Cishe iminyaka engama-60 amaJapane amaningi abezabalaza ngokuhloniphekile ukuze avumelane neMpi YaseShayina kanye neMpi YasePacific, kanye nawo wonke umlando wawo wama impiriyali. Kodwa imizabalazo yabo ayilokothi yenzeke endaweni engenalutho. Izitayela zomlando, ezombangazwe, ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ngisho namasiko ziyawabumba. Phakathi neminyaka yokusebenza (1945 kuya ku-1952) ama-neonationalists abenqaba i-Tokyo Trial futhi athethelela impi elahlekile ayengavamile ukukhuluma. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaJapane ayefuna ukubamba isipiliyoni sempi, aqede inkathi yokungabi nasibopho, futhi enze umlando obalulekile akazange aphikiswe.
Ukuhlehla kusuka ekubukeni okubalulekile kuye kokuqinisekisa kwempi kwaqala kuphela ngemva kokuphela komsebenzi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 izitayela zaqala ukubonakala. Eminyakeni yawo-1960 ababhali abanethonya, okuhlanganisa no-Hayashi Fusao, babeka isisekelo sokuphika ngokuphelele ubudlova bempi. Imibono yakhe yaphonswa inselelo ngokushesha futhi kusukela lapho, i-pendulum iye yazulazula phambili naphambili. Namuhla, uNdunankulu u-Koizumi kanye nabalondolozi bengqondo abafana nabo ku-LDP bavakashela i-Yasukuni Shrine noma bagunyaze izincwadi zomlando ezicasula ubugebengu obenziwa ezimpini ezedlule, bese begcizelela ukuthi abantu bangaphandle akufanele bagxeke izenzo zabo ngoba ziyizinkinga zasekhaya. Kodwa ukwazi umlando waseJapane mayelana nempi elahlekile akuyona indaba yamaJapane kuphela.
Ukusakazwa kokubuyekezwa kophiko lwesokudla okwehlela kuze kube manje, okuthethelela izimpi zaseJapane ngo-1931, 1937, no-1941, bekulokhu kuphikiswana ngakho. Kodwa izimo ezivuna ukukhuphuka kwale mibono ehlehlayo, noma ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuyiveza esidlangalaleni, ziwumkhiqizo wokushintsha izimo zezombusazwe zamazwe ngamazwe nezasekhaya. Futhi ngisho nalapho imibono enjalo ibonakala ibusa enkulumweni yabezindaba evamile, lokho akusho ukuthi ibanjwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ngaphambi nangesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, i-chrysanthemum taboo yayivikela ubukhosi baseJapane ekubukeni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlolisisa u-Hirohito. Ngemva kwempi, kwanqoba umbono we-US wokutusa nokugxeka u-Hirohito, ofana ncamashรญ nalowo owabekwa amaqembu abusayo eJapane. Imibuthano yezemfundo e-US naseBrithani kungenzeka yabalekela izifundo ze-emperor noma yalandela ngokungangabazeki umugqa kahulumeni osemthethweni. Ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili bunqume isithombe sabo sombusi.
Ukuqonda komphakathi kwaseMelika ngendima ka-Hirohito enqubweni yezombangazwe cishe kwakungekho. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kwakunenkolelo yokuthi wayemane nje engumuntu ongokomfanekiso. Engenzi lutho futhi engenamandla, wavuma, kodwa akazange azisekele, izinqumo zamasosha zokulwa impi engapheli eChina ngo-1937, nokulwa neBrithani kanye ne-US eminyakeni emine kamuva. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kuphinde kwachaza u-Hirohito njenge-pacifist, i-anti-militarist, nomuntu ofuna izixazululo ze-diplomatic ezinkingeni. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, yayigcizelela ukuthi wayeyinkosi evamile yomthethosisekelo, futhi eyisihlukumezi esinesibindi okwathi ngo-August 1945 wathatha isinyathelo sokuziphendulela kuphela ngalokho okwakwenzekile.
Umbusi wayeyindoda eyinkimbinkimbi, enenkani, ephikisanayo futhi enovalo. Phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka okuqala okubusa kwakhe wagxila ngokugcwele ekuvikeleni indlu yakhe yobukhosi nasekulondolozweni kombuso wamaJapane. Kusukela esemncane wayefundiswe kokubili izindinganiso zama-Samurai zikaConfucian. Lokhu kwehlulekile futhi umholi wezepolitiki onecala kanye nomkhuzi wezempi ophakeme - owahola iJapan enkambweni eyinhlekelele yombuso nempi - wasinda emaphutheni akhe. Ngenxa yemizamo yabaholi bakudala base-US nabaseJapan, kunokuba asuswe esikhundleni ngokuhlulwa kweJapane ngesikhathi sempi, wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi impilo yakhe yonke, esebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili ubuhlobo besathelayithi baseJapane ne-U.S. Isinqumo sokulondoloza ubukhosi kanye gcina u-Hirohito esebenzela izintshisekelo zase-US zokugcina uzinzo. Kepha kwabambezela ukungqubuzana kwabantu baseJapan nesikhathi sabo sempi esedlule, kwaba neqhaza ekuhlolweni nasekukhonjweni komlando wesikhathi sempi, futhi ekugcineni kwasebenza njengokuvimba ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Isipoki sika-Hirohito sisasele ngemuva kokungaqondi nokungathenjwa kwe-Japan okukhona namuhla emazweni amaningi ase-Asia.
