Ngomhla zingama-31 kuMfumfu wezi-2008, uJenene Tamogami Toshio, iNhloko Yezisebenzi Zombutho Wokuzivikela Emoyeni Yase-Japan [ASDF] waxoshwa kungazelelwe esikhundleni sakhe eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela, kodwa wavunyelwa ukuba athathe umhlalaphansi nempesheni yakhe ephelele kunokuba axoshwe kafushane. Esithangamini nabezindaba ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, uTamogami, owayephinde abe ngunsumpa we-SDF Joint Staff College, wazwakalisa esidlangalaleni ukudelela kwesinqumo seNkantolo eNkulu yaseNagoya sokuthi umsebenzi wamasosha aseJapan e-Iraq wawuphambene nomthethosisekelo. [1] Kulo mcimbi, uJenene okhuluma ngokungananazi, owaziwa kakhulu kontanga yakhe ngemibono ecasulayo yoklebe, weqa eminye imigqa eminingana.
Ungenele futhi wawina umklomelo ophambili wama-yen ayizigidi ezi-3 (amaRandi angu-30,000) emqhudelwaneni wendatshana owawuxhaswe yinhlangano enkulu edakwe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu nezindlu, i-APA Group, eyayidinga ababengenele lo mqhudelwano ukuthi babhale ku-"The True Outlook for Modern and Contemporary History". ." UMongameli we-APA ngu-Motoya Toshio, umbhali wezincwadi zomlando kanye nomuntu obalulekile ezinhlanganweni zezombusazwe ezisekela i-Komatsu Air Base e-Ishikawa Prefecture (ephambi koLwandle lwase-Japan). Unobudlelwane obuqinile nowayenguNdunankulu u-Abe Shinzo nabanye osopolitiki abalwela amalungelo, okuhlanganisa noTamogami. [2] Ngokwaziwa, abaphathi ochungechungeni lwemiyalo yoMnyango Wezokuvikela abazange bayihlolisise ngokucophelela indaba kaTamogami nanoma yiziphi izindatshana ezingama-94 ezilethwe amasosha e-ASDF. Owayephika isihluku saseNanjing, uSolwazi Watanabe Shoichi, nguye owayehola ithimba lamajaji akhipha lo mklomelo. Futhi lezi zincwadi ngokusobala โzazicelwe ngenjongo โyokuqondisa iJapane ekuqondeni kahle umlando njengesizwe esizimele.โโ [3]
Imibono eyavezwa uJenene yenza okungaphezu kokumane iphule izikhundla ezisemthethweni zabaphathi bakhe abangamasosha. Ngokuphikisa ngokuthi umbuso wamakoloni waseJapane wawunobuntu futhi usemthethweni, nokuthi iJapane yayingeyena umhlaseli eMpini Yezwe II, uTamogami wayephikisana nomthethosisekelo kanye nesimo esisemthethweni sikahulumeni sokuxolisa esizweni iJapane esasisihlasele ngaphambi nangesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waphikisana nomqondo wezombangazwe wabantu abaningi baseJapane abafundile.
Uhulumeni waseChina nowaseNingizimu Korea bavele bayigxeka imibono kaTamogami, njengoba kwenza amaqembu aphikisayo ephalamende eJapan, abenethemba lokuthi bazosebenzisa lolu daba ukuketula uNdunankulu omusha we-LDP, u-Aso Taro. Imibono ka-Aso yobuzwe eyimpikiswano ngomlando kanye nomthethosisekelo iyafana nekaTamogami, kodwa njengondunankulu waxosha ujenene futhi wenqaba ukuxoxa ngemibono yakhe. Nokho, uTamogami ongaphenduki, wazibamba wagcizelela ukuthi abantu baseJapane โbadukiswe imfundo eyiphuthaโ ukuze bacabange ukuthi izwe labo lake laba nobumnyama obudlule. [3]
Esifisweni sakhe sokukhulula amasosha aseJapan emigodleni yomthethosisekelo, uTamogami kungenzeka ukuthi ukhuthaze izikhulu eziningi ze-ASDF ezisebenza kanzima ukuba zihlanganyele naye ekungeneleleni izindatshana (zokuqukethwe okungaziwa) emqhudelwaneni ofanayo: inani liyahlukahluka ukusuka kwabangaphezu kwama-50 kuye kwabaningi. njengoba 95. [4] Umbono ovezwayo ukuthi lawa maphoyisa e-ASDF ayindlalifa "yezikhulu ezisencane" zenkathi yangaphambili ezasebenzisa imibono "yokubuyiselwa kwe-Showa" emzamweni wokusheshisa ukuhlonyiswa kabusha kwe-Japan kanye nokwanda ngeminyaka yawo-1930s. Umehluko uwukuthi izikhulu ezigqoke umfaniswano zanamuhla kufanele zibe ngaphansi โkokulawulwa kwezakhamuzi (i-bureaucratic kanye nephalamende),โ hhayi ekuvukeleni ngokomoya umthethosisekelo wokuthula wesizwe. Kuyaphawuleka nokho ukuthi abaphathi bezakhamizi kuMnyango Wezokuvikela, abayisithupha kubo abadlwengulwe kancane, baqale bangabaza ukujezisa uTamogami nabalandeli bakhe.
