Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, izindatshana nezincwadi ezibhala ngobugebengu bempi, unya, kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle ethambekele kwezempi yase-United States ikhishwe ngobuningi. Evame ukuhlolisiswa imibuzo ehlobene: Imaphi amaqembu ezepolitiki nezomnotho, yiziphi izinhlangano ezibusayo namaqembu, yiziphi imibono ezenza abaholi abakhethiwe bachithe izigidigidi zamadola emalini yabakhokhi bentela ezimpini ezingekho emthethweni kanye nemisebenzi yonya olwengeziwe - izimpi lapho amabutho ephula izindinganiso ezifanayo nezaseJapan neJalimane ake zazephula. isilinganiso esikhulu ngokuphelele? Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?
Blame ukuguqula abaphathi baseMelika kanye namasosha amaningi abe yizigebengu eziyizigelekeqe ezilwa izimpi eziyize zolaka, kulele kuqala ezikhungweni zezombangazwe ezinephutha kanye nohlelo lwezomthetho lwaseMelika, isiko layo lokubusa kwezempi, kanye nayo yonke imibono yayo esekela ukucwasa ngokwebala, ukucwasa ngokwebala, kanye nodlame lokuhlenga. . Okunye ukucabangisisa kuphakamisa ukuthi lezi zikhungo kanye nemibono yakha ukuziqonda kwethu kuzwelonke.
In Amandla Ebhomu: Umongameli Wesimanje kanye Nombuso Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke (2010), u-Garry Wills ugxile ebhomu le-athomu kanye nendlela eliguqule ngayo indima yaseMelika emhlabeni wonke, laba nomthelela esigabeni sayo sezombusazwe, labumba kabusha amandla kamongameli, futhi “lafaka ukwakheka kokwesaba.”[1] U-Will uphikisa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-U.S. ibe yizwe elingenakonakala lezokuphepha kuzwelonke, elizinikele ekulondolozeni ukubusa konxiwankulu base-U.S. emhlabeni jikelele, kwaqala ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II kanye nesimemezelo sikaMongameli Roosevelt sesimo esiphuthumayo sempi. Kwabe sekufika ukugunyazwa kwePearl Harbor kanye ne-FDR yemfihlo, engekho emthethweni iManhattan Project yokwakha ibhomu leathomu.
Isigaba sokwakha saqhubeka ngaphansi kukaTruman, owandisa amandla akhe empi, eqhubekisela phambili inkolo yomphathi omkhulu okwazi ngokuzithandela ukwenza isizwe empini ecasulayo. I-CIA, "isifungo sobuqotho," kanye "nohlu" lwabameli abakhulu bezinhlangano ezivinjelwe kusukela ngo-1947. Babehloselwe ukufihla ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezomnotho kanye namasu ase-U. Laba ababili bokugcina baphinde babuyela emuva ngokwepolitiki ekuvivinyweni kobuthakathi baseSalem. Kwalandela ezinye izikhungo zegatsha eziphezulu ezixhumene, kuhlanganise ne-National Security Agency (NSA), eyasungulwa ngasese ngo-1952 futhi manje eyizinhloli zezakhamuzi zase-U.S..[2] Ngaleso sikhathi izinqubomgomo zempi ebandayo zokulwa neSoviet Union njenge-NSC-68 yakhuthaza ukugqugquzelwa kwempi, imfihlo eyengeziwe kanye nokungaziphenduleli.
Isikhungo sezokuphepha kuzwelonke sagcina sesigxile kakhulu embusweni, emnothweni, emanyuvesi, nakuKhongolose. Izimpi zokhetho zikamongameli ezivela eKorea ziye eVietnam zasheshisa le nqubo. Njengoba impi yaba isiphetho ngokwayo, impiriyali yaseMelika yanda kakhulu. Ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, okuwukuphela kwesivimbelo sangaphandle ekuboniseni kwabaholi bethu i-hubris yasebukhosini sanyamalala, kwashiya izakhamizi ezithintekayo nabangaphandle njengabamangaleli bomphakathi abakhulu bamacala empi yase-US.
