NgoJulayi 2004 izikhulu zezomthetho zakwa-Israel eNkantolo eNkulu yezoBulungiswa (HCJ) zadingida ngodonga lwase-Israel oluhlukanisayo eWest Bank yasePalestine. INkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe (ICJ) eThe Hague yayisanda kunquma, ngevoti labangu-13 kwabangu-2, ukuthi udonga oluphakeme ngamamitha angu-30 lwaluyingxenye yenqubomgomo yakwa-Israyeli yokwakha izindawo zokuhlala endaweni eyebiwe noma ephucwe umhlaba wasePalestine, futhi yawugxeka. njengokuthathwa komhlaba ngokungemthetho, okungafanele ezinye izifundazwe zikuqaphele. I-UN General Assembly cishe ngokushesha yacela u-Israyeli ukuthi ahambisane nombono wokweluleka we-ICJ futhi aqede ukwakhiwa kodonga olungekho emthethweni, inhloso yalo yangempela kwakuwukuvikela izindawo zokuhlala, hhayi i-Israel uqobo.
Kodwa u-Israyeli wala. Abameli beNkantolo Ephakeme ecaleni lezakhamuzi zaseBeit Sourik basekela inqubomgomo kahulumeni wabo esikhundleni sokunquma kwe-ICJ. Amajaji akwa-Israel anqume ukuthi umhlali kufanele ahlose "ukulinganisa izintshisekelo" noma "amalungelo" okufanele, ukuze izinhlangothi zombili zivikeleke. Ngokombono wabo, ukulinganisa kufanekisela "ukulingana" - ukulingana ekuzivikeleni kanye nakuwo wonke amanye amalungelo - endaweni egcwele amasosha kunembile, njengoba isazi sezomthetho uMartti Koskenniemi sikubiza ngokuthi, "indawo yokulinganisa" lapho wonke amandla obukhosi. zuza kubaphathi abaphethe.
Le ndlela evelele โenengqondoโ yokulinganisa amalungelo omthetho wokuhlala yaqinisa umhlaseli wakwa-Israel onamandla ngenkathi ibukela phansi ilungelo lenkululeko kanye nokuzikhethela kwabantu basePalestine abangenamandla. Ngakho-ke abaphathi bezempi bakwa-Israel bangaqhubeka nokwephula amalungelo, bathathe umhlaba, futhi bacekele phansi impahla yabantu basePalestine endawo ukuze kuzuze abahlali bakwa-Israel ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingekho emthethweni.{1}
Dlulela phambili eminyakeni emine ngasekupheleni kukaZibandlela wezi-2008. Esikhathini esingangezinyanga eziyishumi nanye nengxenye ngaphambi kwempi yaseGaza, i-IDF yabulala amaPalestine angama-413, okuhlanganisa nezakhamuzi eziningi, kanti umcibisholo owethulwa eGaza wabulala u-Israyeli oyedwa.{2} Ngaleso sikhathi. I-Israel yachitha ukuthi kungenzeka kuvuselelwe ukumiswa kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqeda ukulwa neHamas (uhulumeni waseGaza okhethwe ngentando yeningi), yaguqula indawo esogwini yaba indawo yempi, futhi yavimbela amaPalestine ukuba abaleke. Kodwa kwavumela "amakhosikazi angewona amaPalestine" angu-200 ukuba ahambe.{3} Kulesi senzakalo abameli bakwa-Israyeli abangu-41,000, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa, bathula bathula mayelana nokucwaswa ngokobulili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla "endaweni yokulinganisa."{4}
Ngaphandle kwenkulumo ekhululekile yamajaji e-HCJ mayelana namalungelo okulinganisa, lapho i-IDF seyethule ukuhlasela kwayo izakhamuzi zasePalestine izinqubomgomo nezenzo zikahulumeni wabo kuphela ezibambe izintambo, zeqa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Izintatheli ezinesibindi kuphela, izifundiswa, kanye nezishoshovu zokuthula endaweni encane yakwa-Israel esele ezaba nesibindi sokuxoxa ngokubulawa kulandelwa Ingqungquthela Yesine YaseGeneva, u-Israyeli ayinyathela phansi. Njengoba i-de facto ethatha amandla eGaza enqotshiwe, i-Israel yehlulekile ukuvikela ukuphepha kwabantu bomdabu. Kunokuba izame "ukulinganisa" kahle "ukucatshangelwa kwezokuphepha kanye namalungelo nezintshisekelo zabantu bendawo," i-IDF yayiqondise kubantu bendawo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingahlobene nesidingo sezempi noma ukuzivikela, labulala futhi lacekela phansi impahla yomuntu ngamunye, igunya elibusayo, nezinhlangano zabo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Kodwa ngisho nokusho ukuthi i-Israel yenza ngokwephula izihloko eziningi zaseGeneva kuwukubukela phansi kakhulu ubugebengu bayo bezempi kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini.
Isizinda Somlando kanye nemibuzo
Selokhu i-Israel yanqoba izindawo ezisele zasePalestine ngoJuni 1967, yabiza iWest Bank ngokuthi izifundazwe zamaJuda zaseJudiya neSamariya, futhi yathatha ngokungemthetho iPalestine East Jerusalem kanye neGolan Heights yaseSyria, ayizange yephule nje kuphela i-Fourth Geneva Convention kodwa nezinye eziningi. izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Israel wenqabile ukusayina iZivumelwano zango-1977 zeZivumelwano zase-Geneva, ezinikeza isivikelo kubantu โabalwa nokubuswa kwamakoloni nokuhlala kwamanye amazwe kanye nemibuso yobandlululo ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokuzibusa.โ benze izenzo ezivinjelwa yiProtocol, okuhlanganisa "ukubulawa okuhlosiwe" kwabaholi bezombangazwe nabezempi, ukuthumba, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, kanye nokujeziswa okuhlangene kwezakhamuzi ezihlala ngaphansi kombuso. Zonke lezi zenzo zakha ubugebengu bempi. Ngempela, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amane lesi sifundazwe esihlala amakoloni siguqule "iJudea neSamariya" igama eliyimfihlo lokuqoqwa kwekoloni elehlisa isithunzi sabo bonke abantu basePalestine, lintshontshe umhlaba wabo nemithombo yamanzi, libophe futhi libahlukumeze ngokuthanda kwabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuziphatha kuka-Israyeli okunonya, okujwayelekile kwemithetho yezifiki yaseYurophu naseMelika ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, sekusondele ekuqothulweni kohlanga ngaphandle kokubonakala sengathi kudlulele kukho.{5}
Ngo-1948-49, izwe lakwa-Israel elalisanda kuzalwa lenza inhlekelele enkulu kumakhulu ambalwa ezinkulungwane zama-Arabhu asePalestine amasosha akwa-Israyeli awaxosha ezweni lawo nempahla yawo ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo noma ilungelo lokubuya. izindleko zomakhelwane abangama-Arabhu abaphakeme ngokwezibalo kodwa ababuthaka ngokwezempi ababeyizungezile. Phakathi nempi yezinsuku eziyisithupha kaJuni 7 u-Israyeli weqa imingcele yawo 1967-1949 futhi wathatha eGibhithe iGaza Strip encane, kanye naseJordani enkulu kakhulu yasePalestine West Bank kanye neMpumalanga yeJerusalema.