Ebhala endikimbeni ethi, "Ingabe i-Japan Yayiyisizwe Esinolaka?", u-Tamogami waphikisa lokhu okulandelayo:
* Umthetho wase-Japan wamakoloni kanye ne-semi-colonial, ngokusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho, "wawulinganisele kakhulu" ngokwemvelo futhi uzuzisa amaKorea, ama-Taiwanese, namaShayina ngokufanayo. Ukuze kuvikelwe lezi zikhundla eziqashelwa ngokomthetho iJapan yalwa izimpi ezifanele.
* KwakuyiComintern, ngokwemithombo yezobunhloli baseSoviet, hhayi iKwantung Army leyo kungenzeka ube wasungula ukubulawa kwenduna yempi yaseShayina uZhang Zuolin ngo-1928, okwabeka inkundla yokuba iJapane ithathe yonke iManchuria.
*IJapane ayizange ilwe impi engekho emthethweni yobudlova eChina kusukela ngo-1931, noma kwenye indawo emakoloni aseYurophu naseMelika eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia nasePacific eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva.
* IManchukuo, ngokungafani namakoloni aseNtshonalanga lapho ubandlululo lwaluyisisekelo sokubusa, ngempela yayiyisizinda sokubekezelelana kohlanga; kanjalo neJapane yombuso.
* I-Comintern kanye ne-Chinese Communist Party badlala indima embi eMpini Yase-Japan-China, bekhohlisa u-Chiang Kai-shek ukuze bahlasele i-Japan.
* UMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt โngokucophelela okukhuluโ wafaka iJapane ekuhlaseleni iPearl Harbor ngemva kokuba izinhloli zeComintern, ezinjengoHarry Dexter White eMnyangweni Wezezimali, zibhale i-โHull Noteโ eyasiza โukukhohlisa uMongameli Roosevelt nokudonsela [iJapane] empini. ne-United States."
* Ukube iJapane โayizange ilwe neMpi Enkulu YaseMpumalanga Asia ngaleso sikhathi,โ yayingenakukwazi โukubhekana nezwe lokulingana kwezinhlanga esinalo namuhla.โ Ngempela, ngaphandle kweMpi YaseMpumalanga Enkulu Ye-Asia, iJapane yayingase ibe โizwe elibusayo. ikoloni yesizwe esimhlophe."
Ngamafuphi, uTamogami uphethe ngokuthi, "okwenziwe yilelizwe kuhle kakhulu." Ngasekupheleni kwendatshana yakhe, ecaphuna imikhawulo eminingi kuma-Self-Defense Forces aseJapan, ugcizelela ukuthi kufanele kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuzivikela ngokuhlanganyela - okusho ukuthi lingakwazi ukusiza ababambisene nabo lapho behlaselwa, into ngokusobala kudingeka kubuyekezwe umthethosisekelo.
Ngokusobala, iqiniso namanga akuzona izindaba zeTamogami; ukukholelwa esimweni "esivamile" (sokulwa) kanye nezwi elengeziwe lesigaba sesikhulu esiqeqeshiwe. UJenene uphazamisa amaqiniso; usebenzisa ubufakazi ngokukhetha; ukhetha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe uma uhambisana nenjongo yakhe; futhi uyeka noma yikuphi okukhulumayo wezibalo zokufa kwabantu base-Asia noma baseJapane abavamile nabamasosha kusukela ezimpini zama-1930 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-40. Inhloso yakhe ukwakha ithimba lezishoshovu ezizobamba iqhaza ekulweni kwezepolitiki, liqhakambise umbono "weqiniso" ngomlando, ngisho noma kungelona iqiniso. weqiniso okwesikhathi esithile somlando asikhathalelayo.