Nokho izici zohlelo lwemvelo yezwe laseMelika ziyehluleka ukusiyisa kude ngokwanele. Enye incazelo yemvelo ekhulayo yenqubomgomo nokuziphatha kwempi yase-U.S. ingase itholakale ezinguqukweni emibonweni yezomthetho nezimo zengqondo phakathi kwezikhulu ezibusayo, ezisukela (a) ekunyukeni kombuso wezokuvikela kuzwelonke, (b) isiko lokubheka okuhle ngokomthetho, ebheka umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengentando yombuso engagxilile ekuziphatheni, kanye (c) nombono kaMachiavellian wabenzi bezinqumo abasekela impi abakhohlisa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngezinjongo zempi nezombusazwe. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-9/11, izikhulu zezombangazwe ezizinze kancane zaziwunqabile umbono womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Base bebona ukubusa komthetho, esikhundleni salokho, njengendlela yokuveza amandla e-U.S. kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kombuso wama impiriyali aseU.S..[3]
Ikhabhinethi kaBush kanye nabeluleki bayo bawudelela ngokuphelele umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengesikhungo sokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, okubhalwe ku-UN Charter kanye ne-Geneva Conventions. Ngakho bamisa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, bavumela (ngokubona kwabo siqu) ubudlova, ukubulawa, nokuhlukunyezwa kwalabo abababeka ngaphandle “kwempucuko” ngokubabiza ngokuthi “amasosha ayizitha ezingekho emthethweni.” Futhi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN washeshe wazithoba ngokuba nokuhlala isisebenzi sase-US, uyinikeze amalungelo omsebenzi futhi ivumele amacala ayo empi.
U-Rumsfeld kanye no-Cheney bazwakalise ukwedelela kwabaphathi umthetho ngokugunyaza nokuzibandakanya mathupha ekuhlushweni. Iphini likanobhala kaRumsfeld, uPaul Wolfowitz, likhiphe umyalelo woMnyango Wezokuvikela ngoMashi 25, 2002 “owaxegisa imithetho emelene nokuhlolwa kwabantu eziboshweni” futhi kamuva wasetshenziswa eziboshwa ejele lokuhlushwa laseGuantanamo Bay.”[4] Umyalo kaWolfowitz wawusho ukuthi i-U.S. isikhathi eside idinga ukuthotshelwa okuqinile kwe-Nuremberg Directive for Human Experimentation. Khonamanjalo abameli baka-“Bush Six” abasebenza egatsheni lesigungu esiphezulu - u-Alberto Gonzales, u-David Addington, u-John Yoo, u-Jay Baybee, u-William S. Haynes II, no-Douglas J. Feith (okungeyena ummeli) - basize ukuphatha kukaBush ekubuyeleni ebuqabani bobabili. ekuziphatheni kwayo kwempi kanye nezimpawu zayo zesitha.
