Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1880 kwehle kuze kube sekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ababusi bamakoloni baseBrithani nabaseFrance, phakathi kwabanye, babamba abantu abangama-Arabhu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi ekuthobeni. Eqiniswe impi emelene ne-Hitlerism, ama-imperialism aseYurophu ahoxa ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela e-United States, eyangenelela ukuthatha indawo yabo. Ukudalwa kuka-Israyeli "njengezwe lokugcina lamakoloni" (1948) kanye nokuxosha kuka-Israyeli abantu bomdabu basePalestine emhlabeni wabo nasezindlini zabo kwahlaka uhlangothi olulodwa lwe-European retreat; ukuhlasela okuhlulekile kwe-Anglo-French-Israeli kwe-Egypt, okwaziwa nge-Suez Canal crisis (1956), kwafaka okunye.
Ngesikhathi sempi i-US yathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu ukuze ivikele izizinda zikawoyela zaseSaudi Arabia futhi idlulise umbuso wasogwadule usuka endaweni yethonya laseBrithani wayisa kwelinye lama-hegemony yi-US kanye nezinkampani zikawoyela zaseMelika. UMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ungene ekusebenzisaneni neNkosi u-Ibn Saud esabelayo - "ukwanga okubulalayo" okwakhula kancane kancane abalandeli bakhe, uTruman no-Eisenhower, uJohnson kanye no-Nixon.[1] Ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga e-CIA, i-Iran kanye namazwe akhiqiza uwoyela esifundeni sasePersian Gulf aba ngaphansi kokuvikelwa yiWashington.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uhlaka lulonke lwe-Middle East oda olwakhiwa abahleli benqubomgomo yaseMelika empeleni lwaluwukuqhutshekwa kwaseYurophu, okusekelwe ekusekeleni amakhosi, omashiqela bezempi, kanye ne-Saudi Islam extremism. I-Israel ingene kulesi sithombe ngoba izikhulu ze-Pentagon zayithatha njengesisekelo esingase sikhiqize amandla e-US kuso sonke isifunda - ithemba elatholwa yiSaudi Arabia lingenakuphikiswa. Ngo-1967, lapho ubuhlobo be-US-Israel busungulwa ngendlela yabo yamanje, ukuzibophezela kweWashington ku-Israel kwahambisana nokuzonda kwayo ubuzwe bezwe bukaGamal Abdel-Nasser waseGibhithe.
***
Manje uguquko lwentando yeningi oluzenzakalelayo, olungahleliwe luyaqhubeka eGibhithe lanamuhla. Amasosha kanye namandla ezepolitiki agxile emaphoyiseni, ukuze azisindise ekusongelweni kwentando yeningi, sekuphoqe uMengameli uHosni Mubarak, owabusa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu esekelwa yi-US, ukuba adlulisele amandla embuthweni futhi aphume endaweni yesigameko. Ubuholi bamasosha, ngenkathi bubandakanya ukunyakaza kwentando yeningi, bulwela ukulawula ijubane nokuqukethwe kwezinguquko. I-Egypt enabantu abayizigidi ezingu-82 iyizwe lama-Arab elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi elibaluleke kakhulu kunawo wonke, ngaphandle kokuba umholi wamasiko kanye nomhlanganisi wangaphambili wezwe lama-Arab. Uhlelo lokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kanye nokuphanga okuzimele okwasetshenziswa omashiqela bezempi u-Anwar Sadat noMubarak eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule lugxilile. Imizamo edumile yokuhlakaza amabutho ahlomile emnothweni - empeleni ihlakaza isisekelo senhlalo yobushiqela - iphikiswa ababusi bezempi baseGibhithe kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu. Abaphathi bamasosha abahoxanga ngendlela okufanele bahoxe ngayo kodwa kunalokho bamane bathembisa ukuvumela โuhulumeni wezakhamuzi okhethiwe ukuba . . . Lokhu kuphikelela kokubusa kwezempi kuyisithiyo sokuqala abantu baseGibhithe abacindezelwe ababhekana naso njengoba bezabalaza ukuqhubekisela phambili uguquko lwabo olunokuthula.
Okwesibili kuvela ekuphenduleni okukhohlisayo kwe-US ekuvukeleni okudumile okubangelwa ukuvuka kwezombusazwe eTunisia okwabe sekusakazekela eGibhithe naseYemen, lapho imibhikisho iqhubeka khona. Selokhu kwawa uMubarak, bangaphezu kuka-10,000 ababhikishi abafuna inkululeko nezinguquko e-Bahrain, okuyizwe elincane eliyisiqhingi sase-Persian Gulf eliholwa inkosi yamaSunni u-Hamad al-Khalifa kanye nenkosana yakhe ebusa phezu kwabantu abangamaphesenti angama-70 amaShi'ite. Uzalo lomndeni, iSaudi Arabia engumakhelwane, noma abaphathi baka-Obama abafuna lesi sifundazwe esikhiqiza uwoyela futhi sicwengisiswe, lapho i-US Fifth Fleet izinze khona, sibe yizwe lentando yeningi. Nokho, umbono we-Elite e-US udinga ukuthi u-Obama asole esidlangalaleni ukushaywa okuchitha igazi kwababhikishi abanokuthula abangahlomile, obekwenzeka ngamathangi ahlinzekwa yi-US kanye nezikhali zokulawula izixuku.