Kodwa akukho nokukodwa kokusho kwakhe okusha ngandlela thize. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, izikhulu eziphezulu zezakhamuzi nezempi ziye zaphindaphinda izitatimende ezivusa ingxabano yasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe-kungaba ngokukhuluma ngolimi oluyimfoloko ezindabeni zesibopho sempi, noma ukuphinda, ngokuvamile ngokungazi, imizwa yobuzwe enonya yohlobo lolo hlobo. lokho uTamogami akuvezile. Izehlakalo ezinjena zikhombisa kabi izinga lobuhlakani bezikhulu ezithintekayo. Basusa izivunguvungu zempikiswano yezombangazwe eJapan futhi bazala ukungabethembi iJapan eShayina, eKorea, nakwamanye amazwe athole indawo yaseJapan. Kodwa futhi zisiza ukukhulisa ukuqapha okudumile ngokumelene nengozi yempi yasekhaya. Ngokudabukisayo, imiphumela eqhathanisekayo ayivamisile ukukhiqizwa izinqubomgomo ezisungulwe umfelandawonye wezokuphepha wase-Japan, i-United States, izimpi zayo ezingapheli kanye nezempi ezigxilile kuye kwahlanekezela ukuphila kwezwe futhi kwacekela phansi ukuhleleka kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Yini-ke okufanele siyenze ngemibono kaTamogami? Beka eceleni ukungazi kwakhe ngomlando, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, iSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseSan Francisco sango-1952, kanye nokungahumushi kahle kwakhe imithombo nemibhalo efana neSec. yememorandamu ye-State Cordell Hull yangoNovemba 26, 1941. Ingabe u-Tamogami ugqugquzelwa umuzwa wokuzethemba olimele kanye nokungalungile owenziwe i-US kanye nabalingani bayo e-Japan ngemva kokunqotshwa kwayo kwezempi nokungokwengqondo ngo-1945? Ingabe lesi yisizathu esenza angakwazi ukubona izenzo eziningi ezingenabulungisa kanye nobugebengu obungenakubalwa obenziwa iJapane ngesikhathi sobukoloni nokuhlasela amazwe angomakhelwane? Cabangela umzuzwana nje imibuzo yobuzenzisi nezindinganiso ezimbaxa-mbili ekuhloleni izenzo zeJapane, i-United States, nezinye izizwe ezaya empini phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu lamashumi amabili.
Ngo-1945, i-US kanye neSoviet Union bahola ekusunguleni i-nomenclature esemthethweni yamacala empi kanye nemigomo yokuwahlulela nokujezisa izephula-mthetho. Ku-International Military Tribunal (IMT) eTokyo (1946-8), idlanzana labaholi baseJapan bashushiswa futhi bajeziswa ngamacala okuhlukumeza kanye namacala empi ngomqondo omncane. Kodwa inkinga yobukoloni baseYurophu, eMelika, naseJapane ayizange ishaywe indiva. Futhi amacala empi e-Allies, agcina ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamaphekula aseMelika emadolobheni angamashumi ayisithupha nane aseJapan kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezikhali zenuzi eHiroshima naseNagasaki, nawo awakaze agwetshwe. Ngesikhathi se-IMT, imizamo yabameli bokuvikela baseMelika nabaseJapan yokuphakamisa lezi zindaba yanqatshwa ngokuphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States yasiza iBrithani, iFrance, neNetherlands ukuba ibuyisele imibuso yawo eyahlukene yamakoloni ngokulwa impi ukuze ibhubhise izinhlangano zezwe ezilwela inkululeko yabantu ababeyizikhonzi zabo zamakoloni. Nakuba la magunya obukoloni ayezisholo ukuthi angabavikeli bempucuko, ehlezi ekwahluleleni iJapane ngokuphishekela izinqubomgomo zobudlova, wona ngokwawo ayeqhubeka nokwenza amacala afanayo.