U-Hirohito wathatha indima yakhe njengomkhuzi oyinhloko lapho ibutho lasebukhosini lithatha iManchuria ekwindla ka-1931. Ebanjwe engakulungele ngokwengqondo, wangabaza ekuqaleni, engaqiniseki ngaye ngokwakhe, kodwa lapho โisigamekoโ sibonakala siyimpumelelo, โukuba ngokoqoboโ kwakhe kanye nethuba kwazifakazela. Wagxumela eqenjini lezempi, futhi ngokushesha waba umgqugquzeli obaluleke kakhulu wenkambo entsha yokwandisa indawo. Kamuva, ngezenzo eziningi ezibaliwe zokuthunywa nokungenzi lutho, wagunyaza ukucekelwa phansi kwentando yeningi ye-Taisho futhi wakhuthaza ukufundiswa kwezempi kanye ne-ultranationalism.
Khona-ke ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1937, kwaqala impi engapheli phakathi kwamabutho obuzwe baseJapane nabaseShayina. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho u-Hirohito aqala khona ukuthola igxathu lakhe njengomlawuli ophakeme owayengenelela ngenkuthalo ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezempi. Kwaphela iminyaka emine eqondise ingxabano eyayibhuqabhuqe eShayina, edlala indima yakhe yokuba ngumkhuzi oyinhloko ubusuku nemini. Wazimisela kakhulu ukuzifaka engozini neBrithani kanye ne-United States, futhi ejwayele ukwenza ukungenelela kokusebenza, ethonywe kakhulu inkulumo "yohlelo olusha lwamazwe ngamazwe" iJapane eyayifuna ukuyidala eMpumalanga Asia. Ekugcineni, ngo-Okthoba 1941, wawashaya indiva amathuba okuthula - njengokuqoka iKhabhinethi eholwa yilungu lomndeni wasebukhosini - futhi waphakamisa uGeneral Tojo Hideki waba ngundunankulu ngoba wayesekela izinqubomgomo zikaTojo.
Iziphathimandla zase-US ezazilawula iJapane eyayihlaselwe zazifuna ukugcina ubukhosi futhi zivikele u-Hirohito njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukusekela kwakhe izinguquko zomsebenzi. Kodwa babezokwenza lokho kuphela ngemva kokumphuca wonke amandla ezombangazwe futhi ngaphansi kokubambisana kwakhe ekuguquleni iJapane. UGeneral MacArthur kanye nabaphathi bakaTruman babala ukuthi bangasebenzisa umbusi ukuze asuse impi eJapane, aguqule isakhiwo sezombangazwe saseMeiji, futhi aphishekele izinguquko zentando yeningi. Owokuqala kwakulula ukuwufeza ngoba abaphathi baseJapane base benqume ukuqeda impi futhi bathole i-jump ku-MacArthur ngaphambi kokuba afike. Kepha umgomo wentando yeningi ubonakale unzima futhi ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa izikhulu zaseMelika zayishiya kusenesikhathi ukubusa ngentando yeningi ukuze zenze impi ebandayo neSoviet Union.
Ukugcina uHirohito esihlalweni sobukhosi kuze kube yilapho efa kwaholela ekukhohlisweni komlando. Ukwakha izicucu zakhe njenge-pacifist lapho, empeleni, kade engu-imperialist oqinile futhi esebenzise ubuholi ekusekeleni impi, wenza umonakalo omkhulu kokubili esikhathini esifushane nesikhathi eside. Ngenxa yokuthi uHirohito wathi kunesimo esiphuthumayo sezwe lonke, izinsizwa zaseJapane zakhonza njengamasosha athembekile, zahlasela amanye amazwe, futhi zazizwa zinesizathu sokubulala isitha. โUmsebenziโ omkhulu wokwakha isizwe eManchuria wawuwumsebenzi wakhe, ngokufanayo neMpi YaseChina (1937-45) neMpi YasePacific (1941-45).
Ukumbozwa okukhulu kwendima ka-Hirohito yangemva kwempi, ukucatshangelwa komlando okwakuhilela, kwahlwanyela ukungabethembi iJapane eShayina, eKorea nakwamanye amazwe ayekade ehlukunyezwe ukuhlalwa namakoloni amaJapane. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zaseJapan zabamba iqhaza ngokuzimisela ekufihleni, kodwa akuzange kuphikiswe abanye abaholi, njengoStalin, Chiang, kanye noMao.