Ngemuva kwalokho, beqhutshwa ukucwasa okunamandla kwemibono yezepolitiki yeZionist futhi besebenzisa imikhuba yamaphoyisa eyingcindezelo eyasungulwa ngamasosha namaphoyisa aseBrithani eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yegunya lawo lasePalestine, abaholi bakwa-Israel baxosha abasePalestine futhi babafaka ngaphansi kombuso wengcindezelo yezepolitiki enonya kakhulu. , ukululazeka komuntu siqu, nokuxhashazwa okungaphezi kwezomnotho - konke kusekelwa amadola entela aseMelika futhi kuvikelwa iningi lomphakathi wamaJuda aseMelika ahleliwe. Abantu basePalestine ababehlala emakamu ababaleki aminyene futhi abasakazeke kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi basabela ngezindlela eziningi, bakha izinhlangano eziphikisana nobuzwe, futhi bazama ukuqwashisa umhlaba ngokucindezelwa kwabo. Ezinye zaduna izindiza zezindiza futhi zenza izenzo zobugebengu zobuphekula. Abaningi bamane babekezela. Kabili, ngo-1987-91 nango-2000, basukuma emizamweni eqhubekayo kodwa engazange iphumelele yokuqeda ukubusa kwa-Israyeli.
Ukuhlasela kweGaza ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka kuqhubekile nephethini yokusekelwa okungagxeki kwe-US (kanye naseYurophu) ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okungekho emthethweni kwe-Israel. Njengempi yakwa-Israyeli yaseLebanon ngo-2006, yadala inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi e-U.S. ezingeni lendawo ngemibuzo esobala iCongress eyanqaba ukuyiphendula: Kungani, ngokwesibonelo, u-Israyeli engathweswa icala ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba ngamacala empi abhekiswe kumaPalestine anwebekayo. eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha? Kungani i-Israel ingatholi miphumela yokuba ukuphela kwesifunda esifundeni saseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngaphandle kweNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty eyaziwa ngokuba nezikhali zenuzi, kuyilapho i-Iran neSiriya behlukunyezwa futhi besongelwa ngezinhlelo zabo zenyukliya ezisemthethweni ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokungabhebhetheki. ?{8} Kungani abenzi benqubomgomo base-U.S. bevumelana ne-Israel ekugomeni usongo olungekho ezintshisakalweni zase-U.S. kusukela ku-Iran yesikhathi esizayo ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi, kodwa beqhubeka nokumelana nezingcingo zohulumeni emhlabeni wonke zokuthi Middle East engenazikhali zenuzi?{9 } Ingabe "indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yakwa-Israyeli" elinganisa abagxeki bakwa-Israyeli ne-anti-Semitism, evimbela iCongress ukuthi ibhekane nalezi zinkinga? Ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kuka-Israyeli kwakamuva kanye nesimo se-Israel-U.S. ubuhlobo bungasikhanyisela kule mibuzo.
Ukugcina Isikhathi Se-Rampage, Ukuqonda Imigomo
NgoDisemba 27, 2008, u-Israyeli wahlasela indawo enabantu abaningi, amakhilomitha-skwele angu-140, iGaza Strip (isibalo sabantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.5) lapho ayehoxise khona iminyaka emithathu ngaphambili ngenkathi ephethe ngokugcwele imingcele yezwe laseGaza, ugu lolwandle, indawo yomoya kanye nomnotho, ngaleyo ndlela iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo we-de facto. Abahlaseli bebefuna ukwesabisa izakhamuzi zaseStrip eziboshiwe, bacekele phansi isimilo sabo, benze buthaka uhulumeni odumile weHamas kanye nophiko lwayo lwezempi oluncane olungahlomile. Nakuba impindiselo yasePalestine, amarokhethi enziwe ekhaya kanye nomlilo ovuthayo eningizimu ye-Israel - ngokuvamile ngokungakhethi futhi ngaleyo ndlela engekho emthethweni - kwanikeza izikhulu ze-IDF izizathu zazo, izinhlelo zokucekelwa phansi kwe-Israel iGaza zase zilungiswe cishe eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili.{10}
Esontweni lesibili lokushaya kwabo, maphakathi noJanuwari 2009, ikhabhinethi yanquma ukuqeda impi ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sokuthula. I-Livni-Rice "imemorandamu yokuqonda," esayinwe ngoJanuwari 16, yavumela u-Israyeli ukuba adlule i-Hamas ekuqedeni ukulwa ngenkathi ethola usizo olwengeziwe lwezempi yase-US phezu kwezigidigidi ezingama- $ 30 eyanikezwa ngo-2007, kanye nosizo lwezobunhloli olwengeziwe. Ibophezele i-US ekuzibandakanyeni ngokujulile empini eqhubekayo yakwa-Israyeli ngokumelene namaPalestine, ngenkathi izama ukuqondisa iGibhithe mayelana nendlela yokulamula ukuqeda ukulwa okuzoqeda ukushushumbiswa kwezikhali eGaza. I-Egypt yashesha yasigxeka lesi sivumelwano sezandla eziphezulu ngenkathi uMongameli Obama esigunyaza ngokushesha.
Abaphathi baka-Obama baphinde baphikelela ekudaleni i-Hamas ne-Hezbollah ngokuyibiza "ngezinhlangano zamaphekula" - okubonisa ukuthi uyibona njengoba uBush enza, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemibono "yempi yobuphekula." Eqinisweni, ayikho inhlangano efanela ilebula yamaphekula nakuba bobabili zisebenzisa ukwesaba njengeqhinga, njengoba kwenza, ngezinga elikhulu ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, i-Israel kanye ne-US Hamas ihola inhlangano yenkululeko yezwe lasePalestine e-Strip futhi, ngokwezinga elilinganiselwe, eNtshonalanga. Ibhange, lapho amalungu kanye nabasekeli balo ngokuvamile beboshwa amaphoyisa e-Fatah namabutho ezempi aqeqeshwa ujenene waseMelika, esebenza ngokuhambisana namasosha akwa-Israel nama-intelligence agents e-Shin Bet.{11} Ngenkathi i-Hamas iqala ukubusa (Januwari 2006) okhethweni olukhululekile nolunobulungiswa lwe-Legislative Council of the Palestinian Authority, ohulumeni abanamandla emhlabeni baluchitha ngokushesha. Nokho, iHamas, eyasekelwa yi-Israel ekuqaleni ukuze idicilele phansi iFatah yezwe, isalokhu inamandla phakathi kwenhlangano yabantu basePalestine elwela inkululeko yezwe. Ngenkathi i-Israel iqinisa ukuvinjwa kwayo kwezomnotho futhi ikhulisa ukubulawa kwayo kwabantu basePalestine, uphiko lwezempi oluncane lweHamas lwaqhubeka nokuziphindiselela, njengoba kwenza amaqembu amancane asePalestine iHamas engawalawuli, njenge-Islamic Jihad kanye nePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
Abaholi bakwa-Israel abazange baphendule ngokwezokuxhumana ekulawuleni kweHamas eGaza futhi abazange bazame ukusebenzisa zonke izindlela zezombusazwe ngaphambi kokuba basebenzise amandla, njengoba kudingwa yi-Article 51 ye-UN Charter. Esikhundleni salokho bakhethe ukwenza umkhankaso wokuhlasela ngezikhali ngenhloso yokucekela phansi ababaleki basePalestine abahlala emadolobheni abeseka iHamas. Inhloso yabo kwakuwukufakazela abantu basePalestine abahlala kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-Israel futhi iPalestine ehlukene, ehlaselwe ukuthi ukumelana nezikhali kuyize. Kulolu hlelo, iKhabhinethi yezempi yayinethemba lokubuyisela isithunzi se-IDF sokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, angenakulinganiswa ukushaqisa nokwethusa zonke izitha, ikakhulukazi i-Iran. Izibukeli eziningi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nabaxolisi ngezenzo zika-Israel babiza le nhloso ngokuqiniswa kokuvimbela i-IDF, okwakucekelwe phansi abashokobezi be-Hezbollah ababebonwa kabanzi njengabehlulile i-IDF. Njengoba kwenzeka, impi yaseGaza yaqinisa intando yamaPalestine ukuze iphile futhi iqhubeke nomzabalazo, kodwa ayizange ibe nomphumela obonakalayo emibonweni yamaPalestine ngamandla okuvimbela i-IDF.{12}
Izijeziso
Ukuhlasela kweGaza kwaqala ngokuhlaselwa komoya okumangazayo emini ka-December 27, 2008 emaphoyiseni e-Hamas. Ngokwezibalo ezikhishwe umkhulumeli we-Hamas, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuhlasela kwa-Israel amasosha angu-112 ophiko lwayo oluncane lwezempi, i-Al Qassam Brigades, alahlekelwa izimpilo zawo, njengoba kwenza iphoyisa le-Hamas elingu-180. Isibalo esincane sabalwi bezinye izinhlangano zasePalestine nabo bashonile esigabeni sokuvula umkhankaso. Izilinganiso ezingaqinisekisiwe zokufa okuphelele kwe-Hamas ezishicilelwe ku- New York Times kanye neminye imithombo yaseNtshonalanga ihluka kakhulu ukusuka ku-280 kuya ku-700.{13} Okusikisela lezi zibalo ukuthi i-firepower enkulu yakwa-Israel yenza amandla okulwa e-Hamas yaba buthaka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho abashokobezi, ababehlose ukuphila kunokumelana, bavele bancibilika. .