E-Iran eseduze, futhi, imibhikisho yomphakathi isiphinde yavutha, nakuba lapha iWashington isole ngokushesha futhi ngokungananazi uhulumeni ngokungafani nokuphendula kwayo okushisayo, okungaqondakali enkingeni yaseGibhithe.[3] Imibhikisho yokuzwelana manje idlangile iJordani kanye neWest Bank ephethwe yi-Israel. E-Algeria, esemngceleni weTunisia futhi inobushiqela obungenawo ukufaneleka, ababhikishi abasebasha baye bangena emigwaqweni befuna izinguquko.[4] ILibya ecebile, uwoyela kanye negesi nayo ikhungethwe yizimfuno ezidumile zenguquko efana ne-Egypt, futhi iphendula ngokusebenzisa izikhali ezihlinzekwe ngabadayisi bezikhali base-US nabaseYurophu (amaFulentshi, amaNgisi, amaNtaliyane namaRussia) ukuze bacindezele ngesihluku isicelo sokuketulwa kwezikhali. umashiqela u-Muammar al-Gaddafi kanye nombuso wakhe okhohlakele.[5] U-Qaddafi usebuse iminyaka engamashumi amane nanye futhi ube ngumngane weMelika kusukela ngo-2006, kodwa njengoba sibhala lokhu amabutho asekela "umashiqela wokuphila" alawula ngokuqinile inhloko-dolobha, iTripoli kuphela.
Sihlanganiswe ndawonye, โโlesi sivunguvungu semibhikisho yentando yeningi enokuthula, egqugquzelwa omakhalekhukhwini nezithombe zesathelayithi, sesabise kakhulu omashiqela namakhosi ngenkathi sithinta sonke isakhiwo saseMelika sokubusa kweMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye, ngempela, nobudlelwano base-US nabantu abangamaSulumane kulo lonke elase-Asia. Isu lonke laseMelika liyabhidlika, okuphoqa abahleli baseWashington ukuthi baqhubeke nenkambo yabo yokusabela noma balahle omashiqela, amakhosi, kanye namaZayoni akwa-Israel izinqubomgomo zabo ezidale le nkinga.
Esimeni lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi zaseGibhithe zemvelo yezwe, yentando yeningi zanda, ukuthi ababhikishi baseGibhithe abadeli, futhi bayaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela enqubweni yezombangazwe, izakhamizi ezijwayelekile zaseGibhithe zingalindeleka ukuthi zifune ukuthi iziphathimandla zazo zezwe ziqale ukuphishekela ukuzimela. , inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ye-pro-Egypt ehambisana nezithakazelo zaseGibhithe nama-Arab. Lokhu kusho ukusekela izintshisekelo zabantu basePalestine abadliwe kanye nokuqeda ukubandakanyeka kweGibhithe ekuvinjweni kweGaza. Nakuba abaphathi bombuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke waseMelika bevele bethi bayaseseka isimo esikhona kubantu baseGibhithe njengoba kwacaca ukuthi uMubarak uzobhujiswa - "uMubarakism ngaphandle kukaMubarak" - mancane amathuba okuthi bamukele ukulandelana kwemiphumela ephonsela inselelo iMelika ngqo. amandla kanye nezinjongo zokuphepha zesifunda.
Usizi lwezomnotho, amanani entengo yokudla akhuphukayo kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu kwentsha okukhiqizwa amashumi eminyaka ezinqubomgomo ze-neo-liberal globalization kwenza imibhikisho yase-Egypt yashintsha kakhulu. Ingcindezelo enonya yezombusazwe yaqinisa amandla odlame lwezomnotho oluvezwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neo-liberal eheha inhlokodolobha yakwamanye amazwe ezungeze igama ngenkathi ishiya iningi labantu baseGibhithe limpofu. Lokhu kwabeka inkundla yenguquko lapho abesifazane nabesilisa baseGibhithe, abasebenza ezimbonini ezintsha ezakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990, babamba iqhaza eliphambili.
