Igunya eliphambili laseNtshonalanga ngempilo nangezikhathi zoMbusi u-Hirohito - owaziwa kamuva njengoMbusi uShowa - wakhuluma naye. I-Japan Times mayelana neqhaza โlikankulunkulu ophilayoโ waseJapan wangaphambili kanye nendawo yakhe emlandweni uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abaholi abanamandla bekhulu lamashumi amabili okuhlanganisa uHitler, uMussolini, Roosevelt noGeorge W. Bush.
Ngo-2000, isazi-mlando u-Herbert P. Bix saphihliza isithombe soMbusi u-Hirohito njengomuntu nje owahlukanisiwe nabashisekeli bempi baseJapane engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.
U-Bix waphikisana no-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yanamuhla, okwamzuzela uMklomelo wePulitzer, ukuthi umbusi wayehileleke ngokujulile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ngemuva kwemikhankaso yakhe enonya yezempi. Ngakho-ke u-Bix uphikisana ngokuthi, uMbusi wayenomthwalo wemfanelo onzima wokuziphatha, wezomthetho kanye nezombusazwe.
U-Bix uchaza ukuthi kungani i-Japan ingeke ikwazi ukubona amandla ayo entando yeningi aphelele ngaphandle kokuhlola kabusha uMbusi uShowa. U-Bix uhlola futhi ukuthi yiziphi izifundo ezingafundwa abaholi bomhlaba banamuhla ocwaningweni lwalesi sibalo esiyimpicabadala.
Enkantolo yamacala empi yaseTokyo yangemva kwempi, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamangalela abaholi bempi baseJapane abangu-28 โngamacala okuthula,โ โukwephula imithetho namasiko empiโ kanye โnamacala abhekiswe esintwini,โ kuhlanganise nonya lwaseNanjing ngo-1937-38 nango-1941. ukuhlasela ePearl Harbor. Abayisikhombisa balengiswa.
U-Bix umile kwelokuthi uMbusi uShowa wayevikelwe ecaleni umkhuzi wama-Allied u-Gen. Douglas MacArthur kanye nabasebenzi bakhe, ababesaba amakhomanisi futhi befuna ukusebenzisa ukuduma kwasekhaya koMbusi ukuze kusheshiswe ukululama kweJapane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela bacindezela ubufakazi obubi bokubandakanyeka kwakhe empini.
Kule ngxoxo, i-Bix isukela kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi sempi e-Japan nase-US empini kuya kuzinqubomgomo zesimanje zase-Washington e-Iraq.
Q. Ufike kanjani ekubhaleni ukuthi โHirohito and the Making of Modern Japan?โ
A. Ngangifuna ukubhala umlando weJapane yesimanje. Nganginesithakazelo kuMbusi futhi ngangifuna ukubeka uMbusi kanye nesikhungo sombuso kuyo yonke inqubo yesimanje.
Ngangifuna ukukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu boMbusi, izindlela zakhe zokucabanga kanye nokubandakanyeka kwakhe ekuphileni komphakathi.
Ingabe uzimisele ukunquma ukuthi wayengumashiqela okufanele aphendule ngendima yeJapane eMpini Yezwe II?
Ngangazi zisuka nje ukuthi wayengeyena umashiqela, futhi ukuthi umashiqela wawungekho ekuhlangenwe nakho komlando Japanese. U-Emperor wayebambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokuthatha izinqumo oluxubile. Nokho akekho owake wangabaza umthwalo wakhe wempi ngenxa yesikhundla esiyinhloko asibamba ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezempi.
UMbusi washona ngo-January 1989, lapho nje umyalo weMpi Yomshoshaphansi wawubhidlika futhi kungena inkathi entsha yokungabi nozinzo. Yilapho izinto ezibalulekile ezaqala khona ukutholakala. Ngithole ikhophi yedayari ka-Kinoshita Michio yethimba lasebukhosini ngesikhathi sempi eyanyatheliswa nguBungei Shunju ngo-1990. Ngaphinde ngathunyelwa ikhophi yombhalo owodwa we-Showa Emperor ayibizela iziphathimandla ze-Occupation ekuqaleni kuka-1946 uBungei Shunju ayishicilela ekupheleni kuka-1990 .
Lapho ngizifunda, ngathi, Ashila! Nangu umuntu njengathi sonke, futhi . . . ngale nto entsha ngingabuyela esifundweni sesikhungo, sengibhale ngaphambilini mayelana nohlelo lombusi ngokuhleleka nangokucacile - njengoba kwenza abantu abaningi.
