Ukuhlukunyezwa kanye nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokuboshwa okungapheli ngaphandle kwecala lamaSulumane abekwe izikhulu zase-US ukuthi angawe-Al Qaeda noma elinye lamahlumela ayo sekuphenduke izingxenye zempi yomhlaba wonke kaBush-Obama yobushokobezi. Kanjalo futhi kuhloswe ukubulala ama-jihadist ahlala kude nezimpi e-Afghanistan. Lokhu kuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ngasohlangothini lwethu kuhlanganisa izenzo zobugebengu njengoba zichazwe eNuremberg. Inkantolo yaseNuremberg eyabanjwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II yajezisa amaNazi athatha isinyathelo ngesisekelo sokuthi “esimeni esikhethekile” kudingeka ahloniphe imithetho yokuziphatha yamazwe ngamazwe. Nokho yilowo mgomo, owenqatshwe abanqobi, abaphathi baka-Obama abawucelayo lapho bememezela esidlangalaleni ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala nangendluzula ukugwema ukuhlehliswa kwamasu noma kuphi emhlabeni.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule amasosha ase-US, i-US Special Forces, kanye ne-CIA benze amacala amakhulu empi futhi iningi labahlaziyi baseMelika emithonjeni yezindaba yezinkampani baye bathula lapho bebhekene nobugebengu babo noma babungaza njengokunqoba okukhulu kobuphekula. Ukuhlukunyezwa kuka-Abu Zubaydah ngomyalelo kaMengameli uGeorge W. Bush, ukubulawa kuka-Osama bin Laden kanye nezakhamuzi ezimbili zaseMelika - u-Anwar al Awlaki noSamir Khan - ngomyalelo kaMengameli uBarack Obama yizibonelo zakamuva zamacala empi atuswa njengokunqoba, kuyilapho empeleni benqoba. kungase kube izimpawu zobuthakathaka base-US kanye nokwehla kwezombusazwe.
Icala le-Awlaki ikakhulukazi liyisikhathi esigcwele amanzi esikhanyisa amandla okuphatha angavinjelwe esistimu yezepolitiki yaseMelika uma kukhulunywa ngempi kanye nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, kanye nokuwohloka kokuziphatha kwezikhulu zayo ezibusayo. Njengoba nje abandulela uBush/Cheney babenze maqondana nobugebengu bobudlova, izikhulu zika-Obama ezayala ukubulawa kuka-Awlaki zachitha uMthethosisekelo futhi zashaya indiva nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Benza ngokwephula ngamabomu inqubo efanele yomthetho futhi ngaphandle kokuveza ngisho nobufakazi obusekela amacala abekwe ngokucacile ayebekwe wona. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho egatsheni eliphezulu abangenele isinqumo sika-Obama lapho kufanele ngabe basiphikisa futhi basiphikisa banecala elincane, njengoba kunjalo ne-CIA kanye nezikhulu ze-air Force abenze lokhu kubulala.
Intando yeningi eqinile imelana nokuxhashazwa kwezigaba zabanye futhi isabela ezwini labantu lapho bephikisana kakhulu nempi. Ngokuphambene, lokho okubizwa ngentando yeningi yenqubo, okufana ne-US ezimemezela ukuthi iyikho, izishaya isifuba ngokuvikela kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ubulungiswa nokuziphendulela. Kufanele zibaluleke. Ngayiphi inqubo, phezu kwesisekelo sabuphi ubufakazi futhi yiziphi izizathu ezingokomthetho lesi sinqumo sikamongameli sokuthatha ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zase-US safika kuso? UGeorge W. Bush kanye noDick Cheney basebenzise ithiyori "yesigungu esiphezulu esihlangene" ukuze kuthethelelwe ukuhlukunyezwa kweziboshwa zempi kanye nokuhlola okungenasisekelo kwezakhamuzi ngesisekelo sokusola nje.[1] Ukubulawa kuka-Obama kwephekula elalibalekile u-Osama bin Laden, owayengase abanjwe ama-commandos aseMelika futhi aquliswe icala kunokuba adutshulwe, kwakuyisenzo esingekho emthethweni esasiyalelwe izinhloso zezombusazwe zasekhaya, ukwephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho wezempi wase-US, UMthethosisekelo wase-US u-Obama athembisa ukuwulalela lapho eba umongameli.[2] Kodwa ukubulawa kuka-Awlaki kuthathe umthetho waseMelika wawenza esigabeni esisha esilimazayo. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?