Abanye abantu baseJapane abagcina umthetho abakwazi ukuthethelela noma ukukhohlwa lobu buzenzisi baseNtshonalanga. Kubo, zonke izinguqulo ezihlanekezelwe (okungukuthi "ezisemthethweni" noma "inkulumo-ze yabanqobi") zesimanjemanje sase-Japan zilandelela emuva esivivinyweni sase-Tokyo. Bakholelwa futhi ukuthi abamangalelwa baseJapan eTokyo benqatshelwe ukulalelwa ngendlela efanele. Lapho umsebenzi uphela ngo-1952 futhi iJapane iphinde yathola inkululeko yayo esemthethweni, idlanzana lenqaba ukuqulwa kwecala laseTokyo ngoba lalibona kuphela izinhlangothi zalo ezimbi, hhayi izinhlangothi zalo ezinhle. Baqala ukukhumbula nokwenza elinye lamajaji amathathu aphikisayo enkantolo, uRadhabinod Pal. Ijaji laseNdiya elishisekela ubuzwe lalikade lisekela amasosha aseJapan. Walenqaba icala lobudlova elalibekwe abaholi baseJapane besikhathi sempi futhi wafuna ukuba bakhululwe kuwo wonke amacala. KuPal, isitha sangempela e-Asia kwakunguMhlophe WaseNtshonalanga. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuchithwa kokutholwe yi-Tokyo IMT kube yinto engaguquki emcabangweni ophiko lwesokudla waseJapan. Lokhu akukona ukuphika lokho ekushushiseni izigebengu zempi zaseJapane izizwe ezinqobile zenza amaphutha ezicini ezibalulekile. Enye kwakuyindaba yobukoloniyali; enye yayiwukwehluleka ukumangalela uMbusi uHirohito, lowo, yedwa phakathi kwabaholi baseJapane, owayeyisizinda sezenzakalo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yempi. Nokho uHirohito akakaze abuzwe ngisho noma enziwe ukuba athwale umthwalo wemfanelo wempi, nakuba abaningana babakhonzi bakhe abathembeke kakhulu babulawa noma baboshwa ngenxa yakhe.
I-Tamogami ayiyedwa ekuvikeleni umbuso wamakoloni waseJapane futhi ibambe eminye imibono ekude kwesokudla yomlando wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lamaJapane. Kodwa ukuze imibono enjalo ibuse, kumelwe ifundiswe ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi esizwe, isatshalaliswe kabanzi phakathi kweningi labavoti yizintatheli zaseJapane, ababhali, nabanye abenzi bemibono, futhi inqobe isiko lezombangazwe elisekela umthethosisekelo wokuthula. EJapane yanamuhla ayikho kulezi zimo etholakalayo. Amazwana omhleli ngemva kokuxoshwa kukaTamogami esikhundleni asikisela ukuthi imibono eyiqiniso ngezimpi zonya zaseJapane kusukela ngo-1931 kuya ku-45 yaziwa kabanzi. Isiko lezombangazwe laseJapane elivamile liyenqaba imibono ewumngcele ehlotshaniswa ne-Yasukuni Shrine kanye neMnyuziyamu yomlando wayo, futhi evezwe lapha nguJenene.
Noma kunjalo, umphakathi ovotayo usalokhu uhlukene phakathi ezindabeni zokukhumbula impi. Osopolitiki abaningi eqenjini elibusayo i-Liberal-Democratic Party, okuhlanganisa noNdunankulu u-Aso, babelana ngemizwa kaTamogami yobuzwe engajulile, njengoba kwenza ababhali bezincwadi. Fuji Sankei kanye nemithombo yayo yezindaba ehlobene. Iningi lalaba bantu, nokho, liyakugwema ukuveza imizwa yabo obala ezindabeni ezinengxabano enkulu njengokwenqaba ngokusobala izinqumo zecala lase-Tokyo noma ukucela i-Japan ukuthi isebenzise ilungelo lokuzivikela njengeqoqo ngokwephula uMthethosisekelo wayo.
Nokho, ake sithi eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, abantu abasesimweni esinamandla abanolwazi olungokomlando olufana nolukaTamogami baba namandla phakathi kwezikhulu ezibusayo zaseJapane nabeluleki bazo. Ngabe iJapan ingathola ukubusa kwemibono yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle eyeqisayo eqhathaniswa neyama-neo-conservatives aseMelika kanye nama-neo-liberals imibono yawo eyathuthukiswa esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ukuvezwa kwayo ekugcineni emigomeni kamongameli kaGeorge W. Bush? Ingabe kungenzeka okufanayo eJapane?