Indlela yesithathu yokubuka izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokubuyela kweMelika ebuqaba inikezwa kuJohn W. Dower's. Amasiko Empi: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq, umlando oqhathaniswayo weziwula zamasu zama-Japanese ne-American. UDower uhlaziya imiqondo evumelanayo, evaliwe, yesifundazwe, ehlangene yabenzi benqubomgomo abaphezulu bokuphatha kukaBush. Ukhombisa ukuthi abaphezulu ekuphathweni kukaBush, kanye nalabo abasemithonjeni yezindaba yezinkampani ababelana ngokucabanga kwabo, banganaki abagxeki bempi futhi baphuthumisa isizwe empini ngokumelene ne-Iraq. U-Dower uphetha ukucabanga kwakhe ngokuphawula ukuthi inzalo yaseMelika ebugebengwini e-Iraq yenzeke ngokuhambisana nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho okwandayo ekhaya naphesheya kanye nokuxegiswa okujwayelekile kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha phakathi kosopolitiki baseWashington kanye nabaxhasi bezimali baseWall Street. Okuvamile kubo bobabili abavelele bezempi nabezomnotho, amasosha nabaholi bezinkampani, kwakuwukuhlobana kwabo ebugebengwini nasekuzikhohliseni. Ukucabanga kwabo “okusekelwe okholweni,” ukwedelela umthetho, nokungazicabangi kwabo kwaholela ezinqumweni nasezahlulelweni eziyiphutha eziye zabangela ukuhlupheka nokufa okukhulu.[5]
Umsuka wokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kwabaholi baseMelika bezepolitiki, ezomnotho, nabezempi usemnothweni webhizinisi wezepolitiki, ogxile “emshinini wokwenza impi” obizwa ngePentagon.[6] Lapha kuhlanganiswe amaphrojekthi ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezempi, amandla kahulumeni kanye nezizimele ahlangana ukuze kuzuze abenzi benzuzo abakhulu bezinkampani. Esigabeni ngasinye sokuphatha izikhulu eziphezulu - "izakhamuzi ezilwa impi" -zishintshanisa izikhundla, zisuka eminyangweni kahulumeni nama-ejensi ziye ezikhundleni eziphezulu zezinkampani kanye nezokuxhumana, noma zisebenze njengabagqugquzeli bezinkampani ezenza ibhizinisi nohulumeni. Ukukhokhiswa intela nokulawula imali enkulu kanye nabahola imali ephezulu kakhulu ukuze banikele kakhulu ngokulingana nomholo wabo kunokuba wonke umphakathi, okwesikhashana, uguqule izinto ezibalulekile kwezomnotho waseMelika futhi ufake isandla ngokungaqondile kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle engaphansi kwe-bellicose. Kepha lokho akwenzeki futhi, ngokwako, akusoze kwanela ukubumba kabusha umnotho wase-US onempi.
Incazelo yokubekezelela kwabantu baseMelika ubugebengu bempi babaholi babo idinga ukuthi sibhekane nezinye izindaba eziningi ezibalulekile ngokulinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, impi ka-Israyeli nePalestine isakaza inzondo nge-United States. Ngoba iWashington inika amandla futhi ibambe iqhaza ezimpini zakwa-Israyeli, ukubulawa kwabantu, kanye nokuboshwa kwabantu basePalestine ngaphandle kwamacala noma ukuqulwa kwamacala. Ikhuthaza ukwebiwa okuqhubekayo kuka-Israyeli komhlaba wasePalestine futhi iphinde ibe yisivikelo sika-Israyeli kunoma yiliphi izinga lokujeziswa kwe-UN. Abantu baseMelika abakwazi ukubhekana namacala abo empi ngenkathi beqhubeka nokuthethelela ukwephulwa kwe-Israel okulandelanayo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.[7] Okuphazamisa nakakhulu, abalandeli abaningi baseMelika bakwa-Israyeli bagunyaza izinqubomgomo zayo ezimbi ezisekelwe ekuhlanganeni kwezikhundla nezinqubomgomo zempi zika-Obama ezaqala ngo-2009.
Olunye udaba yindima ye-propaganda yama-corporate media conglomerates efuna inzuzo ekugcineni izakhamizi ziphephile ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokusungulwa kokuvumelana ezindabeni zempi nokuthula. I-CNN, i-NBC, i-MSNBC, izindaba ze-NPR, i-Fox, kanye nabezindaba abagunyazwe ngokusemthethweni kanye nabahlaziyi babo bahlanekezela izindaba nsuku zonke ukuze bakhe futhi baqondise intukuthelo yomphakathi, bagcine abantu bengenzi lutho kwezombusazwe, futhi babafake ohlangothini lukahulumeni. Bakhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zikholelwe amanga ezikhulu zikahulumeni futhi zenze ngenxa yokwesaba nokungazethembi. Ngokukhuluma amazwi nezinkulumo zezikhulu ezibusayo abanye, abazibiza “ngezintatheli,” bathola amaholo ezigidi zamarandi.