***
Ebhekene nezindleko ezikhulayo zezimpi zaseMelika ngesikhathi esisodwa e-Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, nasezingxenyeni ezithile zePakistan, ngenkathi eqale izimpi ezintsha ezimele izinduna zempi emazweni ampofu aseNingizimu, njengeSomalia, uMongameli Obama ngo-2009 wanda. Ukuthembela kwe-US kuma-drones angenamuntu, angamarobhothi, adubula imicibisholo. I-drone yaba "uhlelo lwezikhali olubaluleke kakhulu lwezempi yase-US," "ithuluzi layo lokuzikhethela." [3] U-Obama wayala ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo eziyimfihlo ze-drone futhi wandisa impi ye-drone ngaphakathi kwezifunda zamakhasimende e-Afghanistan, Yemen naseSomalia. Kwezimbili zokugcina, izimpi zombango zandisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubi. Noma ubani ohlala noma kuphi endaweni yempi yomhlaba wonke enqunyelwe yaseMelika esukela e-Asia iye e-Afrika, futhi kusukela eYurophu kuya eMpumalanga Ephakathi, lowo umongameli amqoke ukuba yisitha wayefaneleka ukubulawa kafushane, nakuba umyalo wakhe wawuphambene nomthethosisekelo futhi unyathele phansi imithetho yempi. .
Ukuze kuvikelwe umongameli ekushushisweni esikhathini esizayo ngokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, izingxoxo ze-interagency zaqala ngo-2009 "ezibandakanya abameli abaphezulu bePentagon, uMnyango Wezwe, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke kanye nezinhlangano zezobunhloli." Njengoba kuchazwe ngu Washington Post intatheli uCharlie Savage okwaputshuzwa kuye izimfihlo zombuso, izingxoxo zaholela ku-2010 kumemorandamu ende (emakhasini angama-50 nangaphezulu) ethethelela ukubulawa kuka-Awlaki.[4]
Abameli ababili eHhovisi likamongameli Lomkhandlu Wezomthetho - uDavid Barron kanye noMartin Lederman - yibona abadwebi abakhulu. Omunye angase athi indima uJohn Yoo, uDavid Addington, uJay S. Bybee, noJack Goldsmith abayidlalile ekuthetheleleni ukuhlukunyezwa, ama-liberals eDemocratic Alliance u-Barron no-Lederman kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza be-White House ababamba iqhaza ekuthetheleleni ukubulawa. Lezi zinhlaka ezisemthethweni zikamongameli weDemocratic Alliance babengabagunyazi bakhe bokubulawa, bemukela ngokunganaki ubuhlakani obeza kubo. Besebenza ngaphansi kwesisekelo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke kodwa ngaphandle kokuqondisa kukaKhongolose okunengqondo, benza umthetho ngasese.[5] Ukungafihli lutho kuyentuleka ekuthatheni izinqumo kwehhovisi lika-Obama njengoba kwenzeka nasehhovisi likaBush. Futhi amaqiniso awabalulekile: Izinqubo zegatsha leziphathimandla zihlala ziyimfihlo, akufanele ziboniswe emphakathini okwenziwa ngawo ubugebengu bempi egameni labo.
Ngokusho kukaSavage, owafunda ngokuqukethwe imemo eyimfihlo evela emithonjeni yokuphatha engaziwa, abadwebi bavele bacabange ukuthi u-Awlaki "wayeyimpi" edlala indima yokusebenza empini phakathi kwe-US ne-Al Qaeda eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia, umgomo wokukhuthaza inhlangano yamaphekula ukuthi ihlasele i-US Abameli abazange “bahlaziye ngokuzimela ikhwalithi yobufakazi obumelene no-Awlaki.” Kunalokho bacubungula futhi benqaba izimpikiswano ezingase zibe khona ngokumelene nokubulawa kwakhe. Umthethosisekelo Wezwe noma i-Executive Order 12333, enqabela ukubulala, yasetshenziswa kuleli cala. Ukuthi bakhulume yini neSigaba 23(b) seSijobelelo seSithasiselo se-Hague IV, esinqabela izenzo zobuqili ezinjengokubulala, futhi bakuthole kuyisiqephu nje sephepha. , akwaziwa.Futhi akucaci ukuthi bacabangele yini i-Articles 37 kanye ne-44 ye-Enezela Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, enqabela "ukubulala ngokungeyikho izitha."
Esikwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuthi ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nowasekhaya, ukubulala akukho emthethweni ngayinye se, isivimbelo esilandela emuva ku-Lieber Code of 1863. Kodwa manje sekubekwe isibonelo esingokomthetho lapho ukuchitshiyelwa kokuQala, Kwesine, nokwesihlanu kuMthethosisekelo Wenhlangano kanye ne-Executive Order 12333 ka-1981, enqabela ukubulala, kuye kwasishulwa.
Ngemva kokuba abameli bezokuphatha, ngaphandle kokuphikiswa okubikwayo, basayine "umthetho" wokubulala isakhamuzi saseMelika, u-Obama wagunyaza lokho kushaywa esikhundleni sakhe njengomphathi oyinhloko.[6] Wakwenza lokho nakuba ubufakazi abameli bakhe abahluzwayo babungenamagqabhagqabha. Akumangalisi ukuthi uCheney wayefuna ukuxolisa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Njengoba isazi somthethosisekelo uGlenn Greenwald saphawula, “kuyiqiniso nje ukuthi izenzo eziningi [uCheney] alahlwa ngazo kanzima amaDemocrats kanye no-Obama ngokwakhe (hhayi bonke, kodwa abaningi) seziphenduke imfundiso yeDemocratic Party ngaphansi kuka-Obama, kusukela nge umqondo wokuthi iziqubulo ezinjengokuthi SiseMpini! zithethelela noma yini uMholi ayenzayo futhi ayinikeze imiqondo engavamile, engasasebenzi, yangaphambi kuka-9/11 njengobufakazi, amacala, ukuqulwa kwamacala kanye nenqubo efanele."[7]
Izandulela zesinqumo sika-Obama zase zisungulwe kahle. Ngisho nangaphambi kokubhalwa kwemfihlo u-Memo u-Anwar al-Awlaki ubekwe ohlwini lwabashayiwe olugcinwe yi-"Joint Special Operation Command" futhi iminyaka eminingi amabutho aseMelika ase-Yemen ayebulala izakhamuzi zase-Yemeni.[8] Isitha sangempela sabaphathi, inhloso egejiwe yesiteleka saso sango-December 2009 esabulala izakhamuzi zaseYemeni ezingama-30, kwakungu-Awlaki, waseYemeni-American owavukela i-US ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zayo zangaphandle eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi. U-Awlaki waba umshumayeli oshisekayo, futhi kusolwa ukuthi wayengumsakazi okhuthazayo. Amasosha Akhethekile ase-US ayemzingele, kodwa wakwazi ukubalekela kwaze kwaba yilapho umbutho wezomoya uqalisa ukusebenza kwe-Operation Troy.
NgoSepthemba 30, 2011, endaweni eqhelile eqhele ngamamayela amahlanu ukusuka edolobheni laseKhashef enyakatho yeYemen, umcibisholo owodwa “wesihogo somlilo” odutshulwe endizeni eyi-CIA eyayindiza isuka endaweni esanda kwakhiwa yacekela phansi imoto lapho u-al Awlaki. wayehamba. Ngu-Awlaki kuphela owayesohlwini lwabashayiwe kodwa insizwa yasePakistan yaseMelika, uSamir Khan, yashona kulokhu kuhlasela ngoba, njengoba kwenzeka njalo ezitelekeni zama-drone, akukho mzamo owenziwe ukuvimbela ukufa kwabantu. UKhan, oyintatheli, wenze isibambiso kanye nabanye abantu abathathu abangenamagama abashona. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo yabo ngenhloso yesiteleka se-drone yayaziwa ngokucacile kubaphathi, laba bantu baseMelika ababili kanye nalabo ababehamba nabo babengase bathunjwe bephila futhi ekugcineni baquliswe icala enkantolo yomthetho, ngesisekelo sobufakazi bokuthi abaphathi bathi kodwa namanje uyenqaba ukudalula.