Lobu bufakazi obusha bungenze ngafuna ukubuyekeza imibono eyisidala neyiphutha. Abantu baseJapan - kanye nomhlaba - babetshelwe kuphela ngobumsulwa boMbusi ekuqaliseni iMpi YasePacific kanye nobuqhawe bakhe ekuyiqedeni. Manje kwaba nokwenzeka ukubhekisisa indaba kaHirohito yempi.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngaqala ukufuna i-Hirohito yangempela ngoba nganginokungabaza ngombono osemthethweni. Futhi . . . Ngithole ukuthi azikho izimangalo ngaye ezingabhekwa ngokucophelela.
Q. Ungawuqhathanisa kanjani umthwalo wemfanelo ka-Hirohito noka-Adolf Hitler no-Benito Mussolini? Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe u-Hirohito wayenomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuqala kwe-fascism ngendlela efanayo neyalabo bamashiqela baseYurophu?
A. Ngiphikisa ngokuthi wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha, wezomthetho kanye nezepolitiki wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lempi - futhi lowo mthwalo wemfanelo udlulele nasezenzweni zonya lwempi.
UHirohito wema enkabeni yesimiso samandla esasiyala abantu baseJapane ukuba babe izikhonzi ezithembekile zombuso wombuso.
Okwamehlukanisa noHitler noma uMussolini, noma ngaleyo ndaba, uChurchill noma uRoosevelt nanoma yimuphi omunye umholi waseNtshonalanga, ukuthi wayemi enhloko yombuso futhi wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu ophilayo. Isiphi esinye isimo sanamuhla ngaleso sikhathi esasiholwa unkulunkulu ophilayo?
U-Hirohito wathola imfundo yemikhuba yobuConfucian efanelekile naseBushido. Wafundiswa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuba yinkosi enomusa futhi wayefuna ukuphila ngokuvumelana naleyo mibono. Ngenxa yalokho, wayengasebenzi nje kuphela ngemuva kwezigcawu, kodwa futhi ebukhali kunezazi-mlando eziningi nezingqapheli zezombangazwe ezaziqashelwa.
U-Hirohito wayeyinhloko yezwe yozalo lwe-Imperial Japan; wayengumkhuzi ophakeme wamabutho aseJapane. Ubebuye abe ngumholi wezenkolo nomfundisi omkhulu wesizwe. Ngenxa yokuthi wayephila ezweni lezombusazwe eziphakeme, ngokwemvelo wayehileleka kwezombangazwe. wenza izinqumo. Izinqumo zakhe zaba nemiphumela.
Nansi indoda eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu ngemiphumela yezenzo zayo kuzo zonke izindima zayo eziningi. Nokho, akazange athwale icala ngalokho okwenzeka kubantu baseJapane nabase-Asia aba ukuphila kwabo kwacekelwa phansi noma kwalinyazwa ukubusa kwakhe.
U-Hirohito wayevame ukunikeza ama-oda ngaphandle kokukhipha imiyalo. Lokhu akukona okwase-Japan kuphela. Kuyindlela โyokuhleleka okungenazwiโ izikhulu eziphakeme emazweni omhlaba eziyisebenzisa njalo. Isebenza ngokungalingisi - sikubona nasemlandweni waseMelika lokhu.
Nginikeze izibonelo zeNanjing Massacre, engikholelwa ukuthi uHirohito kwadingeka azi ngayo. Futhi ngakhuluma ngamaqhaza akhe ekusizeni ukubukela phansi amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nokubusa kukahulumeni weKhabhinethi, kanye nokubambezela ukuzinikela. Kuzo zonke izikhathi, ubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe nasekuthatheni izinqumo kwezempi - kodwa wafika ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezempi kancane kancane.
Isibonelo, mayelana nokuzinikela okubambezelekile. Ekugcineni, ngo-1945, ibutho lezempi kanye nebutho lasolwandle kanye noMkhandlu Wobuholi BeMpi Ephakeme kanye neKhabhinethi, bonke babenezizathu zokuqeda impi elahlekile ngaphambi kokubhujiswa okwengeziwe kweJapane kanye nokuthunjwa okungenamibandela kwamaNgisi namaMelika. Kodwa uMbusi kuphela owayenamandla okuxazulula lolu daba, futhi wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokugcina ubukhosi obunamandla - naye esesihlalweni sobukhosi - kunokusindisa izimpilo zabantu bakhe.