Ukwanda koguquko kungalandelelwa ekuphenduleni kwabantu baseGibhithe ekuhlaseleni okuholwa yiMelika kanye nokuhlala e-Iraq ngo-2003; impi ye-Israel-US ne-Lebanon ngo-2006 kanye nokuphumelela kwe-Hezbollah ukumelana nayo ngezikhali; kwaqhubeka nokwanda kwama-Israel eMpumalanga yeJerusalema naseWest Bank kanye Kwa-Israyeli blockade, ngokusekelwa baseGibhithe, of the Gazan Palestinians kusukela 2007 amacala amakhulu empi u-Israel, ngokwesekwa yi-US, ewenze kubantu basePalestine abahlala eGaza ayizange ibonakale emazweni ama-Arab. Lezi zenzakalo zasemuva azigcini nje ngokugcina isifunda sisezinxushunxushu; futhi zikwenza kucace ukuthi izici ezibucayi emphumeleni wenhlangano yentando yeningi zizoncika ekuzimiseleni kwesigaba sezikhulu zaseGibhithe kanye nabasekeli balo base-US ukwabelana ngamandla namandla entando yeningi asafufusa futhi balungise izinqubomgomo ezibalulekile zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.[6]
Isazi-mlando sama-Arab kanye nesishoshovu uGilbert Achcar ukhombe inqwaba yamaqembu aseGibhithe ahola ukuphikisa umbuso wobushiqela wamaphoyisa nabezempi, oholwa nguMubarak. Bahlanganisa: abantu ababonise ubumbano nokuvukela kwesibili kwe-Palestine kwe-2000, futhi kamuva baphikisana nokuhlasela kwe-US nokuhlala e-Iraq; abaholi benhlangano yabasebenzi ekhululekile yaseGibhithe (engavunyelwe uhulumeni); izinhlangano zezinhlangano zentsha yasemadolobheni; amalungu esigaba esiphakathi; abaholi bezinhlangano zomphakathi ezifana ne-"Kefaya [Sekwanele!]" kanye nenkululeko U-Mohamed ElBaradei, kanye nabamele i-Muslim Brotherhood eyake yavalwa. I-Brotherhood, okuyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke eliphikisayo, iguquke emashumini amaningi eminyaka yaba inhlangano engeyona eyeqisayo, engeyona eyabefundisi eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngodokotela, onjiniyela, nabanye ochwepheshe okukhathaza kakhulu umphakathi ngabo futhi abezenkolo babonakala besendaweni yesibili, noma ngabe ngempela kukhona enye indaba. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi abaholi beBrotherhood bakhombise ukweseka ubuholi bamasosha.
Abaningi balaba badlali abahamba phambili bayaqonda ukuthi amabutho ahlomile kudala enza ngemuva kwezigcawu njengamandla engcindezelo yawo nakuba abanye besaqhubeka nokuqamba amanga ngokungathathi hlangothi kwebutho lesizwe. Amaphoyisa kaMubarak kanye nosomabhizinisi abacebise ngoxhaso oluxhaswe yi-US bafuna ukusebenzisa lawo maqhinga athandwayo ukuze benze ababhikishi babe buthaka.[7]
Uma sibuyekeza ngohlelo osekwenzekile, siyabona ukuthi phakathi nesonto lokuqala lokudlondlobala kwentando yeningi ezweni lonke - Januwari 25 kuya kuFebhuwari 4 - imibhikisho yentando yeningi yayinamandla kangangokuthi abanye babelindele ukuthi amandla abantu azokhukhula ngokushesha. umashiqela. Ababhikishi babuthana ezigcawini, ngemibhikisho enokuthula, ehlelekile, befuna kuqedwe ubushiqela bezempi kanye nokuqaliswa kwezimiso zomhlaba wonke zenkululeko, intando yeningi, nobulungiswa bezomnotho nezenhlalo. Kancane kancane izimfuno zabo zaba sobala kakhulu: ukuphela ngokushesha โkwesimo esiphuthumayo,โ ukubhalwa komthethosisekelo omusha wentando yeningi, ukuphela kokuhlushwa nokucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa, ukuguqulwa kophiko lwezobulungiswa olukhohlakele, nesijeziso sabo bonke abenze ubugebengu kubantu. . Kube nezimfuno ezinqala ebezibekwa ngabasebenzi abatelekile nababhikishi ezimbonini ezahlukene. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwenzuzo, uhlelo lwentela eqhubekayo, iholo elincane, uxhaso lokudla nezinye izinhlobo zokweseka abangasebenzi, Ngeshwa, inhlangano eholwa yintsha esezingeni eliphakathi kanye nedlakela yayivame ukubalulaza.[8] ]
Esikhundleni salokho, okwakufunwa yisigaba esiphakathi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukusula kukaMubarak kanye nohulumeni wakhe wonke wezempi, kuhlanganise nosekela-mongameli uSuleiman; "ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wezinguquko obanzi oqokwe ikomiti elinamalungu ayi-14, elakhiwe amajaji aphezulu, abaholi bentsha, namalungu ezempi"; ukuhlakazwa kwephalamende leqembu elilodwa likaMubarak (NDP); kanye nokhetho olulandela ukubhalwa komthethosisekelo omusha ngumkhandlu wezihlakaniphi zomphakathi ezingama-40 kanye nochwepheshe bomthethosisekelo.[9] Ngaphandle uma zonke izikhulu ezakha umbuso wobushiqela zisula, kwahlakazwa nohlaka lwazo lokubusa, okuhlanganisa nophiko lwezokuphepha lombuso, abaningi abaphikisayo babekholelwa ukuthi ukuzidela kwabo kwakuyoba ize futhi kwakuyodingeka bahlale ngokwesaba ukuthi bazogcina behloselwe ukuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa. . Uvalo lwabo lwaphela njengoba bekhula ukuzethemba nenani labo lakhula.
Kuze kube sekupheleni, lapho kukhethwa uMubarak noma bona ngokwabo, kanye nabeluleki babo baseMelika babasiza ukuba babone ukuthi kungani uMubarak kufanele ahambe, abaholi abaphezulu beNational Army benqaba ukuhlukana naye. Njengoba isimo siqhubeka, abaphathi abakhulu bagwema ukuyala amasosha ukuthi adubule ezakhamuzini futhi banikeze ababhikishi ukuzivikela ngezinye izikhathi ngenkathi bebakhuthaza ukuba babhidlize imigoqo yabo baye emakhaya kwezinye. Ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye lwalo mbhikisho, ngemuva kokuba amaphoyisa ehlulekile ukuchoboza ababhikishi, uphiko lwezobunhloli lukaMubarak lwaqoqa ibutho elincane lezigebengu elihlomile balithumela eCairo, lapho lahlangana khona eTahrir Square, "isizinda" sokuvukela kuzwelonke. Izishoshovu, amaphoyisa odweshu, abantu abangasebenzi uhulumeni obaholela amaRandi angu-9 ngosuku, izigebengu ezigibele amahhashi namakamela, bahlasela ababhikishi ababesekela intando yeningi ngezibhakela, izinduku, imimese, izinsimbi ezinde, amakhekhe eMolotov, izibhamu nangezibhamu. izinhlamvu, kuyilapho abezokuphepha begqoke umfaniswano bebadubula ngamabhomu esisi esikhalisa unyembezi e-US.
Ukuhlaselwa kwabaphikisi ngokuthula kwenzeka ngemuva Kubikwa ukuthi u-Obama uphoqe uMubarak ukuthi esule esikhundleni sakhe futhi avumele iphini lakhe elisha likamengameli kanye "nomshushisi omkhulu," uJenene Omar Suleiman, ukuthi aqede ukuvukela umbuso. USuleiman, oqeqeshwe amasosha ase-US, wayekade engumphathi weCIA waseCairo "ukhomba," ephethe ukusheshisa uhlelo olungekho emthethweni lwase-US lokuhumusha ngokwedlulele, lapho iziboshwa zazithunyelwa eGibhithe (phakathi kwamanye amazwe) ukuze zihlushwe.[10] Intatheli uPepe Escobar ubhala ukuthi ababhikishi baseGibhithe "kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila, kusukela kubafundi kuya kubameli, ingasaphathwa eyezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zaseGibhithe" bayazi ukuthi uSuleiman "wayengamele ukukhishwa kwe-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabasolwa be-al-Qaeda. )โฆ [futhi] wayengungqongqoshe ngaphandle kwephothifoliyo kanye nomqondisi we-Egypt General Intelligence Directorate, i-ejensi yezobunhloli kazwelonke, kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-2011." Kodwa "akunandaba ukuthi umgwaqo waseGibhithe uyamzonda; emazingeni aphezulu ebutho nguyena omusha. U-Al-Jazeera umchaza 'njengomuntu obalulekile' wobudlelwane obuyimfihlo baseGibhithe no-Israyeli .... Ngakolunye uhlangothi I-Human Rights Watch igcizelela ukuthi, 'abaseGibhithe...bona u-Suleiman njengo-Mubarak II, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwengxoxo ende ayinikeze kumabonakude wombuso ngo-Feb 3 lapho esole khona ababhikishi e-Tahrir Square ngokusebenzisa i-ajenda yangaphandle. uzifihla izinsongo zakhe zokuziphindiselela kubabhikishi.'[11]
USuleiman wavumela amaphoyisa ezempi ukuthi ahlasele izintatheli kanye nabasebenzi bamalungelo abantu futhi unesibopho sokugcina sokufa kwababhikishi abangaphezu kuka-300, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokuphathwa kabi kweziboshwa, kanye nenqwaba yokunyamalala okungekho emthethweni.[12] Ngenkathi uSuleiman ethatha izintambo kuMubarak, Sec. woMbuso u-Hillary Clinton kanye no-Frank Wisner, Jr. isithunywa sakhe esikhethekile e-Cairo, baqale bakwazisa ukuthi uWashington wayemeseka. Ekugcineni, ngosuku lwe-18 lwemibhikisho, ngemuva kokuba abasebenzi bebambe iziteleka ezweni lonke futhi izigidi zabantu base-Egypt bathi akuqedwe umbuso, uMubarak wehla esikhundleni. Lokhu kwavula isiphambano samanje senkululeko nokuxoxisana ngenkathi sisashiya amasosha ephethe kanye nesisekelo sokubusa kwezempi sinjalo.