Ingabe kwakuyimicabango yezepolitiki yasekhaya eyenza u-Obama ukuba ayalele ngasese ukubulawa kwalezi zakhamuzi ezimbili zaseMelika? Ingabe wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kwabo ngokwephula umthetho-sisekelo we-US kanye nemithetho yempi kuzothuthukisa "imininingwane yakhe yezokuphepha kuzwelonke njengoba ebheke onyakeni wokhetho lapho amandla obuholi bakhe ngokungangabazeki ezobuzwa."[9] Futhi akufanele yini futhi sibheke lo mcimbi njengengxenye yempi ecashile enkulu kakhulu yokuhlehlisa isiphethu sama-Arab nomaphi lapho ithuba livuma khona, sisebenzisa usizo lwezempi eGibhithe kanye namabutho amakhasimende afana neSaudi Arabia eBahrain?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isizathu salokhu kubulala, u-Obama ngokushesha waya esikhungweni samasosha eVirginia futhi wancoma ukufa kuka-Awlaki "njengenye ingqopha-mlando emzamweni obanzi wokunqoba i-al-Qaeda namagatsha ayo." Ngemva kwalokho konke ayekusho kwakungafakazelwa. Wathi "u-Awlaki wayengumholi wezinhlelo zangaphandle ze-Al Qaeda eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia," futhi "wayehola ekuhleleni nasekuqondiseni imizamo yokubulala abantu baseMelika abangenacala. Kwakungekho usongo oluqondile, oluqondile empilweni yaseMelika ngesikhathi Isinqumo sika-Obama, futhi abukho ubufakazi obusekela ukugomela kwakhe ukuzivikela kanye nokusongela kwakhe okuseduze njengezizathu zesinqumo sakhe.” U-Obama wagunyaza igunya lokugunyaza ukubulawa kuka-Awlaki ngaphandle kokwahlulela ngesisekelo somgomo wezomthetho owaklanywa ekusithekeni yizikhulu zakhe. 10] Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi bakhe "bacele imfihlo yombuso ukuvimbela ukudalula emphakathini noma kumajaji ubufakazi obukhomba "ukuzibandakanya" kuka-Awlaki ne-al Qaeda. Eqinisweni, njengoba uGlenn Greenwald aphawula, u-Awlaki wayemane engumsolwa ongathweswa icala, ongenacala.
U-Obama uphinde wancoma esidlangalaleni iqhawe laseYemen elingundlovukayiphikiswa, uMengameli u-Ali Abdullah Saleh, okuphathe kabi kwakhe okudale impi yombango osekuyinyanga yesishiyagalombili. Ngesikhathi sokubulawa kuka-Saleh, wabulala, walimala futhi wabopha izinkulungwane zababhikishi bentando yeningi e-Yemeni abebefuna ukumkhipha esikhundleni ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu nane ephethe. Njengoba intatheli uJim Lobe yaphawula, u-Obama waqinisa umbono wokuthi u-Saleh usebuyele ebuhleni baseWashington, njengoba ngaphambilini emcele ukuthi ehle esikhundleni ngesikhathi efakazela isimangalo sika-Saleh sokuthi ungumngane “obalulekile” waseMelika.[11]
***
Ukusabela kuhulumeni kanye nabezindaba zezinkampani kuye kwasekela kakhulu. Ama-Congressional Republican namaDemocrats, abaphiko lwesokudla kanye nama-liberals ngokufanayo, asincomile isenzo sikamongameli. UMitt Romney ukubize ngokuthi "ukunqoba okukhulu ngokumelene nobuphekula bamaSulumane." Njengoba isisekelo sokucabanga sokuphendula okuhle komphakathi ekubulaweni okugunyazwe nguhulumeni besivele sikhona ekwesabeni okwandile kweMelika ngamaSulumane nabafuduki ngokungemthetho, akumangazi ukuthi "i-CNN poll ithole amaphesenti angama-70 abantu baseMelika abasekela isiteleka" esabulala u-Awlaki futhi. abangane bakhe.[12] Abantu baseMelika abaningi bayasijabulela isithombe samabutho Akhethekile Akhethekile ahlasela amakhaya ase-Afghan kufile, akhahlela iminyango, ebulala abalwi beTaliban kanye nanoma yiziphi izakhamuzi ezingenacala okungenzeka zikhona.[13] Ukuguquguquka kwezempi kuyasebenza lapha, kusiza ukukholisa abantu baseMelika abangamthandi u-Obama ukuthi okungenani kulokhu wenze ngendlela efanele.