Lokho kwakungenakwenzeka kubantu abangamasosha, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ezindaweni okucatshangwa ukuthi zifuye abaholi nabalweli beHamas. 14} Babengenayo indawo yokucasha. Ngokusho kwe-"The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights," emasontweni amathathu phakathi kuka-December 27, 2008 kanye noJanuwari 18, i-IDF yabulala hhayi i-1,300 njengoba kubikiwe okokuqala kodwa "abantu abangu-1,434, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezingu-960, amaphoyisa angu-239, kanye nezilwi ezingama-235." 15 Kulesi sibalo abangu-288 bekungabantwana nabesifazane abayi-121; ezinye izingane eziyi-1,606 kanye nabesifazane abangama-828 bathola ukulimala. Amasosha akwa-Israel avale izakhamuzi zasePalestine ezindlini nasezindlini zabo futhi ababulala ngesikhathi bezama ukuhamba bephethe amafulegi amhlophe.{16} Amathangi amasosha akwa-Israel kanye nabahlaseli babeqondise ngamabomu abesifazane nezingane, izisebenzi zasesibhedlela, abashayeli bama-ambulensi, odokotela, odokotela, imitholampilo engomahamba nendlwana, ngokucacile. izibhedlela ezimakiwe, inyuvesi ye-UN, abantu abaseduze nesikole se-UN ekamu lababaleki laseJabaliya, kanye nabantu abafuna isiphephelo ngaphakathi kwesikole se-UN e-Asma, eGaza City. I-International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) ikhalaze esidlangalaleni ngokuthi i-IDF inqabe ngokuphindaphindiwe izisebenzi zayo zokuhlenga ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziqhunyiswe ngamabhomu njengaseZaytoun, eningizimu yeGaza City, lapho kamuva "ithole okungenani izidumbu ze-15 nezingane ezimbalwa - zicwilisiwe kodwa ephila - ezindlini ezibhidlikile ezilandelanayo . . . futhi wasola amasosha ase-Israel ngokuvimbela ama-ambulensi ukuthi angafiki endaweni izinsuku ezine."{17}
Amaphoyisa aphezulu e-IAF avume ezintathelini ukuthi isu lawo "ukusebenzisa iziqhumane ezinkulu phansi ukuze kuvikelwe amasosha akwa-Israel ngesikhathi kuliwa ezindaweni zabantu." "'Kithina, ukuqapha kusho ukuba nolaka,' kusho elinye iphoyisa. 'Kusukela emzuzwini esingene ngawo, senze sengathi sisempini. ... Uma sisola ukuthi iqhawe lasePalestina licashe endlini, siyidubula ngomcibisholo bese sidubula ngamagobolondo ethangi amabili, bese kuthi igandaganda lishaye udonga. Lidala umonakalo kodwa livimbele ukulahlekelwa ukuphila phakathi kwamasosha.โ I-Jabaliya City yathatha amakhaya, yayisebenzisa njengezisekelo zamasosha, futhi yayivame ukuphoqa abantu basePalestine abangalwi ukuthi benze "izihlangu zabantu" noma abathumbi, bebavikela njengoba bengena kwezinye izindlu befuna ama-Hamas fighters. Iqhinga lokufaka izakhamuzi engozini ngokuzifaka engozini kuwubugebengu bempi ngaphansi Kwezivumelwano Zase-Geneva.{18}
Orabi bezempi, banikezwa ithuba lokuya enkundleni yempi, bakhuthaza amasosha ukuba enze izinto eziphambene nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngokungahlukanisi phakathi kwezimpi nezakhamuzi. Ngaphansi kokuyalelwa ngurabi omkhulu webutho, uBrig. UJenene Avichai Rontzki, basakaza imiyalezo yenzondo nonya kubo bonke abantu basePalestine, ababachitha njengababezizwe. Urabi we-IDF, ecaphuna amazwi karabi waseJerusalema u-Shlomo Aviner, naye watshela amasosha ukuthi โangabonisi umusa,โ ngoba ayelwa impi nababulali โababesizakala ngenhliziyo ebanzi nenesihe yakwa-Israyeli.โ{20}
Umphumela wokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nemvelo wawukukhulu futhi kungenzeki ukuthethelelwa nganoma iyiphi indlela, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi โukuzivikelaโ: izindlu ezingaphezu kuka-4,000 zacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele, ezinye eziyi-15,000 kuye kwezingu-21,000 ezilimele kabi, abantu abalinganiselwa ku-5,000 kuya ku-100,000 bashiywa dengwane, baphoqwa. ukuhlala ematendeni ahlinzekwa yi-UN noma ngaphansi kwamabhulokhi kakhonkolo. Imithombo yamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi zacekelwa phansi. Iphalamende lasePalestine, ongqongqoshe abakhulu, ijele eliphakathi kanye cishe nazo zonke iziteshi zamaphoyisa zacekelwa phansi ngendlela ehlelekile. Kwehle kwaba yimfucumfucu izikhungo zezokwelapha ezingu-21, izimboni ezingaba ngu-1500, izinkundla zokusebenzela eziningi, indawo yobisi, isitolo semikhiqizo yezempilo kanye nebhilidi lasenyuvesi. Izikole eziyisikhombisa zaseGazan โzacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele futhi ezingu-135 โzalimala kakhulu.โ Amasosha akwa-Israyeli aze โachithaโ amagumbi esikole ezingane futhi acekela phansi nezinsizakusebenza zazo zokufunda. namasimu omnqumo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umonakalo empilweni yasePalestine uzoqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kwempi.{21} I-IDF iphinde yacekela phansi ama-mosque angu-41, abathi asetshenziselwa ukugcina izikhali, izikole ezingu-35 ze-UNRWA kanye nezikole zikahulumeni, kanye neningi lazo. amafekthri ase-Palestine asasebenza. Njengoba i-Israel isekela ukufa kwezempi oku-10 kanye noku-3 kwezakhamuzi, ngisho nezibukeli ezingavamile zodweshu bathola ukuthi "isilinganiso sokubulala" esiyi-100 kuya koku-1 sehle ngendlela eshaqisayo.{22}
Iyiphi ingozi enkulu "ezweni lamaJuda" eyagunyaza i-IDF ukuthi yenze ubugebengu bempi futhi ibulale impilo kanye nezinga elithile lokucekelwa phansi komzimba ezingxenyeni ezinabantu abaningi baseGaza eziphikisana nezinga elikwenzile, futhi ngokusekelwa yi-U.S. eLebanon ezikhathini ezine ezahlukene ngaphambili: ukuhlasela kuka-1982, "Operation Grapes of Wrath" ngo-1993, ukubulawa kwabantu baseLebanon esikhungweni se-UN eQana ngo-1996, kanye nempi ka-2006? Indaba yakwa-Israel ivele ikhethe ukungayinaki imithetho nezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe, yazi ukuthi umxhasi wayo Onamandla Aphakeme uzoyivikela, njengoba nje i-U.S. iyivikela ekuhlolweni kwe-NPT?