Ekugcineni, phakathi noJuni nangoJulayi, lapho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwaseMelika ezindaweni ezazihloselwe abantu baseJapane kufinyelela umvuthwandaba, uHirohito akazange abonise ukuzimisela ukuqeda impi. Lokhu kudinga ukucutshungulwa kuqhathaniswa nombono waseMelika kanye nowaseJapan omnikeza udumo ngokwenza isinqumo sobuqhawe sokuqeda impi.
Akazange aziphendulele ngempi eyayiqhutshwa egameni lakhe. Abantu baseJapane, izinsizwa okwakuzofa izigidi ezingu-2.6 kuzo, baya empini bekholelwa ukuthi bavikela izwe labo, bebonisa ubuqotho babo kuye. Impi yaba inhlekelele kokubili kubantu base-Asia abanqotshwa iJapane nakubantu baseJapane, amasosha kanye nezakhamuzi.
Ekugcineni, njengoba iJapane isiyincithakalo, kulandela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emadolobheni aseJapane, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki, kanye nokungena kweSoviet empini eManchuria, iJapane yaxoxisana ngemibandela yokuzinikela eyalondoloza uHirohito esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Kukho konke lokhu, umbusi akazange avume ukwethembeka ezikhonzini zakhe, engasasho lutho kwezinye izisulu zempi. Ukuphela kwesibopho ayesivuma kwakungokhokho bakhe.
Q. Encwadini, uveza iqembu lezikhulu eziphakamisa u-Hirohito ukuthi abe umholi obambekayo, umholi onegunya uyise wakhe, uMbusi uTaisho, angakaze abe nguye. Ingabe indlela akhuliswe ngayo uHirohito, lapho abonakala ewumphumela wokufundiseka okujulile, akufanele yini imkhulule ngezinga elithile ekushiyeni amasosha enhlanganweni โyentando yeningi yamaTaishoโ kanye nonya lwaseJapane lwangesikhathi sempi?
A. Angikaze ngisho ukuthi uqokelwe ukuba ngumholi onegunya. Ngabhala ukuthi wayehlaliswa abantu ukuze abe inkosi enomusa.
"I-Authoritarianism" yayicatshangwa kumongo wezepolitiki waseJapan. UMbusi uMeiji wayeyisibonelo sakhe, hhayi uyise, futhi waba umkhiqizo wenqubo ejulile yokuhlalisana kwabantu neyokufundisa. Angicabangi ukuthi lokhu kumkhulula, kunoma yiliphi izinga, ekubhujisweni kwentando yeningi yeTaisho.
Q. Kungani kungenjalo? Impela, ongqondongqondo abaningi namuhla bangaphikisa ngokuthi umuntu okhulele endaweni enegunya, futhi kamuva abe ngonegunya ngokwakhe, akanakusolwa ngokuphelele, ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kokukhuliswa kwakhe.
A. Yebo, kwakunezimo ezithethelelayo, kodwa lokho akuzange kumkhulule emthwalweni wezombangazwe, wokuziphatha, noma wezomthetho. Ikakhulukazi endabeni yokugunyaza kwakhe izimpi zonya.
Q. Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi baseJapan abashisekela ubuzwe befunda incwadi yakho bebengathi, โYiliphi ilungelo onalo lokusitshela ukuthi bekungafanele sikwenze lokhu, ngenkathi siphila enkathini yodlame, i-imperialism yaseNtshonalanga yomhlaba wonke? Lokhu kwaba yiyona ndlela kuphela iNgonyama yokuvikela isizwe sayo.โ
A. Lesi kwakuyinkathi ye-imperialism, kodwa iJapane njengezinye izizwe yayinezinketho. I-Japan yayingalandela ukukhetha okuhlukile kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ngasekupheleni kwe-Meiji [1868-1912], e-Taisho [1912-26] kanye nasekuqaleni kwe-Showa [1926-89] - inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ehlukile i-vis-a-vis Korea, China kanye namazwe aseNtshonalanga. . Kodwa abaholi baseJapane esikhathini ngasinye bakhetha ukungakwenzi lokho.
E-Meiji kanye neningi lase-Taisho, labo okuthiwa abenzi bezinqumo bangempela be-Imperial Japan benza ngobuhlakani. Inkinga yayiwukuthi ekupheleni kwawo-1920 nasekuqaleni kwawo-'30s balahlekelwa ama-bearings abo futhi benza iphutha elilodwa ngemva kwelinye. Kodwa kwakuhlale kunezinketho. IJapane yayihlale inezinketho; kwakungadingeki kube isimo esikhohlakele esaletha inhlekelele hhayi emazweni ase-Asia kuphela kodwa nakubantu baseJapane.