Ibutho lezempi seliyijwayele indima yalo eyinhloko kwezombusazwe zaseGibhithe njengoba kwenza amasosha aseJapane ngemva kokuphela kweMpi YaseRussia-Japanese ngo-1905. Ukuqeda u-Suleiman kanye nabanye kanye nokuqeda ukubusa kwezempi yaseGibhithe ngeke kube lula. Njengoba Umlobeli waseMpumalanga Ephakathi u-Anthony Shadid waveza, "Njengoba amasosha avukela umbuso ... aqhamuke njengomdlali ophambili kwezombusazwe osekunesikhathi efuna ukuwulawula ngemuva. Ohlomulile osizweni lwaseMelika olucishe lube yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-$40 ngesikhathi kubusa uMnu. Mubarak, izithakazelo zayo zithinta ingqikithi yempilo yezomnotho - kusukela embonini yezempi kuya emabhizinisini afana nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nezindlu, izimpahla zabathengi kanye nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokungcebeleka.Ngisho nabaholi abaphambili bamaqembu aphikisayo, njengo-Mohamed ElBaradei, bavumile ukuthi amasosha azoba neqhaza elibalulekile ekushintsheni. "[13]
USuleiman, 74, kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela oneminyaka engama-75, uField Marshall Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, ohola uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezempi olawula uhulumeni, basivumile isicelo sababhikishi sokuthi kuhlakazwe iphalamende kanye nokumiswa kwePhalamende. umthethosisekelo. Kepha njengoba bezabalaza ukugcina amandla ezempi, bajabulela ukwesekwa yi-US, Israel, neSaudi Arabia - kanye namandla aseYurophu ahamba phambili - iBrithani, iJalimane, iFrance ne-Italy. Bonke bafuna izindlela eziphephile zokunciphisa ukuvutshelwa kwenguquko futhi baguqule isimo esibucayi saseGibhithe sizuze kubo. Ngenxa yokuthi abakhokhintela base-US minyaka yonke bahlinzeka ngosizo lwezempi lwe- $ 1.3 billion eGibhithe, okwesibili kuphela kwa-Israyeli emazweni lapho i-US ingekho empini, laba baholi abaphezulu baseGibhithe bahlala besondelene nePentagon namalungu eCongress, kanye nabagqugquzeli abanamandla abenza inzuzo. kusukela ekwenzeni ibhizinisi ngombuso wabo. Baphinde bathokozele ukwesekwa amaZionists kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni wase-US kanjalo nongoti abaphiko lwesokudla abeseka indlela ka-Obama yokubumba inhlangano yaseGibhithe ukuze ihlale isabela ezintweni eziseqhulwini zaseMelika.
Ukuphi iGibhithe?
Ukuqhathanisa kafushane kwe-Egypt ne-South Korea, imiphakathi enamasiko ezepolitiki ahluke ngokuphelele, kuveza kokubili izithiyo kanye namathuba oguquko lwentando yeningi. Zombili ziyizizwe lapho abahleli bezikhulu eWashington bakhuthaza ubushiqela bezempi obucindezela amandla entando yeningi nalapho bazama khona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwe ngalinye ligcwalisa indawo yalo ngaphakathi kohlelo olubuswa yi-neo-liberal yomhlaba wonke obuswa yi-US. Umqondo wokuvala ithonya lamaSoviet kulawa mazwe awukwazi ukuchaza inqubomgomo yase-US kuwo. Nakuba namuhla iNingizimu Korea inezakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-48 - okungaphezudlwana kwesigamu sabantu baseGibhithe - futhi lezi zizwe zombili zisebenza ezindaweni ezingafani zamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqhathanisa kuyathela.