Ubudlelwano be-U.S.-Israel
Emlandweni wemibuso yabahlali bamakoloni umuntu uthola inqwaba yezigameko zokukhomba ukuziphindiselela ukucindezela ukuphikiswa kwabantu bomdabu, kodwa futhi nezimo lapho amandla ama-imperialist aqinile, ngokubuyisela izinsiza, ebhala phansi izimpi ezinonya zamakhasimende abo esifunda.
Ekuhlelweni, ekulungiseni nasekubulaweni kwempi yaseGaza i-U.S. yavumela futhi yaqinisa izenzo zika-Israyeli - ukuze kuzuze abakhiqizi baseMelika bezikhali kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Uhulumeni wase-US unikeze izikhali ze-phosphorus ezimhlophe ezadilizwa umbutho wezempi wakwa-Israel kanye nezikhali zawo kanye namathangi adubula ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abaningi baseGaza, amakamu ababaleki, kanye eduze nesakhiwo se-UN. I-phosphorus emhlophe yashisa inyama yabantu basePalestine ngaphezu kwezinga lesine, yafaka ubuthi emizimbeni yabo, futhi yenza ukuphefumula kube nzima. Yahlala ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo lapho yayizobusa khona uma iphazamiseka. Ukusebenzisa kuka-Israel lesi sikhali imiphumela yayo engakwazi ukulawulwa kwaba okunye ukwephulwa okucacile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nokuvinjelwa okuqukethwe kokuthi "Protocol III of the Convention on Some Common Weapons."{24} E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan amasosha ase-U.S. asebenzisa i-phosphorus emhlophe hhayi kuphela njengesigameko esingacacile kodwa esisemoyeni kanye nesibhamu esihlasela izakhamuzi ezihlala ezigodini eziminyene. Kubikwe amacala ezikhali ezimhlophe ze-phosphorus namabhomu ajwayelekile awiswe amabutho ase-US-NATO emizaneni enabantu abaningi base-Afghan, eyakamuva kakhulu (isigodi saseGarani, esifundazweni saseFarah, ngoMeyi 4, 2009) yabulala izakhamizi zase-Afghani ezilinganiselwa ku-140 noma ngaphezulu, ikakhulukazi. izingane kanye nentsha, futhi yashiya abanye abaningi beshiswe ngendlela enyantisayo. Ikakhulukazi, i-IDF yasebenzisa i-phosphorus emhlophe ukushisa izakhiwo eziningi, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokuhlala, amahhovisi kahulumeni, isikole se-UN e-Beit Lahiya enyakatho yeGaza Strip, okuyisizinda esikhulu se-UN Relief and Works Agency eGaza City, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezigcina abantu. usizo lokudla.{25}
Kusolwa, nakuba kungakaze kufakazelwe, ukuthi ukuhlolwa okubangela umdlavuza "iziqhumane eziqinile zensimbi" noma amabhomu e-tungsten ahlinzekwa yi-US futhi adutshulwa kubantu baseGazan yi-IDF, ngaleyo ndlela enezela esiphithiphithini sokubulawa kohlangothi olulodwa. . Amathangi akwa-Israel ajwayele "ukudubula ama-flechette, imicibisholo yensimbi engu-4cm ubude ezindaweni ezihlala abantu" kanye namagobolondo agcwele ama-flechette, "aqhuma emoyeni futhi ahlakazeke ngendlela eyisiyingi endaweni engaba ngu-300m ububanzi no-100m ubude," futhi lesi sibhamu sinomthelela inani eliphakeme labantu abalimalayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwabhekwa izizwe eziningi njengohlobo olungekho emthethweni lokuhlasela izakhamuzi ngokungakhethi.{27}
Amasosha akwa-Israel ahlasele amaGazans ikakhulukazi ngezikhali zaseMelika zobuchwepheshe obuphambili: amaF-16 fighters, amathangi e-M-60, nezikhali ezinamandla. I-Bush White House, enikeze ukukhanya okuluhlaza ekusebenzeni kwe-Israel, iphinde yanikeza ukubambisana kwezobunhloli kanye nokusekelwa okugcwele kwezombusazwe, yazama nokuvimba isinqumo sokumisa ukudubula eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha onamalungu ayishumi nanhlanu. Ngokumisa iningi losizo lwabantu ukuthi lifinyelele eGaza, i-US yayibambe iqhaza ngokuphelele ekubekeni kuka-Israyeli isijeziso esingekho emthethweni kumaPalestine.
Futhi ukubamba iqhaza kwe-American akumi ngokusekelwa kwezokuxhumana kanye nosizo lwezempi. Ngenkathi amabutho akwa-Israyeli ehlasela amaGazan futhi ecekela phansi impahla yawo ngamabomu, abezindaba zezentengiselwano baseMelika kanye "nezintatheli" eziphakeme, ngokuhambisana nenhlangano ehlelekile, enethonya elikhulu, ephiko lwesokudla lakwa-Israyeli - i-AIPAC, i-ADL, kanye nama-pundits angamaJuda namaZionists angamaKristu - asakazwa ngokungagxeki. Inkulumo-ze yakwa-Israyeli futhi yasiza ekugcineni abantu abaningi baseMelika, okuhlanganisa nabaholi abaningi beCongress, ngokuhambisana nenqubomgomo esemthethweni yase-US-Israel.