Siphila ekuwohlokeni okungokomlando kohlobo lwethu lukahulumeni olusemthethweni - owazibiza ngentando yeningi yenqubo yaseMelika. Sekungahambelani nomphakathi wasekhaya ogcina umthetho ingasaphathwa eyezwe elinokuthula. Ukubulawa kwe-drone okungenanqubo (okufana neziteleka zokuzivikela, kanye nokuboshwa okungapheli ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwamacala okungezona izakhamuzi kanye nezakhamuzi ezibekela inselelo ukusebenzisa amandla okungalawuleki kweMelika, okufana nomshayi-mpempe uBradley Manning) kusilahla sonke ukuphila ngokwesaba ngaphakathi. "isimo sokuhluka" esiyinganekwane, lapho ukubulala kungunaphakade futhi umugqa phakathi kwepolitiki nomthetho ufiphaliswe unomphela.
Izimpande zenkambo ye-crusading yaseMelika ziningi futhi zibuyela emuva ngaphambi kuka-9/11. Kodwa uBush noCheney bayiguqule kancane indlela i-US eyayikuyo ngokusabela ngokweqile ku-9/1l futhi yahlasela futhi yathatha i-Afghanistan, futhi kamuva ngezaba ezingamanga e-Iraq. Umthetho we-USA Patriot Act, owaphasiswa ngaphandle kokufundwa amalungu amaningi eSigele saseMelika ngo-Okthoba 26, 2001, walandelwa emasontweni amabili kamuva umyalo wezempi kaBush, ogunyaza ukuboshwa nokuqulwa kwecala ngamakhomishini ezempi "abantu abangeyona izakhamuzi abasolwa ngokubandakanyeka emisebenzini yobuphekula. ."[14] Uhulumeni ngokwenza kanjalo wadala abantu abangenaso isikhundla somthetho futhi bangena endleleni ebhidliza ukubusa komthetho. Njengoba uMichael Ratner, umongameli weCentre for Constitutional Rights, aphawula, “Imiphumela emibi yalokhu kubulala akufanele ishaywe indiva. isakhamuzi sezwe lakubo. Namuhla, yiseYemen; kusasa, kungaba se-UK noma ngisho nase-United States."[15] Ukubola kancane kancane kweMelika ngaphakathi ngezinhlelo zayo zonxiwankulu bombuso nenkohlakalo, uhulumeni ongasebenzi uya ngokuba nzima kunangaphambili ukuthi ungaphuthelwa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-US, okuyisizwe sokuqala nokuwukuphela kwayo ukusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, futhi ngokumelene nezinhloso zomphakathi, kanye nesizwe esaqala umjaho wezikhali zenuzi, manje sesiwusheshisile umjaho wezikhali emhlabeni wonke ngezikhali ze-drone. Lobu buchwepheshe obusha bezempi buguqula impi, bubukela phansi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, futhi bungase bube nemiphumela ebulalayo ebuyisela emuva ebulalayo kubantu baseMelika ekhaya. Namuhla izizwe ezingaphezu kuka-50 zinezindiza ezidubulayo ezicitshwayo futhi inani liye landa kusukela lapho.[16] Abaholi bakwamanye amazwe bacabanga ukuthi uma i-US ingathumela izindiza zezempi ezingenamuntu phezu kwemingcele yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zibulale izitha ezisolwayo, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi zayo, zingenza okufanayo. Kakade iBrithani kanye ne-Israel sebesebenzise iziteleka ze-drone ngokumelene nezitha ezisolwayo; IRussia neShayina ngeke basale emuva kakhulu.[17]
Khonamanjalo, njengoba abaphathi baka-Obama belwa nezinqubomgomo zabo zangaphandle nezasekhaya ezihlulekile, bakhethe umzuzu wangemva kuka-Awlaki ukuthi bethule umkhankaso omusha womhlaba wonke wokulwa ne-Iran, bekhokhisa abaholi abaphezulu base-Iran, abahlale bebenza amademoni, ngetulo lokusoconga. inxusa laseSaudi eWashington, DC.[18] Kulokhu, i-FBI ibonakala yenza abantu ababili, oyedwa okusolakala ukuthi udidekile, ukuthi baqalise ubugebengu; kodwa kuze kube manje itulo elibhidliziwe libonakala lingelona iqiniso futhi amacala awasekelwe yinoma yibuphi ubufakazi obuqondile. Kodwa uma sicabanga ukuthi abaholi base-Iran bafuna ukubulala esinye sezitha zabo e-US, kungani lokho kungase kuhluke ekubulaweni kwezakhamuzi zase-Yemen e-Yemen, nakuba kunemvume yomashiqela wase-Yemeni, noma ukubulala izitha eziphindaphindiwe ePakistan ngaphandle kwalokho. imvume yezwe? Izinga elikabili likahulumeni wase-US lijwayeleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba samanje sezimo eziphuthumayo kazwelonke.