Nokho, izintatheli eziningi azidingi ukuthengwa ngosomabhizinisi abanemali. Imibono nezindinganiso ezihlanganyelayo ziyabaqondisa ekuchazeni “izinsongo,” ekubikeni ngokushintshashintsha kombuso wezwe, nasekukhetheni izenzakalo ezithile “njengezindaba ezinhle” hhayi ezinye. Imibono yabo kanye nokuba sengozini kokucabanga kweqembu kubahlanganisa esimweni sokuphepha sikazwelonke. Ukuzihlola ngokwakho kanye nohlu oluncane lwemibono evunyelwe kubonakalisa ukubikwa kwezindaba kwabezindaba zase-U.S. Ukushicilelwa okungeyikho kwezindaba nokuchema lapho izitha zaseMelika ezinamadimoni zithinteka khona kwaziwa kakhulu. Ihlaziywe kabuhlungu ezifundweni zakudala nguNoam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman, no-Howard Friel no-Richard Falk.[8]
Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iraq ngaphambi ukuhlasela okungemthetho kwe-U.S. kanye nomsebenzi, ababhali abahleli nezintatheli ze- New York Times ikhuthazwe ngenkuthalo, izinqubomgomo zase-US kanye nezaseBrithani zacekela phansi umnotho wase-Iraq futhi zabangela izinga lokufa phakathi kwawo wonke ama-Iraqis. Njengoba uJoy Gordon ephawula Impi Engabonakali: I-United States ne-Iraq Sanctions (2010), “iningi lezifundo phakathi nenkathi yombuso wezinhlawulo lisikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi, kusukela [ngo-April] 1990 kuya [ku-March] 2003 . . . okungenani izingane ezingu-500,000 9 zabulawa ukungondleki kahle nezifo okungenzeka ngabe zaphila.”[XNUMX]
Ukuhlaziywa kuka-Edward S. Herman noDavid Petersen mayelana nendlela abezindaba base-US kanye nezihlakaniphi zokusungula abaphatha ngayo umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngaphambi kokuhlasela kanye nezigwebo zokuhweba, ezaziwa ngokuthi "uhlelo lwamafutha okudla," lunikeza incazelo ehlukile yedatha. Bagcizelela ngokufanelekile ukuthi abezindaba baseMelika bawachithile amacala "okubulawa kohlanga" njengomphumela oqondile wenqubomgomo yase-US "yoshintsho lombuso" ngokusebenzisa unswinyo lwezomnotho, noma bamane bahluleka ukuvuma ukufa nokuhlupheka kwabantu base-Iraq. njengokuqothulwa kohlanga ngenxa yokuthi iWashington kanye nesinye sezifundazwe zamakhasimende bayo babekwenza.[10] Inkulumo-ze enekhono ivimbele lobu bugebengu obesabekayo ukuthi bungakwazi ukubhalisa kunembeza waseMelika. Ngakho-ke unswinyo lwase-Iraq luthola ilebula ethi "ukubulawa kohlanga olwakhayo" ngokungafani nezinye izigaba abezindaba abazilebula ngokuhlukile.
Nokho amanye amathrendi anethemba elincane akhona aphikisana nobudlova obukhulayo nokungabi nangqondo kwezempi yase-U.S. Okwamanje inkundla yempi isishintshele ku-inthanethi. Lapha i-Wikileaks eyigugu kanye namanye amawebhusayithi asekela intando yeningi alandela isibonelo sawo abelokhu andisa izindlela zokuqeda ubugebengu bempi kanye nenkohlakalo kahulumeni, ethuthukisa amathuba oshintsho lwentando yeningi, njengaseTunisia, futhi eveza iqiniso lenqubomgomo yombuso waseMelika kanye nokusekelwa kwayo. Ubushiqela baseMpumalanga Ephakathi obusekela izintshisekelo zezinkampani zase-U.S.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni ka-Obama uzama ukusimamisa isimo sezulu sangemva kwe-9/11, okuyinto ngokomlando ebisebenza ukugqugquzela udlame. Kepha e-Afghanistan, lapho u-Obama ephikelela khona ukuthi aqhubeke nempi yakhe elahlekile, ukwehlela ebuhlotsheni bamabutho ahlomile aseMelika kuphoqa ukujula kokumelana nezikhali. Emhlabeni wonke abantu baye balahlekelwa inhlonipho nge-United States futhi bafunda ukungazinaki inkulumo-ze yobuzenzisi yohulumeni wayo; ngenkathi ekhaya abantu baseMelika abaningi bevuka bebheka isimo esingokwemvelo esinephutha sezwe labo elihlala lilwa nokuphepha kwezwe. Kungumbono ongamanga, onomthelela ekuziqondeni kwezwe okungamanga, ukuqhubeka nokucabanga i-United States njengentando yeningi esebenzayo lapho, ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu kwizakhamizi zaseMelika, iwukuphikisa kukahulumeni wentando yeningi, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi iRiphabhulikhi.