Impi ka-Israyeli ngokumelene namaPalestine incike kakhulu ebudlelwaneni besu i-US eyabukhile nombuso weZionist njengengxenye yesu layo lokubusa i-Middle East enothe ngowoyela ngokusebenzisa imibuso yamakhasimende. Ngo-1948-iMelika, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kuka-Israyeli, ukucwasana kwamaJuda nokucwasa kwakusakazekile. Nokho lokhu akuzange kuvimbe izikhulu zoMnyango Wezwe ekuboneni ukubaluleka kokuba nezwe laseYurophu elimhlophe eliseduze namazwe ama-Arab anothe ngowoyela; futhi akuzange kuvimbele ojenene bePentagon ukuthi balinganisele kakhulu amakhono ezempi akwa-Israyeli. Bobabili babone ukuthi i-Israel ingaba yisisekelo esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu sokufezekiswa kwezinhloso zaseMelika, ezigxile ekulawuleni indawo ekhiqiza uwoyela ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa futhi kube yisithiyo ekuphishekeleni kwabo. Ezinkathini ezihlukene, u-Israyeli uye wasebenza ngempela njengempahla yezempi, ibutho lezobunhloli, inkundla lapho kuzoqhutshwa khona imisebenzi edicilela phansi imibuso engahambisani nemibuso, kanye nokuhambisa izikhali kubabusi abafakwe e-US abasengozini, njengasemfihlweni. I-Iran-Contra affair.{28} Kodwa i-Israel futhi ibilokhu iwumthombo oqhubekayo wokukhathazeka kwe-U.S., ekuqaleni ngenxa yokuphatha kabi ababaleki basePalestine kanye nezenzo zokucwasa maqondana nabantu basePalestine kanye nempahla yabo eMpumalanga yeJerusalema; umngcele wayo ushayisana nomakhelwane abangama-Arab; kanye nezinqubomgomo zayo ezingaguquki maqondana namaPalestine, amaLebanon, namaSyria kusukela ngo-1967 kuya phambili.
Isisekelo sobambiswano lwe-U.S.-Israel geo-strategic sabekwa ngeminyaka yawo-1940, lapho i-U.S. ithola ukulawula okuphelele kwemithombo kawoyela yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi; kodwa ubudlelwano bathatha isimo sabo samanje kuphela njengoba izimo zezombusazwe ezivumayo zathuthuka phakathi nawo-1960. Isiteji sika-Israyeli sokuqulwa kwecala lokubonisa i-Eichmann eJerusalema ngo-1961 "kwanika amandla kabusha" kokubili ukuqinisekiswa kwezwe lamaJuda kanye nobunikazi bamaJuda aseMelika, kuyilapho kuhlanganisa kokubili umqondo "wokuhlupheka kwamaJuda okuyingqayizivele ngokuphelele kanye 'nobubi' obuphelele bokulwa nobuJuda. ". Njengoba uNoam Chomsky ebonisile, inkonzo enkulu u-Israyeli ayenzela i-US kanye neSaudi Arabia ngalowo nyaka, elinye ikhasimende laseWashington Middle East, kwakuwukubhidliza amandla obuzwe bama-Arabhu bezwe, eholwa yiGibhithe likaGamal Abdel Nasser. I-Egypt ngaphansi kukaNasser nayo "yayiyinsika yenhlangano engahlangene" i-US eyayizimisele ukuyibhubhisa. Leso senzo sokubhubhisa sabuqinisa ubuhlobo. Ukubuyisela le mpumelelo ekabili, uhulumeni wase-U.S. unikeze "ukweseka buthule ekuthathweni kweqiniso kwe-Israeli" kwamazwe ama-Arab futhi ngemuva kwalokho "wafaka ngamabomu ukuxazululwa kwengxabano yepolitiki ye-Israel-Palestine 'nobudlelwane obukhethekile' be-US-Israel."{29} }
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngoSepthemba 1970 abashisekeli bobuzwe basePalestine basongela ubukhosi baseJordanian beNkosi uHussein, omunye umfelandawonye wase-US. U-Israyeli wasiza ngokuvimbela iSyria ekusizeni amasosha asePalestine ayebulawa ibutho laseJordani ngosizo lwamasosha aseSaudi Arabia namayunithi ezindiza asePakistan.{31} Kwathi ngo-1979, lapho abenzi benqubomgomo base-U.S. behluleka ngokuphelele ukulawula i-Iran ngemva kokuba. ngemva kokuketula uhulumeni wayo okhethwe ngokwentando yeningi futhi yafaka umbuso wengcindezelo, i-U.S. yaqala ukujulisa ukuthembela kwayo emaphoyiseni akwa-Israyeli, izinsizakalo zezobunhloli, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezikhali e-Iraq.
Nokho, phakathi nesikhathi eside ngemva kwempi ebandayo, kwakungekho lutho โolukhethekileโ mayelana nokwangempela indima ukuthi u-Israel wadlalela i-US. Kwahlala kuyisimo esijwayelekile seklayenti sohlobo lwenkampani yendiza engacwiliki, njengeBrithani, ehlinzeka ngosizo lomashiqela abasekelwa yi-U.S. nababusi be-oligarchic emhlabeni jikelele. Phakathi "kwezinsizakalo zesibili" (igama likaChomsky) u-Israyeli alinikezayo usizo lwamahhovisi ahlukene egatsha lase-U.S. lapho efuna ukweqa imingcele ye-Congressional yokusiza omashiqela abahlukumezayo; ukuthengisa izikhali ezenziwe kwa-Israel kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi ezifundeni zaseGulf ngisho nase-U.S.; kanye nokuzama ukucekela phansi iphrojekthi yenuzi yase-Iran. Ngaphansi kukaClinton noBush II, u-Israyeli waze wabamba iqhaza ekusizeni i-NATO eholwa yi-US kanye ne-UK inwebe ngasempumalanga ngasemingceleni yaseRussia. Futhi ngo-2007-8 izici ze-IDF zabamba iqhaza emzamweni ohlulekile wase-US wokuguqula iGeorgia ibe "i-Israel yaseCaucasus."
Ikakhulukazi ipolitiki yasekhaya yaseMelika kanye neqhaza elibonakala kakhulu umphakathi wamaJuda aseMelika ahlelekile alibambayo ekusekeleni u-Israyeli okwenza u-Israyeli abonakale ehlukile. Impela izenzo zika-Israyeli ezingekho emthethweni ezimelene nabasePalestine zivame ukubhebhethekisa umbono wama-Arabhu futhi zidale izinkinga ezinkulu kubushiqela abonakele, abahlukumezayo iWashington ethembele kubo ekulawuleni izinsiza zikawoyela eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kukhona futhi ukugxekwa okukhulayo mayelana nekhono lika-Israel lokuketula inqubomgomo esemthethweni yase-U.S. Middle East ngokunxenxa amalungu eCongress, i-White House, nabaholi beDemocratic and Republican Parties, "nangokuhlanganisa abaholi bamaJuda baseMelika ... ukunxenxa kanye nezinjongo zokwazisa umphakathi."{32} Indawo yokwamukela izivakashi "pro-Israel", egxile ku-American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) isikhule yaba namandla kangangokuthi kubantu abaningi baseMelika ikhumbuza i-German-American Bund ngawo-1930, eyayisebenzela iJalimane kaHitler, noma "indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yaseChina," eyasekela umbuso kaChiang Kai-shek wamaNationalist emizamweni yawo yokufaka i-U.S. empini ngokumelene neJapane yombuso. I-AIPAC, izikhundla ze-extremist (Likud) ezithengisayo kumaPalestine, i-Hezbollah, i-Hamas, ne-Iran, yenze umonakalo omkhulu emzamweni wokuthula eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Noma kunjalo, i-AIPAC akuyona yodwa indawo yokwamukela izivakashi enamandla emiswe emphakathini wezizwe eyehlisa isithunzi esihle emhlabeni wonke kanye nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-U.S. ehlanekezelwe. Umfelandawonye ohlukahlukene wamaqembu omphakathi ahlanganisa "indawo yokwamukela izivakashi e-India" imele izintshisekelo ze-India ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi. Basiza umbuso kaBush, kwesinye sezenzo zawo zokugcina ngaphambi kokushiya isikhundla, ukuze uthole imvume yokungena kweCongress of the Indo-U.S. umthetho wezikhali zenuzi, ezephula iSivumelwano Sokungavimbeli I-Nuclear Nonproliferation.{33} Futhi kuyangabaza kakhulu ukuthi i-AIPAC, noma i-"pro-Israel" inxusa ngokujwayelekile, inquma inkambo yenqubomgomo yase-U.S. Middle East. Amaqembu amaningi kakhulu adlala leyo ndima, ikakhulukazi abameleli bekhongolose benhlangano yezempi-yezimboni, abagqugquzeli bakawoyela nezinye izintshisekelo zamabhizinisi amakhulu, kanye nezici ezibalulekile zomphakathi wongqondongqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-"pro-Israel" elite emithonjeni yezindaba evamile uwukukhipha idemokhrasi ethandwayo emhlabeni wonke. Uma laba bantu besola "ukumelene namaJuda," basakaza amanga ngohulumeni bangaphandle, futhi benqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokuvamile kuyizaba zokuthulisa abagxeki abakhulu benqubomgomo yombuso wase-U.S..{34}