Ngaphansi kombusi wobushiqela u-Syngman Rhee (1948-60), owabusa phakathi nangemva kweMpi YaseKorea, iNingizimu Korea yayintula isigaba sonxiwankulu bomdabu abazimele, futhi yayivumela inkululeko embalwa yomphakathi. Ephoqelelwe ukubusa ngenxa yemibhikisho edumile, u-Rhee walishiya izwe kwathi u-Gen. Park Chung Hee (1961-79) wangena njengomashiqela wokuqala wezempi waseNingizimu. I-US izinqubomgomo zayo zase zibeke inkundla yokukhula kwezempi nobushiqela yamsekela kakhulu uPark futhi yakwazi ukumyenga ukuba athumele amasosha ayolwa eVietnam. Noma kunjalo, kusukela eminyakeni yePaki iNingizimu Korea yabhekana nezimboni ezisheshayo, eziholwa ukuthekelisa futhi zenza izinguquko ezinkulu zezombusazwe nezomnotho. Isigaba sawo sonxiwankulu nesezimali sakhula saba sikhulu futhi sazibusa naphezu kokuthi sasivinjwe amabutho ahlomile nobukhulu bawo obukhulu. (Ngo-2010 yayinamabutho asebenzayo angu-653,000 kanye neziqiwu ezivamile eziyizigidi ezingu-3.2, ezinkulu kakhulu kunezempi zase-Egypt.[14]) Onxiwankulu baseKorea nabo bahlomula osizweni olumbaxambili lwezomnotho lwase-Washington ne-Tokyo.
Lapho izikhulu zezempi ezazingathintekile zibulala iPark, uJenene Chun Doo Hwan wathatha amandla futhi ngoMeyi 1, 1980, wabeka umthetho wezempi. Khona manjalo kwaqubuka imibhikisho yabafundi eSeoul befuna ukuthi uChun esule esikhundleni futhi kususwe umthetho wezempi. Ngokushesha uChun waboshwa abaholi bawo kazwelonke. Khona-ke ngo-May 18, lapho lonke izwe limi eceleni, abafundi basedolobheni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGwangju babuthana enkabeni yedolobha (eliqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi โDemocracy Squareโ) lapho bahlela khona amamashi aphikisana namaphoyisa namasosha.[15] Ngoxhaso lwezikhulu zase-US namasosha, uChun uthumele ama-paratroopers angaphezu kuka-3,000 kanye namaphoyisa odlame angu-18,000 ahlasele. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezalandela abafundi nezakhamuzi ezivamile bazihlomisa ukuze bazivikele, balwa izimpi namasosha namaphoyisa, futhi bathola ukulawula idolobha okwesikhashana. Ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva ukuhlubuka kwabo kwaqedwa. Izikhulu (ezingalungile nezingabikwanga kangako) inani labashonile laliyi-174; izakhamuzi zaseGwangju zathi balinganiselwa ku-2,000 abantu abashonile.[16] Nakuba u-Chun wayenecala lokufa kwabo, kanye nokuchotshozwa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nokuboshwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwezinkulungwane zeziboshwa zezombusazwe, uMongameli uRonald Reagan, wameseka kakhulu uChun, njengoba enza nezinye izitha zentando yeningi namalungelo abantu kulo lonke izwe. umhlaba.
UChun wayezoba umashiqela wokugcina wezempi waseNingizimu. Ngemva kweGwangju, ukunyakaza kokubuswa ngentando yeningi kwasakazeka futhi, ekugcineni, ngo-June 1987, imibhikisho emikhulu eyayiholwa abafundi yaketula uChun. Ngemva kokuwa kwakhe, inhlangano yentando yeningi yaseKorea yajula, sibonga ngokwengxenye endaweni entsha yamazwe ngamazwe eyayilolongwa izinguquko zikamongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev imizamo yakhe eyasiza ukuqeda impi yamakhaza.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, izakhamuzi zaseKorea, ezisebenza ngezinyunyana eziqinile zabasebenzi kanye namaqembu aphikisayo angempela, zaphumelela ukufaka ingcindezi eqhubekayo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ngenkathi izishoshovu zabafundi bezihlangana nesigaba esimaphakathi sasemadolobheni, iSouth Korea ibithuthuka ngokomnotho ezisekelweni ezabekwa umbuso wobushiqela wasePark nowamaChun. Ukukhuphuka kwamaholo kanye nezinguquko ezehlukene zezenhlalo ziphawule intuthuko yezomnotho yaseNingizimu Korea. Kancane kancane ijulisa izinqubomgomo zayo zentuthuko yezwe elifaniswe nelaseJapan futhi yaba umbuso womthetho.[17]
Uguquko lwaseKorea lwehlulekile ukubhebhethekisa isiphithiphithi soguquko lwesifunda esilinganisweni sezinhlangano zentando yeningi ezisabalele njengamanje eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, nakuba isibonelo saseKorea saba nomthelela ekuguqukeni kweTaiwan kusukela ebushiqela beqembu elilodwa ukuya embusweni wentando yeningi yamaqembu amaningi, okuyinto kwaqala ngo-1988. Nokho, njengoba kukhula iminyaka yawo-1990, izinguquko zentando yeningi e-Asia zamiswa. Ohulumeni baseSeoul bamukele izinqubomgomo eziningi ze-neo-liberal namandla ezomnotho agxila kakhulu kuma-conglomerates amakhulu angamashumi amathathu (i-chaebol). Ukungalingani kweholo kuye kwajula futhi kwabekwa imingcele yomthetho ezinyunyana.