UTamogami uthi akanantshisekelo yokwenza buthaka ukuzibophezela kweJapan ku-US-Japan Security Treaty [AMPO], noma ubudlelwano beJapan namanye amazwe ase-Asia. Udweba isifaniso phakathi kweMelika, amandla amakhulu ezempi abiza ngokuthi "umzali," kanye neJapane, "ingane" yayo. Izikhulu zezisebenzi zaseJapane ezivumelana nendlela yakhe yokucabanga zicabanga ukuthi zingabeka lobu budlelwano "bomzali nengane" ngendlela elinganayo ngokufaka ukulawulwa kwezakhamuzi, ziqede "Ihhovisi Lenqubomgomo Yokusebenza" loMnyango Wezokuvikela, eliqashwe izikhulu zezakhamuzi, futhi livumele "ikakhulukazi". izikhulu ezigqoke umfaniswano "zokuphatha amayunithi e-SDF ngaphansi kukangqongqoshe wezokuvikela."[5]
Kodwa inkinga yangempela ngobudlelwano bezokuphepha base-US-Japan ukuthi buwushevu ofakwe emithanjeni yesistimu yezombangazwe yase-Japan, obuqhubeka buthaka ukuzibophezela kwe-Japan emibonweni yayo yomthethosisekelo. Uma nje le nsalela yeMpi Yezwe II kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi isekhona, iJapan izoba nobunzima bokuhlala iyizwe lokuthula, ibhekane nobugebengu bempi yayo elahlekile, futhi ithuthukise inqubomgomo ye-omni-directional esikhundleni senqubomgomo yezangaphandle egxile e-US. Ukuvikela i-Article 9 yomthethosisekelo wokuthula ngaphandle, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubhekana ne-AMPO ukwenza umsebenzi kaTamogami nabantu abacabanga njengaye.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo okokugcina: mancane amathuba okuthi izikhulu zePentagon zingamukele ngempela iJapan engasusanga imingcele yomthethosisekelo ekukhuleni kwezempi yayo, futhi yathola nezinhlelo zezikhali ezihlaselayo ukuze ibe yizwe "elivamile" (lokulwa). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akucaci ukuthi abaholi baseJapan bangenzani uma, maduze nje, "umzali" ebhebhethekisa izimpi zakhe ezihlulekile zamakholoni e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan futhi wacindezela iJapan ukuthi izibandakanye ngokujulile kuzo. Umholi weSocial Democratic Party uFukushima Mizuho wayiqonda kahle le nkinga, nokho, lapho ehlobanisa indima ekhulayo ye-SDF ekusekeleni izimpi zaseMelika nokusabalalisa izinkolelo "ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuthi izenzo zaseJapane zangesikhathi sempi zazingelona ulaka." [6]
amanothi
Ngifisa ukubonga u-Gavan McCormack no-Mark Selden ngokuthumela izinto ezisetshenziswe kule ncwadi.
[1] Asahi Shimbun yaseTokyo, Ngo-Ephreli 19, i-2008.
[2] Roy Berman, "Gen. Tamogami Toshio, Motoya Toshio, kanye no-Abe Shinzo," Ixoxo eliguquguqukayo, November 4, 2008
UBerman ubhala ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kukamongameli wenkampani uMotoya Toshio kanye noNdunankulu wangaphambili u-Abe Shinzo, kanye nokusekela kukaMotoya iJapane yenuzi, ukubhala kwakhe imisebenzi yomlando ngaphansi kwegama-mbumbulu, kanye nobudlelwano bakhe neqembu elisekela i-Air Force. Bhekafuthi, I-Mainichi Shimbun Novemba 1, 2008,
[3] U-Jun Hong, "Uklebe oyisikhulu se-ASDF kwaze kwaba sekugcineni; akukho kuxolisa," The I-Japan Times, Nov. 5, 2008.
[4] "Uhulumeni udinga ukuzibophezela ngokuziphatha kwabasebenzi be-ASDF," I-Mainichi Daily News, Nov. 8, 2008; AP, "UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uzobuyisela ingxenye yeholo ngendaba yempi yenduna ye-ASDF," Bereitbart.com, No. 4, 2008; "I-Ghost of Wartimes Edlule: Izimpi Zomlando Wase-Japan Ziphinde Zaqhuma," i-Economist.com, Nov. 5, 2008.
[5] Shingetsu I-Newsletter No. 1191, Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindaba, ithunyelwe kuNov. 1, 2008.
[6] Kyodo News, "Beijing, Seoul rip ASDF chief essay," I-Japan Times, Nov. 2, 2008.
Herbert Bix, umbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje, owazuza uMklomelo kaPulitzer, ufundisa eBinghamton University, eNew York, futhi ubhala ngezindaba zempi nombuso. Unguzakwabo wase-Japan Focus. Ubhalele lesi sihloko I-Japan Focus.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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