Kusukela ku-UN Ceasefire Resolution kuya Ekunqobeni Kwezokhetho kwa-Israeli Far Right
Lapho uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, ngo-January 7, 2009, ukhipha isinqumo sokuyeka ukulwa esahluleka ukucacisa isikhathi sokuphela kwempi, i-U.S., ngokwesicelo sika-Israel, ayizange ivote. Ngemuva kokuphasiswa kwesinqumo se-UN, iKhabhinethi yase-Olmert yaqhubeka nokucindezela. Ekugcineni, ngo-January 18, ngemva kokululekwa ithimba lika-Obama lenguquko โukuba aqede ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eGaza futhi ahoxise amasosha ayo angaphansi komhlaba ngaphambi Kokugcotshwa,โ u-Olmert wakhipha isimemezelo sokuyeka ukudubulana. isimemezelo. Impi yaseGaza yaphela ingapheli. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Israyeli wasebenza ukuvimbela ukwakhiwa kabusha kweGaza kanye nokufezeka kombuso ozimele wasePalestine. EWest Bank iqhubekile nokuvinjwa kwayo okunonya; ePalestinian East Jerusalem yandisa ukwakhiwa kwayo kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu, nokuxoshwa kwezakhamuzi; futhi eningizimu yakwa-Israyeli yabeka amaBedouin Palestinians ngaphansi kwengcindezelo eyengeziwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Israel yaqhubeka ilahlekelwa yilokho isazi sezomthetho u-Richard Falk akubiza ngokuthi โimpi esemthethweni.โ{36} Izikhulu eziphakeme ze-UN, kuhlanganise noNobhala-Jikelele u-Ban Ki-moon, zazwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwazo ngokwephula kuka-Israyeli imithetho yempi. Izishoshovu zokuthula zakwa-Israel nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziqoqe ubufakazi bamacala empi e-IDF kanye nobugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini.{37} Ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwamacala emazweni angaphandle izishoshovu zabala futhi zasabalalisa amagama abakhuzi bamabutho akwa-Israyeli namasosha abenze ubugebengu bempi eGaza. Njengoba lolu daba lwenzeka ngasekuqaleni kuka-2009, indikimba yezokwahlulela ephakeme kunazo zonke eSpain, iNkantolo Kazwelonke, yamemezela ukuthi izoqala uphenyo ngamacala angaphambili obugebengu bempi okuthiwa enziwa izikhulu eziphezulu zamasosha akwa-Israel ngoJulayi 2002, lapho indiza yezempi yakwa-Israel iwisa ibhomu elingamaphawundi ayi-2,000. emzini weqhawe leHamas edolobheni laseGaza, laqothula wonke umndeni walo futhi lalimaza nezinye izakhamuzi ezingu-77. I-Arab League yathumela umsebenzi wokuthola iqiniso wamajaji nochwepheshe bezomthetho eGaza ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuwela i-Rafah ukuze baqoqe ubufakazi bamacala empi akwa-Israel.{38} Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda sokwanda kwengcindezi yophenyo oluzimele u-Olmert waqinisekisa abaphathi namasosha e-IDF ukuthi " baphephile kunoma iyiphi inkantolo nokuthi uMbuso wakwa-Israyeli uzobasiza kule nkinga [yamacala empi] futhi ubavikele njengoba wasivikela ngemizimba yabo phakathi nempi eGaza.โ{39} U-Israyeli, njenganoma yimuphi umbuso ozimele, izishaya isifuba ngokubambelela kwayo emithethweni yamazwe ngamazwe futhi ithi inebutho lezwe "elinokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu"; kodwa lapho uMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-U.N. usungula ikhomishana yokuthola iqiniso ngaphansi komshushisi waseNingizimu Afrika "we-pro-Israel" u-Richard Goldstone, ukuze iphenye ukwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe e-Gaza, izikhulu zakwa-Israel zaba manqikanqika ukubambisana.{40}
Kusukela ngoFebhuwari nangoNdasa wezi-2009 izikhulu zaseGibhithe ziqhubekile nokulamula izingxoxo eziholela esivumelwaneni sokuyeka ukudubulana esizovula kabusha iGaza, kanye nezingxoxo ezihloselwe ukubuyisana iHamas neFatah. Ngenkathi le misebenzi iqhubeka, imiphumela yokhetho luka-Israel lukaFebhuwari yaziwa. Uhulumeni wobumbano ontekenteke wavela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, oholwa nguBenjamin Netanyahu weLikud kanye no-Ehud Barack njengongqongqoshe wezokuvikela kanye no-Avigdor Lieberman weqembu le-Yisrael Beitenu - ummeli wezifungo zokwethembeka kuma-Arab Israel kanye "nezwe lamaJuda" elihlanzekile ngokobuhlanga - njengongqongqoshe wezangaphandle.
Khonamanjalo ukuvimbezela kwe-Israel iGaza kuqhubekile noma kungunyaka wesibili. Izingxoxo zaseGibhithe zazimile. Azikho iziboshwa ezashintshaniswa; zonke izindaba ezingxabanweni ze-Israel-Palestine zahlala zingakaxazululwa. UMongameli u-Obama ulandele inqubomgomo ehlulekile kaBush yokwenqaba ukuqaphela i-Hamas ngesizathu esicacile sokuthi i-Hamas ayilahli udlame, iqaphela ilungelo lika-Israyeli lokuba khona "njengezwe lamaJuda," futhi ihloniphe izivumelwano ezedlule. Yebo, i-Israel ayivamisile ukuhlonipha izibopho ezenziwa namaPalestine. Akwamukeli futhi ngobuqotho isixazululo semibuso emibili. Izimo zaseBush-Obama azinangqondo ebusweni babo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba akekho uhulumeni ongakwazi noma okufanele agweme ukuziphindiselela ngokuzivikela, ingasaphathwa yabantu ababuswa amakoloni abanelungelo elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa ubudlova ngaphakathi kwemingcele ngokumelene nabahlali babo abanobudlova. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kungani ababaleki basePalestine kanye nenzalo yabo kufanele baphoqeleke ukuthi babone kusengaphambili izingxoxo wona kanye umbuso oshiya ungalungisiwe ukungabi nabulungisa obulokhu uwenza kubo nazo zonke izinsolo ezibangelwa ukuxoshwa ezweni lakubo? Mayelana nokuthi i-Israel "iyizwe lamaJuda," kanti empeleni iyizwe elixube izinhlanga, leyo oxymoron manje isisetshenziswa ngenhloso njengendlela yokugwema ukuxazululana ngokuthula.{41}
iziphetho
Naphezu komzamo wokuqala wakwa-Israyeli wokuvimbela izintatheli zakwamanye amazwe ukuba zibone ubugebengu bempi be-IDF, izethameli eziningi zomhlaba wonke zabona ezikrinini zethelevishini namawebhusayithi, izithombe ezicacile zokubulawa kuka-Israyeli kwamaPalestina angakwazi ukuzivikela. Umphumela ube ukuguguleka kozwelo nokwesekwa kuka-Israyeli e-Europe ngisho nase-U.S. njengoba kubonakala embuthweni "wokuduba, ukuhlukaniswa, ukujeziswa".