amanothi
1. UDavid Bomwich, "I-Uninary Executive Congress," I-Huffington Post, Julayi 10, 2008.
2. U-Herbert P. Bix, "Ukubulawa kuka-Osama bin Laden: Impindiselo YaseMelika Njengobulungiswa," May 26, 2011.
3. UNowa Shachtmann, "Igumbi Lengozi Elikhethekile: I-Computer Virus Hits US Drone Fleet," Oct. 7, 2011.
4. UCharlie Savage, "Imfihlo Yememo YaseMelika Yenze Icala Elisemthethweni Lokubulala Isakhamuzi," New York Times, Okthoba 9, 2011.
5. Justin Raimondo, "Iphaneli yokufa kuka-Obama," Okthoba 6, 2011.
6. UPeter Finn, "Imemo eyimfihlo yaseMelika ivumele ukubulala u-Aulaqi," Washington Post, Septhemba 30, 2011.
7. Glenn Greenwald, "Ubufakazi obuningi, asikho isidingo sokububonisa," kuthunyelwe ngo-Okthoba 3, 2011.
8. Ngokusho kwe-Amnesty International, isiteleka esenziwa endaweni eseningizimu ye-Yemeni yase-al-Ma'laja ngoDisemba 17, 2009, sathatha izimpilo zabantu kusukela kwabangamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu kuya kwabangaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha baseYemeni, iningi labo okwakuyizakhamuzi. Bheka u-Herbert P. Bix,"Izihlubuki zaseNyakatho Afrika-Middle East kusukela eTunisia kuya eLibya," Ukubuyekezwa kweMassachusetts (Ihlobo 2011), p. 337; UJustin Elliot, "U-Obama usezobhebhethekisa impi eyimfihlo eYemen," Nov. 11, 2010; Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, "'I-Top Secret America': Ukubheka I-Joint Special Operations Command yamasosha," Washington Post, Sept. 2, 2010.
9. Scott Wilson, "U-Obama ucindezela imingcele ekubhekiseni i-al Aulaqi," Washington Post, ithunyelwe ngoSepthemba 30, 2011.
10. Scott Horton, "Imfihlo: Ukwenza i-America Dumber kanye NeDemocratic Less?" Okthoba 7, 2011, harpers.org.
11. Jim Lobe,"Ukubulala kuka-Awlaki kuqubula impi ye-propaganda," Asia Times ku-inthanethi, Okthoba 4, 2011; Jason Ditz, "USaleh Uthemba Ukubulawa kuka-Parlay Awlaki Emthethweni Oqhubekayo," Okthoba 4, 2011.
12. Anthony Gregory, "U-Obama, uMongameli Oyisisekelo?" I-Huffington Post, Okthoba 7, 2011.
13. UGareth Porter, "Indlela uMcChrystal noPetraeus Abakha Ngayo 'Umshini Wokubulala,'" Ngaphandle, Septhemba 26, 2011.
14. UGiorgio Agamben, Isimo Sokungafani, transl. nguKevin Attell (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 1-3.
15. UMichael Ratner, "Ukubulawa kuka-Anwar al-Awlaki ngokungemthetho," Guardian UK, Septhemba 30, 2011.
16. UJohn Horgan, "Ukubulawa Kwe-Drone Kulimaza I-US Kunokuba Isisiza," Isayensi yaseMelika, Okthoba 3, 2011.
17. UScott Shane, "Kuyeza maduze: Umjaho Wezikhali zeDrone," I-New York Times, Okthoba 8, 2011.
18. Izindaba ze-CBS, "I-US ihlose 'ukuhlanganisa umhlaba' ngokumelene ne-Iran," Okthoba 12, 2011; UJohn Glaser, "Abukho Ubufakazi obuqondile bokusebenzisana kukahulumeni wase-Iranian kuPlot," antiwar.com, Oct 12, 2011.
Herbert Bix, umbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje, owazuza uMklomelo kaPulitzer, ufundisa eNyuvesi yaseBinghamton futhi ubhala ngezinkinga zempi nombuso.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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