amanothi
1. UGarry Wills, Amandla Ebhomu: Umongameli Wesimanje kanye Nombuso Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke (The Penguin Press, 2010), p. 53.
2. Herbert N. Foerstel, Inkululeko Yolwazi kanye Nelungelo Lokwazi: Imvelaphi Nezicelo Zomthetho Wenkululeko Yolwazi (Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 115.
3. U-Anne Orford, “A Jurisprudence of the Limit,” ku-Orford, ed., Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Neminye Yawo (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), p. 24; UDavid Kennedy, "Ukuhlola Kabusha I-International Humanitarianism: The Dark Sides," ku-Orford, ed., Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Neminye Yawo, amakhasi 145-6. Futhi bona isibuyekezo esihle sika-Richard A. Falk saleli qoqo le-eseyi ku I-American Journal of International Law, Umq. 104, No. 3 (Julayi 2010), amakhasi 543-8.
4. UJason Leopold noJeffrey Kaye, “Ukwelapha Ababoshiwe NjengeGuinea Pigs,” kuthunyelwe ngo-Oct. 14, 20010 ku-Consortiumnews.com.
5. John W. Dower, Amasiko Empi: Pearl Harbor/ Hiroshima/9-11/ Iraq (WW Norton, 2010), p. 446.
6. Igama elithi Seymour Melman’s. Bona eyakhe I-Pentagon capitalism: Umnotho Wezepolitiki Wempi (Inkampani yakwaMcGraw-Hill Book, 1970).
7. Ukuze uthole isibonelo somkhankaso kazwelonke wokukhuphula izinga lokuqonda komphakathi waseMelika ngobugebengu bakwa-Israel, bheka u-Edward Mast, othi, “‘Isixuku sakwa-Israel silungile noma singalungile’ silwela ukucwaninga e-Seattle,” Times Seattle, De. 31, 2010.
8. Ngokuchema kwabezindaba bheka, u-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume Yokukhiqiza: Umnotho Wezombangazwe WeMedia Media (Pantheon Books, 1988) kanye nesifundo sabo sangaphambili, uNoam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman, I-Washington Connection kanye ne-Third World Fascism (South End Press 1979); UHoward Friel noRichard Falk, Amarekhodi Ephepha: Indlela I-New York Times Ayibika Ngayo Inqubomgomo YaseMelika Yangaphandle (Inguqulo 2004).
9. Mayelana nenani labantu lokujeziswa bheka, Joy Gordon, Impi Engabonakali: I-United States ne-Iraq Sanctions (I-Harvard University Press, 2010). Ukuze uthole isicaphuna kanye nesifinyezo bheka, u-Anthony Gregory, “Ukuqonda ISanction yase-Iraq,” kuthunyelwe uJan 19, 2010.
10. U-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson, Ipolitiki Yokubulawa Kwabantu (Iphephandaba Lokubuyekeza Inyanga, 2010).
UHerbert Bix ungumbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje. Lesi sihloko sithathwe ku-a inkulumo eyethulwa enkomfeni ye-American Historical Association e-Boston ngoJan. 9, 2011.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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