Q. Ingabe uyakubona ukufana phakathi kwendlela uHirohito nabeluleki bakhe abayinhloko abaqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi labo nokuziphatha kwabaholi bezwe banamuhla?
A. Namuhla iJapan ibhekene nezwe elibunjwe impi entsha eye yavela e-United States, ubuso obusha bombuso, uhulumeni waseWashington ongazange angabaze ukwethula nokuthethelela izimpi zonya.
I-United States ngemuva kwe-9/11 yethula impi ngokumelene ne-Afghanistan kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ishaya indiva uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, abaphathi bakaBush baqala impi engekho emthethweni ngokumelene ne-Iraq.
Ungase uthi impi yokuvimbela yaseMelika ngokumelene ne-Iraq yayiyimbi kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi, kunokuhlasela kweJapane endaweni yamasosha aseMelika, ekoloni laseMelika, ngoDisemba 1941.
Yima futhi ucabange ngakho: IPearl Harbor kwakuyisenzo sobudlova esasiqondiswe esikhungweni samasosha asolwandle ePacific okwakungeyesizwe esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, isenzo esaqala iMpi YasePacific. Ngokuphambene, impi yase-Iraq yethulwa amandla amakhulu okuwukuphela kwawo emhlabeni ngokumelene nezwe elingakwazi ukuzivikela osekubangele ukufa kwabantu base-Iraq abangaphezu kuka-100,000. Kulokhu ukuqhathanisa okungcono kungase kube Isigameko saseJapane saseManchurian sango-1931 lapho amasosha asebenzisa izaba ukuze athathe iManchuria futhi adale iManchukuo, ehola iJapane emgwaqeni oya empini eyayingathatha ukufa kwamaShayina angaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu.
Uwoyela, izisekelo zezempi, nokuziphindiselela kwakuyizinto ezibalulekile esinqumweni sokuphatha kukaBush sokuya empini e-Iraq. Leyo mpi yayingahlangene nakancane nezimangalo zokuphatha kukaBush ezixhumanisa impi ne-9/11 noma nokutholakala kwezikhali zase-Iraq. Kokubili eManchuria nase-Iraq, izizathu zokuya empini zakhiwe.
Q. Ucabanga ukuthi u-Hirohito kwakufanele aquliswe icala futhi ajeziswe, futhi uma kunjalo, kanjani?
A. Angikaze ngithi kufanele. Engakusho kwakuwukuthi abantu baseJapane kwakufanele bavunyelwe ukuxoxa ngokukhululekile ngendima yakhe, futhi kwakufanele avunyelwe ukuba ahoxe. Ngempela, kwakufanele akhuthazwe ukuba ahoxe, futhi abantu baseJapane kwakufanele bakhuthazwe ukuba baphikise ngokukhululekile indima yoMbusi kanye nendima yesikhungo soMbusi. Kodwa uGen. MacArthur kanye nokuphatha kukaTruman bavikela uMbusi. Akazange nje avikelwe ekushushisweni, kodwa akazange abizwe ngisho nokuzofakaza Ezivivinyweni zaseTokyo, futhi imibhalo ephathelene nesibopho sakhe sempi yabelwa imingcele.
Ngicabanga ukuthi imizamo ehlanganyelwe yabantu baseMelika kanye namaJapani ukugcina isikhungo se-Imperial, ngayinye ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukene engikubiza ngokuthi ubudlelwano be-de-facto, ibe nemiphumela eyinhlekelele umthelela wayo osaqhubeka nokuzwakala kwezombusazwe zaseJapan nasebudlelwaneni base-US-Japan.
Q. Ingabe ukholelwa ukuthi ingxenye yobuholi baseJapane obulondolozayo ifuna ukuphinde ilwe impi?
A. Yebo, bafuna ukukwazi ukulwa ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. Bakubiza ngokuthi isimo "esivamile". Impela lokhu kuyahlehla kakhulu, ngoba iJapan isalokhu ingumholi ngoba inezimiso okungezona ezenuzi futhi ayiwona umkhiqizi omkhulu wezikhali kwamanye amazwe.