INingizimu Korea nesigaba sayo esikhulu esimaphakathi kanye nekhono lokuthenga ukuphikiswa kusikhumbuza ukuthi intando yeningi yamaqembu amaningi kanye nokhetho olukhululekile kuyahambisana nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho we-neo-liberal kanye nezinqubomgomo zasekhaya ezimelene nabantu. INingizimu ikhona esimweni sempi yombango engaqediwe neNyakatho, izenzo zayo ezivame ukusiza ukuba kube semthethweni ukubusa kwezempi yaseNingizimu. Ohulumeni baseSeoul bayaqhubeka nokudlala indima ye-buffer ye-US neNorth Korea eseduze, i-China, ne-Russia. Abakwazanga ukuqeda ubukhona bezempi yaseMelika ngendlela yezisekelo namasosha, baye baphoqeleka ukuthi basekele isivumelwano "sesimo samabutho" esingalingani neWashington. Nokho inhlanganisela yokwanda okudlulele kwe-US ezimpini ezimbili ezibizayo, ezingaphumelelanga, kanye nokukhuphuka kweChina njengezwe lesibili elinamandla kwezomnotho emhlabeni ngendlela yokulinganisa ukubuswa kwe-US enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kunikeza abaholi baseKorea ithuba lokuhamba.
I-Egypt, ngokuphambene, ayinazo izisekelo zase-US emhlabathini wayo kodwa inendawo ngohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluvumela inkululeko encane yokuqondisa, nakuba inokuguquguquka okuthile. Umnotho wayo awuguquguquki kakhulu kunewaseNingizimu Korea futhi awukaze ube yizwe elithuthukayo noma lapho ukubusa komthetho kwazuza khona kakhulu. Amabutho ayo ahlomile makhulu kodwa ubuhlakani bayo namaphoyisa makhulu kakhulu. Ngokocwaningo lwamuva nje, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi wayala amadoda ayizigidi ezingu-1.7 ngo-2009, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa nezisebenzi ezingu-850,000 450,000, amasosha angu-400,000 18, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi angu-1979 19 nabasizi abangagqokile.[XNUMX] Iphinde isebenzise inethiwekhi yamajele aziswa kakhulu yi-CIA. Amasosha aseGibhithe abamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izindawo zomnotho. Baphinde babambe osomabhizinisi baseGibhithe futhi bakhuthaze unxiwankulu olukhohlakele. Okokugcina, omunye wemisebenzi yamasosha aseGibhithe njengekhasimende lase-US ukuthi igcina ukuthula no-Israyeli futhi ivumela iZionism enwebekayo. Ngethemba ukuthi lokho kuthula kuzoqhubeka kodwa akekho uhulumeni ovela eCairo ozofuna ukunika u-Israel โisandla samahhalaโ esifundeni ngendlela uSadat noMubarak abenza ngayo. Kunokuba bavumele u-Israyeli ajabulele ukungajeziswa, ohulumeni baseGibhithe besikhathi esizayo bazozama ukugwema enye impi ngenkathi beqeda ukusekela ukuvinjelwa kweGaza futhi bexoxisana kabusha ngesivumelwano sokuthula saseGibhithe sika-XNUMX no-Israyeli esingalingani.[XNUMX] Ojenene bangabala kahle ukuthi ngesikhathi sabo sokweqisa izinyathelo ezinjengokuvula umngcele waseRafah ukuwela eGaza kuzobazuzela ukuba semthethweni ababekudinga kabi ekhaya.
Ikusasa lenguquko yentando yeningi yaseGibhithe lisamile ebhalansini. Ibutho selithathe amandla. Iyaqhubeka nokubusa ngesinqumo esiphuthumayo kodwa isimo sonke sihlala simanzi. Inhlangano yoguquko enesibindi kuze kube manje ayikaze ibhekane nodlame; kodwa futhi alikaze liphakamise okunye okungaphezu kwegunya lepolitiki yentando yeningi kanye nomthethosisekelo omusha, okuye ngokuthi ubani owubhalayo, okungasho ukucindezelwa kweziteleka nezinyunyana zabasebenzi ezifake uguquko ngamandla. Abaholi base-Egypt abasebasha bentando yeningi, njengababhikishi basePalestine edlayo, bafuna inkululeko nobulungiswa kodwa kumele banqobe ifa lokubusa amaphoyisa, ubumpofu obudlulele obuvezwa ubunxiwankulu be-neo-liberal, kanye nokuzithoba okuhlazisayo emigomeni yaseMelika neyakwa-Israel. Bangakwazi ukufeza okuningi ngokungalibali iqiniso lokuthi, njengoba uNoam Chomsky aphawula ngobuhlakani, intando yeningi "iyinqubo, hhayi umgomo."