Umphumela wesibili kwaba ukuthi i-Israel yakwazi ukwesabisa i-Iran ne-Syria, abasekeli be-Islamist Hamas kanye ne-Hezbollah, ekusizeni ngezempi ama-Palestine. I-Iran, evalelwe yodwa ebekwe yi-US-Israeli, inikeze abantu basePalestine ukwesekwa ngamazwi nangemali kuphela, okungadingeki kakhulu izingalo nezinhlamvu njengoba kusolwa i-US kanye ne-Israel. Ngenkathi i-Tehran izama ukuthumela izimpahla zosizo ze-Red Crescent ngomkhumbi, i-Egypt yenqabela umkhumbi ukufinyelela e-Gaza.{42} Ngokufanayo, umbuso wamaShiโa kaNouri al-Maliki e-Iraq wavinjelwa ukusiza. E-Lebanon, i-Hezbollah ayizange ivule inkundla yesibili ukuze isekele abaseGazan, nakuba yathumela inani elilinganiselwe losizo lwezempi oluyimfihlo.{43} E-West Bank ehlaselwe amasosha akwa-Israyeli kanye namaphoyisa e-Fatah avimbela abantu basePalestine ukuthi basize izihlobo zabo e-Strip. . Futhi eKhartoum, inhloko-dolobha yaseSudan, abezindaba bezwe baqinisekisa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziningi ngemuva kokuthi ngoJanuwari ama-drones namabhomu akwa-Israel abulala abantu abangu-119 ochungechungeni oluseduze neDolobha lasePort Sudan, izikhulu zakwa-Israel ezazithi "bezithutha izikhali e-Egypt, lapho babezoziyisa khona. zishushumbiselwe eGaza Strip."{44} Ngakho-ke, impumelelo eyinhloko ye-IDF empini yaseGaza kwaba ukuhlukanisa abantu basePalestine futhi, ngaphandle kwengxenye yeHezbollah, babophe ozankosi ababambisene nabo.
Okwesithathu, izimo ezaholela u-Israyeli ekubhebhethekiseni ulaka lwakhe zaqhubeka. AmaPalestine, nakanjani, aphikelela ekushushumbiseni ukudla emhubheni ngasemngceleni oseningizimu weGaza ongamamayela ayisikhombisa ubude neGibhithe. Amaqembu e-Al Qassam ancoma umzabalazo wezikhali anqande ukudubula kwawo kwamarokhethi eGaza ngenkathi amanye amaqembu ahlomile engazange. Imicibisholo eyenziwe ekhaya yayingenalusizo kwezempi kodwa yayisebenzela ukudlulisa umlayezo obalulekile: qaphela ubuntu bethu, susa ukuvimbezela kwakho okungekho emthethweni, futhi uguqule imikhuba yakho kithi. Ukuze ukuphepha kwakho kube phakade ngaphansi kwelungelo lethu lokuphila ngesithunzi ezweni lakithi. Njengoba inhlolovo yemibono kaKhalil Shikaki yasekuqaleni kukaDisemba 2008 yabonisa, iningi labantu basePalestine ngaphambi kwempi yaseGaza lamukela "ukuqashelwa okufanayo kuka-Israyeli njengezwe labantu bamaJuda kanye nePalestina njengezwe labantu basePalestina." Ngisho nangemva komkhankaso waseGazan, ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2009, inhlolovo yasePalestine ehlonishwayo yabonisa ukuthi abantu basePalestine basawusekela umbono wesixazululo semibuso emibili, njengoba uHelena Cobban abika. elizogcina lixoxisane egameni lakhe.
Futhi njengoba nje iHezbollah yathola amandla ekuhlaseleni kuka-Israyeli iLebanon ngo-2006, kanjalo neHamas yavela inamandla kwezombusazwe eGaza, eWest Bank, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Inhlolovo yemibono yasekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari eyenziwe yiJerusalem Media and Communications Center ikhombise iHamas yenze inzuzo enkulu ekudumeni ngezindleko zikaFatah eWest Bank, yize ingekho eGaza, nokuthi amaPalestine athatha uNdunankulu waseGaza u-Ismail Haniyeh weHamas njengomholi onokwethenjelwa. kuno-Mahmoud Abbas, abaningi abambheka njenge-Israel-U.S. onodoli.{46} Nokho, lelo qiniso alizange livimbe abaphathi baka-Obama ukuthi baqhubeke nokunikeza i-Ramallah-Palestinian Authority kanye nenhlangano ye-Fatah eholwa ngu-Abbas isikhundla esisemthethweni okungafanele babe naso ngoba asimele izifiso. kwabantu basePalestine.
Imiphumela egcwele "yokubuyisela emuva" yezenzo zika-Israyeli ayikazivezi ngokwecebo kuso sonke isifunda. Imibuso eyayivune u-Israyeli ngaphambili, nokho, efana neJordani neTurkey, u-Israyeli anobudlelwano bamasu nayo, iyaqhubeka nokuzwa ubunzima bokugcina ubuhlobo obusemthethweni. Umbusi waseQatar wasola u-Israyeli ngokwenza ubugebengu bempi. Ubushiqela baseSaudi Arabia, besaba umphakathi wabo, benza kwaziwa ukungavunyelwa kwabo. Umbuso wobushiqela waseGibhithe wachemena no-Israyeli ngokumelene neHamas kanye neHezbollah. Kodwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi edumile yaphinde yaqala indima enzima yokulamula phakathi kwe-Israel ne-Hamas. Khonamanjalo i-Iran yamemezela amalungiselelo okuzama lapho bengekho inqwaba yabantu abadala bakwa-Israel ebasola ngokwenza ubugebengu bempi.{47}
Ngaphandle kweMpumalanga Ephakathi, amazwe amabili aseLatin America, iVenezuela kanye neBolivia, anqamula ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana ne-Israel. EBrithani, eFrance, eJalimane, eSpain naseGreece, ababhikishi bamashela ezindlini zenxusa lakwa-Israel futhi bafuna isinyathelo kohulumeni babo ukuze bamise ukubulawa kwabantu. EThekwini, eNingizimu Afrika naseNtshonalanga ye-Australia ogwini olude benqaba ukwehlisa impahla kwa-Israel. E-U.S., amanani amancane amaJuda nabangewona amaJuda aphikisana esidlangalaleni nasezindaweni eziningi, okubandakanya amakhampasi amanyuvesi, izishoshovu zendawo zacela ukudukiswa kwezimpahla zakwa-Israel kanye nokuhlukaniswa nezikhungo ezisekela uMsebenzi. Usizo lokusiza abantu olungabaluleka ngempela kubantu basePalestine kungaba ingcindezi yaseMelika kuCongress kanye noMongameli Obama ukuthi aqede konke ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwa-Israel.