Kodwa ama-Conservative amaningi awanelisekile ngokuhlala kweJapane ngaphansi kwe-United States isikhathi eside. I-Japan inohlobo lwesathelayithi, noma iklayenti, ubudlelwano ne-Washington. Umuntu onjengombusi waseTokyo, u-Ishihara Shintaro, ukhanga lolo phiko lweqembu olunganelisekile neze, futhi udlulisela ukukhungatheka kwakhe eChina. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kwengeza kuphela ezinkingeni e-East Asia.
Ubona abagcini bemithetho besebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuze baxhaphaze ukwesaba - ukwesaba iNorth Korea, besaba ukuthi iJapan ingase ihlaselwe. IJapan inebutho lezempi eliqinile elikwazi ngokuphelele ukuzivikela. Kuyinto engacabangeki ukuthi noma yiliphi izwe langaphandle lingahlasela iJapan.
Kodwa sibona ipolitiki lapha. Sibona umzamo ohlangothini lwama-conservatives, i-LDP, wokubuyekeza uMthethosisekelo, ikakhulukazi ukuqeda i-Article 9 ebeka imingcele amandla ase-Japan okulwa izimpi zaphesheya.
Q. Ikuphi ukubaluleka okubonayo ekugcizeleleni kukaNdunankulu u-Koizumi Junichiro ukuthi avakashele i-Yasukuni Shrine?
A. Lowo mbuzo ubuyela emuva endleleni esichaza ngayo inkathi esiphila kuyo, ngoba, akuwona kuphela โumlandoโ weMpi Yase-Asia-Pacific, kodwa Umsebenzi ungumlando, futhi inkathi yangemva kwempi ingumlando. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi isiphelile. Isimo sezombangazwe ngesokuthungatha usongo olusha ukuze kubekwe isiyalo futhi kuhlelwe kabusha izinto.
Kule ndawo entsha, abantu baseJapane basalokhu behlukene phakathi mayelana nencazelo yempi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwangemva kwempi. Izinkumbulo Zempi Yase-Asia-Pacific ziye zavela: isizukulwane esisha esingenaso isipiliyoni sempi sifikile endaweni yesehlakalo, futhi idlanzana labathile abanethonya - abamelwe ngokweqile, yiqiniso, ku-LDP - bagomele esidlangalaleni umbono oqinisekisayo wempi.
Ngicabanga ukuthi izenzo zikandunankulu kanye nabalandeli beKhabhinethi yakhe ngokuvakashela i-Yasukuni Shrine futhi befuna ukuqeda i-Article 9 yoMthethosisekelo kufanele zimiswe ngokumelene nalokhu kuntuleka kokuvumelana kuzwelonke kanye nokuphikisana nokumiswa okusha kwamazwe ngamazwe okuthembisa ukushintsha. Japan.
Akulona iqiniso ngokusobala ukuthi abantu baseJapan abakaze baguqule imibono yabo ngempi yokugcina, elahlekile. Kodwa izenzo zikaKoizumi zivumela abantu abaningi baseShayina nabaseKorea, kanye nabanye abantu base-Asia, ukuba babe nalowo mbono oyiphutha.
Q. IJalimane ibonakala iqhube kangcono kuneJapan ekubhekaneni nesikhathi sayo esidlule sempi. Yini okufanele iJapane yenze ukuze ibeke iMpi Yezwe II ngemuva kwayo unomphela, futhi ijwayele ubudlelwano nomakhelwane base-Asia?
A. Izicukuthwane zaseJalimane zakuthola kuyintshisekelo yezwe labo ukuzuza ukwethenjwa omakhelwane babo baseYurophu, futhi baphinde bahlangane ngokushesha entshonalanga yeYurophu. Kule kota yekhulu edlule, benze kahle kakhulu ekubhekaneni nefa labo lobugebengu bempi kanye nokunqoba okwedlule.
Kodwa izimo zaseJapane zazihluke ngokuphelele.
Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala ye-Occupation, ongqondongqondo baseJapane bahamba phambili kakhulu kunozakwabo baseJalimane ekubhekaneni nezindaba zesibopho sempi. Lokhu akuzange kubongwe ngokwanele.
Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, alikho โiJapaneโ elihlangene elilandela imibono eyiphutha yesikhathi esidlule. Ukwehlukana kuhlala kujulile. Zonke izizukulwane zamaJapane ziye zaphinde zavakashela iMpi Yezwe II, futhi zizoqhubeka zenza kanjalo.
Lena inguqulo ebuyekeziwe nefushanisiwe yengxoxo ka-Eric Prideaux evele ku-Japan Times: Aug. 7, 2005. U-Eric Prideaux ungumbhali wezisebenzi ze-The Japan Times.
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