amanothi
Lena inguqulo ebuyekeziwe, ebuyekeziwe ye-athikili ethunyelwe ku japanfocus.org ngo-Feb. 15, 2011; updated Feb. 20. Ngibonga kuNoam Chomsky, James Petras, kanye noMark Selden ngolwazi, umbono kanye neziphakamiso zokuhlela.
1. UMichael Klare, Igazi Nowoyela: Izingozi Nemiphumela Yokuncika KwePetroleum Ekhulayo YaseMelika ( Metropolitan Books, 2004), amakhasi 26-55; U-Alfred E. Eckes, Omncane noThomas W. Zeiler, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke kanye ne-American Century (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003), amakhasi 114-5.
2. UChris McGreal, "Amasosha nababhikishi abavumelani mayelana nendlela yase-Egypt eya kuntando yeningi," okuthunyelwe ku-Feb. 12, 2011, ku-guardian.co.uk.
3. UMichael Slackman no-J. David Goodman, "Izinxushunxushu Zikhula e-Bahrain Njengoba Amaphoyisa Ebulala Umbhikishi Wesibili," New York Times, Februwari 15, 2011.
4. U-Martin Chukov, "Ababhikishi base-Algeria bangqubuzana namaphoyisa njengoba i-Egypt ibhebhetheka," okuthunyelwe ku-Feb. 12, 2011 ku-guardian.co.uk.
I-5. Bheka Imboni Yezokuvikela Nsuku zonke kanye no-Des Carney we-ISN Security Watch, "Ukuhlomisa iMaghreb," Nov. 17, 2009.
6. Umbiko weGoldstone: Ifa Lophenyo Oluphawulekayo Lwengxabano YaseGaza, NgeSingeniso sika-Naomi Klein, ed. ngu-Adam Horowitz, uLizzy Ratner, noPhilip Weiss (Izincwadi Zesizwe, 2011). Abahleli bale nguqulo efushanisiwe yombiko omude kakhulu bagxila kungemuva kanye nezehlakalo eziyinhloko zokuhlasela kuka-December 2008-January 2009. Wonke umbiko uku-inthanethi lapha.
7. U-Gilbert Achcar uxoxisane no-Farooq Sulehira, i-Socialist Project, Bulletin No 459, Feb. 7, 2011.
8. Nada Matta,"Ukuvukela KwabaseGibhithe kanye Nezikhalazo Zabasebenzi," ZNet, Feb. 17, 2011.
9. Mathewu, ibid.
10. Kuwebhu lapha.
11. Pepe Escobar,"'USheik al-Torture' manje useyintando yeningi," kuthunyelwe ngo-Feb. 9, 2011.
12. Liam Stack, "Phakathi KwabaseGibhithe Abalahlekile, Izinganekwane Zokuhlushwa Nejele," New York Times, ithunyelwe ngo-Feb. 17, 2011.
13. U-Anthony Shadid, "Okunganeliseki Ngaphakathi EGibhithe Ubhekana Namandla Ama-Elite Amadala," New York Times, Februwari 4, 2011.
14. Izibalo zeRiphabhulikhi yaseKorea zamasosha ahlomile zithathwe ku-Wikipedia, ngokusekelwe emithonjeni esemthethweni ye-ROK.
15. UGeorgy Katsiaficas noNa Khan-chae, abahleli., Intando Yeningi YaseNingizimu Korea: Ifa Lokuvukela Kwe-Gwangju (Routledge, 2006), p. 3.
16. Hosei daigaku Ohara Shakai mondai kenkyujo, ed., Shakai, rodo undo dai nenpyo, san kan, 1965-1985 (Rodo Junposha, 1986), p. 279.
17. Mikyung Chin, "Civil Society in South Korean Democratization," in David Arase, ed., Inselele Yoshintsho: I-East Asia ku-New Millennium (Institute of East Asian Studies, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 2003), p. 202.
18. UClement Moore Henry noRobert Springborg, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke kanye Nepolitiki Yentuthuko eMpumalanga Ephakathi (Cambridge Univ. Cindezela), p. 195.
19. UDaniel Levy,"Izinketho zika-Israyeli Ngemva kwe-Mubarak," Al Jazeera, okuthunyelwe Feb. 13, 2011.
U-Herbert Bix ubhala ngempi nenqubomgomo yangaphandle futhi ungumbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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