye impi kamongameli engadalulwanga endaweni yayo eyakhiwe ngopopayi yaseSouth Vietnam. I-Air Force iqhume ngamabhomu futhi yahlakazeka amadolobha namaphandleni eNingizimu naseNyakatho yeVietnam. Lafafaza ama-defoliants amakhemikhali emahlathini, emasimini elayisi, ezingadini nasezinsimini zezithelo, futhi lamemezela izingxenye ezinkulu zasemaphandleni aseningizimu โizindawo ezihlala unomphela ezingenamliloโ lapho kungabulawa noma yini ehambayo. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi ophenyo asanda kukhishwa e-U.S. Army, amasosha ase-US enze amakhulu okubulala abantu baseVietnam. Izehlakalo eziqinisekisiwe zonya olukhulu zingu-320; ezinye izehlakalo ezingama-500 iButho lazithatha njengezenzo zonya โezisolwayoโ; futhi, ngenxa yokuthi wonke amacala empi ayengabikwanga, izilinganiso zonya zazisukela cishe enkulungwaneni kuya kwenkulungwane namakhulu amahlanu ngenyanga. Futhi โ[a]amabhasi ayengapheleli ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezikhohlakele . . . Zembulwa kuzo zonke izigaba zezempi ezazisebenza eVietnam. โ [10] Izakhamuzi zaseVietnam ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezine zafa empini. Nokho emuva e-United States, i-White House kanye ne-Pentagon brass bakwazile ukuqinisa izinhloso ezinhle zaseMelika. NjengaseKorea, abekho abenzi benqubomgomo abake bagwetshwa noma abake bagwetshwa ngokwephula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wokusiza abantu, futhi abezindaba base-US, ngaphandle kokuhlukile okumbalwa, baba nesandla embonweni ongamanga womzamo wempi onomusa, onenhloso enhle.
Isinqumo sikaTruman sokulahla amabhomu e-athomu emadolobheni amabili aseJapane asindisiwe ngamabomu sifanekisela inkolelo yeMelika ekhululekile kubuchwepheshe bayo bezempi, ukungahloniphi kwayo imithetho yempi, nokuzimisela ukubulala izakhamuzi ngokungakhethi ukuze kuphoqe ababusi baseJapan ukuthi bazinikele โngaphandle kwemibandela.โ Ngenkathi uGeorge W. Bush, u-Dick Cheney, kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu ze-Pentagon begunyaza "I-Operation Iraqi Freedom," u-Hiroshima no-Nagasaki babesezingqondweni zabo njengesingathekiso. Ngo-March 2003, izindiza ze-Air Force kanye ne-Navy, zidubula imicibisholo yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, ziwisa amabhomu amakhulu, aqondiswa ngokunemba kanye ne-napalm, ahola ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq. โUkushaqekaโ abakunikeza abaholi base-Iraqi kwakufanele kube โokulingana okungeyona eyenuzi nomthelela izikhali ze-athomu ezehlela eHiroshima naseNagasaki kumaJapane,โ okwakufanele kuphoqe abaholi baseJapane ukuthi nikela ngokungenamibandela. [11] Yeka ukungaqondi kahle komlando lokho okwakuyikho. Besebenzisa amandla amaningi avamile, abakhuzi namasosha baseMelika bawuchitha ngokushesha umbuso kaSaddam Hussein; kodwa esikhundleni sokwenza "ukwesaba" kubantu base-Iraqi, ukusebenzisa kwabo iziqhumane ngokweqile kanye nesihluku sobandlululo kwabhebhethekisa ukumelana nobuzwe base-Iraq. Impi yase-Iraq yaba ukuphindwa kabusha kwengxabano enkulu yaseVietnam, okwathi, ngokwengxenye, kwaba ukuphindwaphindwa kwengxabano yaseKorea yangaphambili - ngaphandle kokuthi isimo sokumelana ne-Iraq sihluke kakhulu.
Njengoba sekunesikhathi eside bejwayele ukusebenzisa amandla ngokunganaki umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, nokusebenza ezweni elikhohlisayo lokukhuluma ngezempi, ubuholi base-US baqala, ngokuzethemba, kuzo zontathu izimpi ngaphandle kwesu lokuziqeda. Ukuthi lezi zimpi ezingekho emthethweni zehlisa abantu baseMelika futhi zandisa imingcele yesimo sabo saphakade akumele kusimangaze.
Muva nje, i-US kanye ne-Israel bathathe iphethini yeMpi Yezwe II yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwedolobha nengqalasizinda futhi bayisebenzisa eLebanon. NgoJulayi 12, 2006, i-Israel yahlasela izwe elizimele laseLebanon, isebenzisa njengezaba ukuthunjwa kwamasosha amabili akwa-Israel ngamaShiite Hizbollah aseningizimu neLebanon. Uhlelo lwakwa-Israel, olwasulwa kusasele izinyanga nabaphathi bakaBush, bekuwukucekela phansi uhlelo lwezokuxhumana lwaseLebanon, imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amadepho kawoyela, amafekthri, izakhiwo kanye nemizi, futhi kubulawe inqwaba yezakhamizi zaseLebanon-konke ngethemba lohlanya lokuguqula ubuKristu. kanye namaSunni ngokumelene ne-Hizbollah. [12] Izikhali zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nezikhali amasosha akwa-Israel azisebenzisa ukwenza lobu bugebengu bempi zabekwa ezandleni zabo ngabakhokhi bentela base-US. Kodwa abalwi be-Hizbollah babambelela ngokuqinile kubahlaseli futhi baphindisela ngamarokhethi ayeqondiswe kumasosha akwa-Israel kanye nezakhamuzi. Ezinsukwini ezingama-33 zokulwa amasosha akwa-Israel ashiya amakhaya awo cishe isigidi saseLebanon futhi abulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-1,000 kuya ku-1,300 (iningi labo okwakuyizakhamuzi), okuhlanganisa nabesifazane abaningi nezingane eQana. Ubugebengu bokugcina bempi yakwa-Israyeli - obenziwe ngaphambi nje kokuthi kuqale isivumelwano - bekuwukulahla amabhomu ahlangene ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, eduze nezibhedlela, nasezindlini zabantu, ezimotweni nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana eningizimu yeLebanon. [13]
Ukuphatha kukaBush, kanye ne-US Congress, bavumela ukuhlasela kwe-Israel, bavikela ngaphandle kwemibandela ukubulawa kwabo ababengamasosha, futhi amasonto avimbela ukumiswa kokudubula. Impi yakwa-Israel-Lebanon iphinde yahlukanisa nombono womphakathi ngokumelene ne-Israel kanye ne-U.S., ngenkathi iphinde yembula ukuzikhohlisa okukhona โkuzinhloso ezinhleโ zaseMelika.
August 21, 2006
amanothi
[1] U-Eric F. Goldman, Iminyaka Eyishumi Ebalulekile - Futhi Ngemva: I-American, 1945-1960 (Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 5.
[2] Umhleli kanye Nomshicileli, Abasebenzi, "I-Poll Ibonisa abantu baseMelika, Ngokokuqala ngqa, Bahlukaniswe Ngokusetshenziswa Kwe-A-Bombs ngo-1945," E & P, July 24, 2005.
[3] Sahr Conway-Lanz, Umonakalo Obambisene: Abantu baseMelika, Ukungavikeleki Okungalwi, kanye Nonya ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (Routledge, 2006), p. 11.
[4] Conway-Lanz, p. 13; URobert Jay Lifton noGreg Mitchell, I-Hiroshima eMelika: Iminyaka Engamashumi amahlanu Yokuphika (Amadodana kaGP Putnam, 1995), p. 5.
[5] Conway-Lanz, p. 13.
[6] Conway-Lanz, amakhasi 13, 21, 229.
[7] Horst Fischer, โCollateral Damage,โ etholakala ku- Iphrojekthi Yezigebengu Zempi - Ibhuku,
[8] Herbert P. Bix, โThe Faith that Supports U.S. Violence: Comparative Reflections on the Arrogance of Empires,โ ifakwe kuwebhusayithi ye-Z-net kanye ne-japanfocus.org, Sept. 2, 2004.
[9] U-Herbert P. Bix, "Umthetho Wamacala Empi Nezimpi ZaseMelika Ngekhulu Lama-20 E-Asia," I-Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, Umq. 33, No. 1 (Julayi 2001), amakhasi 119-132.
[10] U-Nick Turse kanye no-Deborah Nelson, "Ukubulawa Kwezakhamuzi Akuzange Kujeziswe: Amaphepha Angabonakali Abonisa Izenzo Zonya Zase-US Zidlulele Ngalรฉ Kwe-My Lai," I-Los Angeles Times (Aug. 6, 2006).
[11] Icashunwe kusukela kuSingeniso ku-Harlan K. Ullman noJames P. Wade, Ukushaqeka & Ukwesaba: Ukuzuza Ukubusa Ngokushesha (National Defence University, ACT 1996), n.p.
[12] Bheka u-Seymour M. Hersh, โUkubuka iLebanon: Intshisekelo YaseWashington Empini Yakwa-Israyeli,โ The New Yorker (Aug. 26, 2006), amakhasi 28-33.
[13] UDeclan Walsh, "Amabhomu Eqoqo Angaqhumi Akhuthaza Ukwesaba Nokufutheka Ekubuyiseni Kwababaleki," The Guardian E-UK (Aug. 21, 2006).
Herbert P. Bix, umbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje, ubhala ngezinkinga zempi nombuso. Umngane waseJapane Focus, walungiselela lesi sihloko se-Japan Focus.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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