Ebhala ekuqaleni kokuhlasela kweGaza, uNoam Chomsky waphawula ukuthi, "I-Israel ingaba nokuvikeleka, ubudlelwano obujwayelekile, nokuhlanganiswa endaweni. Kodwa ngokusobala ikhetha ukwanda okungekho emthethweni, ukungqubuzana, kanye nokuzivocavoca okuphindaphindiwe kobudlova, izenzo ezingenangqondo. hhayi nje ubugebengu, ukubulala nokucekela phansi kodwa futhi kucekela phansi ukuphepha kwayo kwesikhathi eside. Wanezela, โlabo abazibiza ngokuthi โabasekeli baka-Israyeliโ empeleni bangabasekeli bokuwohloka kokuziphatha kwakhe kanye nokubhujiswa okungenzeka ekugcineni.โ{48}
Ekugcineni, i-Israel-U.S. I-Gazan rampage, kanye nezimpi zase-US-NATO e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, zikhanyisa amaqiniso athile ngomhlaba esiphila kuwo. Enye iphathelene nemvelo ye-Hobbesian yesimanje, egcina imfihlo, izwe lebhizinisi, elakhelwe phezu kokuqagela okungokwengqondo kwe-egoistic. Ongqondongqondo ababalulekile kusiko lwezomthetho lwase-Europe njengo-Anthony Carty baphikise ngokuthi indlela incazelo yezwe eyakhiwe ngayo kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha neleshumi nesikhombisa iye yakhuthaza futhi yagunyaza impi.{49} Ukuziphatha kwamaHobbesian kohulumeni banamuhla, kokubili. kudala ngaphambi nangemva kuka-9/11, ilibonisa kahle iphuzu lakhe.
Ukuba yimfihlo, ukuqamba amanga, ukukhohlisa, nokufihla ekuziphatheni kwenqubomgomo yangaphandle neyasekhaya ezinye zezici ezichazayo zezwe lanamuhla lamaHobbesi. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zithembele kulawa maqhinga ukuze kufihlwe ubugebengu futhi zithole imvume yezakhamuzi zazo ezenzweni ezizenzayo egameni lazo. Ezifundeni zamaHobbesian ezinodlame kakhulu ezinezinhlobo zikahulumeni wentando yeningi yomthethosisekelo, izikhulu eziphezulu ezigcwele umqondo wombuso zisebenzisa amaqhinga afanayo ukufihla inqubo lapho zifinyelela khona ezinqumweni zenqubomgomo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, isici esinqumayo se-"Hobbesianism," njengoba kuchazwe nguCarty, isakhiwo sokulungela impi unomphela evumela izikhulu eziphezulu ukuthi zenze impi yangaphambi kokulawula izinsiza zemvelo, zingenelele ngokuzimele ezindabeni zasekhaya zezizwe ezibuthakathaka ngokwezepolitiki, kanye nokuthethelela lokho kungenelela ngokwezinganekwane zenkolo noma zezwe ezinobandlululo, "Orientalist," noma "impucuko" ngokwemvelo. Ngamafuphi, izikhulu zamaqiniso esifundazweni saseHobbesian azingabazi ukudelela umthetho, ukuhola izimpi ezinonya, ukuthumba kanye nokuhlukumeza izitha ezisemthethweni, noma ukunikezela umsebenzi ongcolile kubantu bangaphandle.
Selokhu iMpi Yezwe II yaphela uhulumeni wase-US ephishekela inqubomgomo yokucekela phansi izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni zaseJapan, i-United States ibe yisibonelo esihamba phambili sezwe elinobudlova lamaHobbesian elithembele empini kanye nosongo lokuphoqelela ukugcina ubukhosi balo. Njenge-Israel, yaqala njengezwe lokuhlala elinwebekayo. Osopolitiki bayo, osopolitiki, nojenene bayo, belandela indlela yabanduleli babo, ngokuvamile babebuyela emthethweni wehlathi futhi bathethelele izenzo zabo emphakathini wabo ngenkulumo exhaphaza ukwesaba, ehlakulele ukungabi nangqondo, futhi njalo ukuphepha kazwelonke okokugcina, okuyisici esiphelele sokuziphatha kwabo. Kodwa hlobo luni lwezinga โukuphepha kwezweโ olubeka eceleni isimilo futhi lushiye amandla ezikhulu engavinjwa yinoma yini ngaphandle kokubala kwazo okuwusizo kwezindleko nezinzuzo?
Okwesibili, kulo mhlaba wezifundazwe zaseHobbesian eziqhuba i-imperialism futhi ziqhuba izinqubomgomo zazo zangaphandle ngokuphula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, impi yaseGazan ifundisa ubuze bemizamo yokusebenzisa izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu. Umgomo wamalungelo abantu amajaji akwa-Israel awethula engxabanweni yase-Israel-Palestine waphinde waveza ubuzenzisi. Akwenzanga lutho ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungekho emthethweni kwa-Israyeli ngokumelene nosongo lwemicibisholo eyenziwe ekhaya edutshulwe abantu basePalestine. Nokho abaningi benkululeko yaseNtshonalanga kanye nama-Conservatives basabheke kumalungelo abantu kanye "nokungenelela kosizo" njengethemba lokugcina elingcono kakhulu lesintu, bekhohlwa ukuthi ohulumeni bezifundazwe kazwelonke akubona ngempela abavikeli bezakhamuzi zabo: basebenzisa ulimi lwamalungelo abantu ngezinjongo zabo ze-Machiavellian. Ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi kukhona into enjengethemba lokugcina elingcono kakhulu lokuthula ekhulwini lama-21, ngeke kulele โemibonweni engaphelele,โ egcwele ukuzenzisa, yamalungelo abantu. Kunalokho kungatholakala enkulumweni yokusebenzelana esekelwe "ekuzwelaneni phakathi kwabantu" abaphila emhlabeni obuthakathaka emvelweni, kanye nokubambelela ngokusemthethweni emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu, izimiso zaseNuremberg, Izivumelwano Zase-Geneva kanye Nezivumelwano zazo. Le mithetho nemigomo, eyenza izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha zibe yicala futhi ibeke izikweletu ezingokomthetho kuzinhloko zemibuso ngezinqumo abazenzayo noma ubugebengu ababenzayo ngesikhathi bephethe, baphila impilo eqinile. Kudingeka ziqondwe, nokho, njengezisekelwe ngokusobala ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye nasekuzibophezeleni okuhlukile emthethweni.{50}
amanothi
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49. Anthony Carty, Ifilosofi Yempi (Edinburgh Univ. Cindezela, 2007), Ch. 4 ("Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla"), amakhasi 110-139. Futhi bona isibuyekezo esibalulekile sika-Richard A. Falk ku I-American Journal of International Law, Umq. 102, (2008). Pp. 902-909.
50. Isidingo senkulumo-nkulumo entsha yokuzwelana kanye nokuvikela ukuziphatha okuhle okuhlukile emthethweni yizindikimba ezihamba ngezincwadi zikaCarty kuPhilosophy of International Law.
Lena inguqulo ebuyekeziwe nebuyekeziwe ye-eseyi evele kuqala kuyo Umagazini we-Z (May 2009). Ekubhaleni ngizuze emazwini awusizo kaSteve Shalom noNoam Chomsky.
Ingcaphuno enconyiwe: U-Herbert P. Bix, "Impi Yakwa-Israel-U.S. Gaza Nomphumela Wayo: Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Hobbesian," I-Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 22-1-09, Juni 1, 2009.
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