Ekusizeni ukwenza kube semthethweni โuhlelo lombusi wezimpawuโ olwabikezelwa ezinganekwaneni ezintsha zomlando, abenzi benqubomgomo baseMelika benza ngokuvumelana nombono wokuthi isimiso sobukhosi kanye nentando yeningi yesitayela saseNtshonalanga kuyahambisana. Yona kanye leso sisekelo, nokho, safiphaza amandla aphelele enguquko yentando yeningi eyayisanda kusungulwa yiWashington. Ubukhosi baseJapane obuguquliwe, obasekelwa yi-United States, ngokushesha batshekisa umzabalazo wentando yeningi eJapane ngemva kwempi wavuna osopolitiki โabalinganiselayoโ ababehlanganyele ekuhlulekeni kombuso omdala. La madoda ayesabona impi elahlekile njengempi yokuzivikela kanye nokuchuma kwabantu base-Asiya.
Ngokungafani nojenene bakhe abaningi abahamba phambili nezikhulu, u-Hirohito akazange aphenywe futhi aquliswe icala, ukuze isimiso senkathi ephakathi ye-legibus solutus - umbusi ungaphezu komthetho - usamile, futhi kufanele ulwe kabusha yizo zonke izizukulwane. I-US, ngokudelela kwayo okukhulu, yakubona lokho.
Ngokuvamile ukumiswa kwamaholide ezwe kuwudaba lwasekhaya futhi akuvamile ukuthi kubangele ukugxekwa kwamanye amazwe, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhunjulwa khona izimpi. Kulokhu, ingcindezi evela kosopolitiki abalondolozayo ukuba bashintshe โUsuku Lokutshala Izihlahlaโ ukuze kuhlonishwe imvelo, kube โuSuku lweShowaโ lokuhlonipha uMbusi uHirohito, kwanda phakathi nawo-1990. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1997 lo mthethosivivinywa wehluleka ukuphasiswa. Kodwa ama-Conservatives aphikelela futhi ekugcineni kwaba umthetho. Akufanele yini sikubone lokhu njengomunye umzamo wokucasha umlando?
UNdunankulu uHosokawa Morihiro ngo-1993, noNdunankulu uMurayama Tomiichi ngo-1995 bavuma ukuthi iJapane yayilwa izimpi ezinonya. Kodwa kunokuba balandele izithembiso zabo zamazwe ngamazwe ngokwenza uphenyo lwasesidlangalaleni lwempi kanye nokuzibandakanya ekucabangeni komlando, i-LDP yakhipha ukuhlehla ngokumelene nokuqonda okwabiwe ngempi elahlekile. Isibonelo, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Nezokuxhumana, u-Aso Taro, wahamba wayosebenza egameni lophiko lwesokudla "Inhlangano Yokubhala Izincwadi Zomlando Omusha" (Tsukurukai), umthengisi wezincwadi ezicashwe mhlophe. UNakagawa Shoichi, okwamanje uNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho, Wezohwebo Nezimboni ungumsekeli weTsukurukai, njengombusi nomlobi waseTokyo u-Ishihara Shintaro. UNobhala-Jikelele wamanje we-LDP u-Abe Shinzo, usenxuse ukuba kubuyekezwe uMthetho Wezemfundo Eyisisekelo ka-1947 ukuze abeke ingcindezi enkulu โemfundweni yokushisekela izwe.โ Ngalezi zindlela nezinye ezihlukahlukene, osopolitiki be-LDP abasanda kuzalwa basekela kanyekanye ukuphela kokufundiswa kohlangothi olumnyama lomlando kazwelonke wase-Japan, kuyilapho belungiselela isisekelo sokubuyekezwa komthethosisekelo wokuthula wase-Japan esikhathini esizayo. Inhloso yabo enkulu ukuqeda ukwesekwa okudumile kwenkambiso yokuthula yamazwe ngamazwe eyingqayizivele ebhalwe ku-Article 9 yoMthethosisekelo wase-Japan.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngo-1994, uhulumeni waseChina waqala ukugcizelela โimfundo yokushisekela izwe,โ egxile ekufundiseni umlando โweMpi Emelene NamaJapane.โ Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi imisinga ye-neonationalist izodlana. Amaqembu okuthula kuyo yonke indawo adinga ukuqonda ezombangazwe zamazwe aseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi asebenzele ukuvimbela lokho kungenzeki. Asikaze sibe sikhulu isidingo sokuzindla ngomlando ngeMpi Yezwe II e-Asia.
Herbert P. Bix, umbhali we I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje (HarperCollins, 2000), ubhala ngezinkinga zempi nombuso. Umngane waseJapane Focus, walungiselela lesi sihloko se-Japan Focus. Ibuyiselwe ngoJulayi 24, 2005.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela