Sekudlule izinsuku eziyishumi nanye kusukela ngoMashi 11, 2011, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu okulinganiselwa ku-9.0 kuqubuka iSanriku ("Tsunami coast") enyakatho-mpumalanga yeJapan, kwaqubula amagagasi ahlasela izwe abulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-8,000 ngokubukelwa phansi okusemthethweni, kwashiya abanye abacishe babe ngu-13,000. kubikwa ukuthi ilahlekile, futhi iphinde yadala umonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni ezifundeni ezincane zaseFukushima, Iwate, naseMiyagi, inhloko-dolobha yayo, iSendai, yalahlekelwa kakhulu. Abantu abalinganiselwa ku-392,000, abaningi kubo asebekhulile, okuye kwaphoqeleka ukuba baphume ezindlini zabo futhi behlala ezindaweni eziphuthumayo, iningi labo elingenakho ukushisa nokudla okulinganiselwe. Kubikwa ukuthi i-iodine enobuthi ne-cesium kungcolise amapulazi, amanzi, nolwandle ezindaweni ezizungeze iFukushima, ikhaya lesikhungo esikhulu samandla enuzi eJapane. Imigqa kaloliwe yesizwe, igridi kagesi, nezimboni zezimoto kube nomthelela omkhulu. Ukucisha ugesi kuphazamisa impilo enhlokodolobha. IJapane, ephoqwe ukuba ihlanganise amasosha angu-100,000 1, ibhekene nenkinga yobuntu nezomnotho ngezinga elingakaze libonwe kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II.[XNUMX]
Ngemuva kwale nhlekelele esiyibona kumathelevishini nakwi-inthanethi kukhona ejulile. Ukwamukela kweJapan amandla enuzi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwayo embonini yamandla enuzi ephethwe ngasese kudala kwayibeka endleleni yezingozi ezilokhu zikhuphuka kubantu bayo. Ukwamukela kwayo kwakamuva izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neo-liberal zokonga izindleko kanye nokwehliswa kwemithetho manje sekufakazele kubiza kakhulu kuwo wonke umkhakha womnotho wayo kunokuba itshale kwezinye izindlela esikhundleni samandla enuzi.
I-tsunami eyalandela ukuzamazama komhlaba kwangoMashi 11 yakhipha amandla esikhungweni senuzi sase-Fukushima Dai-ichi, okuholele ekuncibilikeni okuyingxenye kommongo kanye nemililo ethinta zonke iziphehlisi zayo eziyisithupha ezigcwele amanzi. Nakuba leli gagasi laliyinhlekelele yemvelo engenakugwemeka, engenakugwenywa, inhlekelele yezikhali zenuzi yabangelwa umuntu ngokuphelele, yanqunywa amabhizinisi amakhulu kanye nohulumeni. Ngonyaka odlule, ngokusho kwentatheli ephenyayo u-Hirose Takashi, i-Tokyo Electric Power noma i-Tepco yamemezela ukuthi iyunithi ye-reactor endala kakhulu engunombolo 1 eFukushima, eyakhiwa ngo-1971, yayihlanganisa iminyaka engamashumi amane kodwa izoqhubeka nokusebenza - futhi ingase isebenze eminye iminyaka engamashumi amabili. . Ngokushesha i-Atomic Energy Agency yaseJapane yamemezela inhloso yayo yokugcina ama-reactor amadala esebenza kwezinye izifunda.[2]
Isizwe esasibone ukucekelwa phansi kwe-athomu yaseMelika emadolobheni aso amabili - ngokuqinisekile esinye sezenzo zobugebengu kakhulu emlandweni orekhodiwe - sivumele inhlekelele yemisebe yenuzi eyenziwe ngumuntu ukuthi yenzeke emhlabathini waso? Ubani owayenesibopho uma kungeyona inkampani yamandla kagesi ezimele nenenzuzo eyayiphethe futhi iqhuba isikhungo iFukushima? I-Tepco yayimise indawo ye-reactor eduze nephutha elidumile le-Futaba, "ingxenye encane ekwazi ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba yalo lonke ugu lwase-Japan lwe-tsunami," ngokusho kuka-Hirose. Yindawo efanayo lapho kwaqoshwa khona i-tsunami engamamitha angu-8.2, angu-24.4, namamitha angu-14.6 eminyakeni engaphezudlwana nje kwekhulu edlule?[3]
Kungani, singase futhi sibuze, iziteshi zezindaba ezijwayelekile zaseMelika zingagxili kuTepco noma embonini yamandla enyukliya yaseJapan kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo nabalawuli bakahulumeni kodwa “ekuhlukeni” kwempendulo yaseJapan kule nkinga? E-U.S. sifunda ngokukhululeka kwabantu baseJapan, ukubekezela kwabo njengoba belinde ukudla namanzi emgqeni - mhlawumbe esikhundleni sokuxokozela, njengoba kungenzeka e-U.S. Akukaze kushiwo lutho ngokuthi "ukubekezela" kwamaJapane kungase kube nokuthile. mayelana nokuthi i-Japan, naphezu kokungalingani kwayo okukhulayo kwezomnotho umphakathi olingana kakhulu kune-U.S. nesigaba sayo esikhulu sabantu abaxhashazwa kakhulu nabacindezelwe.
Sizwa futhi ngemizamo ejulile phakathi kwamaJapane enyakatho-mpumalanga njengoba ezabalaza ukubhekana nenhlekelele - lokhu ngokungafani nokungabi nangqondo kwezikhulu zase-Japan ekuqaleni ezibonakale zingenalwazi ngokwenzeka esikhungweni senuzi saseFukushima. Izintatheli zaseMelika ezikhungathekile, eziboshelwe ngokwesidingo kubatoliki bazo base-Japanese, babonakala bengenasithakazelo sokubuyela emuva futhi benze lesi simo soshintsho esimweni saso esibanzi somlando. Bagxeka uhulumeni waseJapan ngokungawatshelanga konke - njengokungathi esimweni sezokuphepha kuzwelonke saseMelika obala kanye nokuziphendulela kwakuyinto efana nenjwayelo. Ngokuqondene nezintatheli zaseMelika ezigxeka ozakwabo baseJapane “ngokuba nobudlelwano obuhle nezikhulu” nokubavikela ekugxekweni—lokho ngokuqinisekile ibhodwe elibiza igedlela limnyama.[4]
Izici ezimbalwa ezingemuva zenkinga yamanje kufanele ziphawulwe. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha eyedlule kwavela, phakathi kwezicukuthwane zangemva kokuzinikela okuhlela ukwakhiwa kabusha komnotho waseJapan, ukuvumelana kokuthi ukuhlehla kwezwe ngokwesayensi nokuntuleka kwamandla ezwe kube yimbangela enkulu yokunqotshwa kwalo kwezempi. Ukunqoba lobu buthakathaka kwaba umgomo kazwelonke, ophathiswe abaphathi baseJapane - i-elite eyayithole ukuhlanzwa okukhethiwe kwangemva kwempi kodwa, iyonke, ayizange iguqulwe. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi isimo sengqondo esidala - izikhulu zazi kangcono kuyilapho abantu abavamile "benengqondo" yabo kuphela okumele bathembele kuyo futhi ngaleyo ndlela badelelwe - bahlala.
Lo mbono, kufanele siqaphele, wabiwa emhlabeni wonke izikhulu zase-U.S., Europe, nase-Asia kanye nama-CEO ezinkampani ezizimele emhlabeni jikelele. Lapho ngo-1949 i-U.S. Occupation ekugcineni iphakamisa ukucutshungulwa kwemibiko yaseJapan mayelana nemiphumela yemithamo ebulalayo yemisebe kwabasindile base-Hiroshima naseNagasaki, umqondo wobubaba wangena, waba nesandla ekucasukeni kwezikhulu zaseJapan ekusakazweni kwenkulumo evamile emelene nezikhali zenuzi, eyakhula ngokugcwele eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela.
Emizameni yabo yokuqukatha inhlangano emelene nezikhali zenuzi egxile eHiroshima naseNagasaki, ohulumeni ababambe iqhaza bahlasela inhlangano yabasebenzi eyayibuswa kwesokunxele futhi bahlakulela uqhekeko embuthweni omelene nenuzi. Bethatha isikhathi esadalwa ukugqashuka kwempi eKorea ngoJuni 1950, ama-Conservatives, nangaphambi kokuba ajoyine i-Liberal Democratic Party, akhetha njengomgomo wawo kazwelonke wokwenza iJapan ibe yizwe elikhulu lezentengiselwano, elithembele kwezomnotho namasu ku-United. Amazwe. Kulokhu kwavela inkinga enkulu: I-US yayizibophezele ngokuphelele ekwakheni izikhali zenuzi futhi yasongela ezinye izizwe ngokusetshenziswa kwazo, kuyilapho ukwesaba komphakathi waseJapane ngemisebe eyingozi yenuzi kungaqukethwa kodwa kungapheli.
Uhlelo lukaMongameli u-Eisenhower oluthi “ama-athomu okuthula,” olwamenyezelwa emhlabeni wonke ngo-December 1953, lwasiza izikhulu zezombangazwe zaseJapane ukuba zibhale le nkinga. Ngokushesha izikhulu zaseJapane zasungula inkulumo esemthethweni eyadweba umugqa phakathi kokufa kwemisebe ezenzweni zempi kanye nobungozi bokukhishwa kwemisebe empilweni yomuntu, impilo yengqondo, kanye nendawo ezungezile engalawulwa ngokuphephile ngaphakathi kweziphehlimandla zenuzi, eyakhelwe ukukhiqiza isitimu esizungeza izinjini zomoya ukuze ziphehle. ugesi.
Yebo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkumbulo yempi yancipha; ukuthola amandla kagesi ngokwakha ama-reactors enuzi kwaba yinqubomgomo evamile; futhi iningi lamaJapane lawela enganekwaneni yokuthi ukukhishwa kwemisebe evela ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi kungavinjelwa ngokuqiniseka. Isaphulelo kwaba iqiniso lokuthi bonke ubuchwepheshe bungahluleka; kanye nobuchwepheshe oba buyinkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphehla amandla enuzi babenza bangaphephile ngokukhethekile. Ukusho - ngemuva kweChernobyl 1986 futhi manje ngemuva kweFukushima 2011 - ukuthi yonke isikhungo samandla enuzi singase sibe ibhomu lenuzi elilindele ukuqhuma akulona neze ihaba.
Kusukela ngo-1953 kuya ku-1956 ososayensi baseJapane baqala uhlelo lokucwaninga amandla enuzi ngenkathi abathatha izinqumo eTokyo benza uhlaka olungokomthetho lokwakhiwa kwemboni yamandla enyukliya. I-Diet, isishayamthetho sase-Japan, yaphasisa uMthetho Oyisisekelo Wamandla E-Athomu; IKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic yasungulwa kanye nenhlangano ezothuthukisa uphethiloli wenuzi.[5]
I-United States yayihambe phambili kodwa iJapane namanye amazwe amaningi ahamba ngendlela efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izinkampani zabo zamandla zaqala ukufuna ukuphatha ubuchwepheshe benuzi ngezinjongo zokuthula futhi, kuleso nqubo, zakha izixhumanisi zezomnotho nemboni yamandla kanye nabameleli bayo e-U.S. izinzuzo ezisolwayo zamandla enuzi avamile: Kungasiza ukulwa nokungcoliswa, kunciphise ukuncika kweJapane kuwoyela wangaphandle, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukuphepha kwesizwe kuyilapho kuqinisa izibopho ne-U.S.
Khonamanjalo, kusukela eminyakeni ye-Nixon-Ford nokuqhubeka ngaphansi kukaMongameli weDemocratic Party uJimmy Carter, abaphathi base-US, bakhuthaze ngentshiseko "ukusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi ngokuthula." Njengoba ukuphikiswa kokwakhiwa kwamandla enuzi eCalifornia kukhula, i-GE kanye neWestinghouse baphendukela eWashington ukuze bathole usizo lokubhaxabula ubuchwepheshe babo phesheya. Ukuhlangana kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe ocwaningo achuma. I-Japan yangenisa isizinda sayo sokuqala, esakhiwe nge-GE-nuclear eBrithani ngo-1966. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva UNdunankulu uSato Eisaku umemezele ekudleni ukuthi iJapan izothela amandla ayo ekunciphiseni izikhali zenuzi.[6]
Lokho u-Sato kanye nohulumeni abalandelayo be-LDP ababekukhangisa kwaba Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zenuzi kwase-Japanese okusekelwe kumamodeli aseMelika aklanywe kabi njengamarektha angu-Mark 1 angakuvumeli ukukhishwa okuphuthumayo kwegesi ye-hydrogen evela ezakhiweni eziqukathayo. Iziphehlisi ezinjalo zibuye zifake, emazingeni aphezulu ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, amathangi amakhulu amanzi, abizwa ngokuthi "amachibi," okubamba ama-reactors' asetshenzisiwe kodwa ahlala e-radioactive, zirconium-clad, ama-fuel rods. Uma amazinga amanzi ehla, amachibi avutha kakhulu njengoba kwenzeka eFukushima. Futhi kwamanye ama-reactor amajeneretha kadizili asekelayo, ayezosetshenziswa ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo, atholakala endaweni engaphansi kwesakhiwo esiqukethe izinto, lapho ayengashaywa khona kalula ngokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu noma i-tsunami - futhi njengoba kwenzeka eFukushima.
"Ukuthuthumela kukawoyela" ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kwasheshisa umkhankaso weJapan wokushintshanisa amandla ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukuncika kwezwe kuwoyela ovela kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula esizinzile seminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, i-Tepco yakhula yaba enye yezinsiza ezinkulu zomhlaba eziphethwe ngasese, ukuhlangana okuqondile, ukuzilawula, ukuzimela kwesifunda okwakusebenza njengesengezo sezwe lase-Japan.[7] Ngaleso sikhathi ezinhlelweni zase-U.S. zokwakha iziphehlimandla zenuzi ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia kanye eduze nemithombo yamanzi ezifundazweni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ziqhubekela phambili.
Kodwa into entsha yangena kulesi sithombe maphakathi nawo-1980, lapho uhulumeni waseJapan ethuthela kumodeli entsha yentuthuko yezomnotho futhi waqala ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neo-liberal ezazitshekela (njengakwezinye izindawo) ekumisweni kokulawulwa kwemboni yamandla nge inhloso yokwehlisa izindleko zikagesi. Lezi zinqubomgomo ziqinise amandla okubusa ezinkampanini zamandla zikagesi zase-Japan eziyisishiyagalolunye ezizimele - empeleni imibuso ezimele elawula "ukukhiqizwa, ukudluliswa, nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi ezweni lonke."[8] Ziphinde zaholela ekuphepheni nasekuxegebeni kwamazinga emvelo. Ukwephulwa kwezokuphepha kwanqwabelana kodwa kwafihlwa njengoba izikhungo zikahulumeni zahlangana nezinsiza ezizimele ukuze zigcine izinkampani zenza inzuzo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo (hhayi ngokuqondana) kwenzeka ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, uchungechunge lwezingozi ezinkulu zenuzi. Okugqame kakhulu kwakunguMonju (1995), Tokaimura (1999), Hamaoka (2001, 2005), kanye noKashiwazaki-Kariwa (2007), lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwadala umonakalo omkhulu womlilo esitshalweni saseTepco, okuholele ekukhipheni imisebe emkhathini kanye ulwandle.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi izikhulu zaseJapane, osopolitiki, nabasebenzi bezikhungo zenuzi basabela njengoba kwenza ozakwabo baseMelika ngo-March 1979 lapho ingxenye ethile ihlanganyela.al core-meltdown kwenzeka endaweni ekhiqiza amandla enuzi eThree Mile Island eduze kwaseHarrisburg, ePennsylvania. Umsebenzisi wesikhungo se-TMI, i-Metropolitan Edison Company, ephethwe yi-General Public Utilities, ivalile, yaveza imininingwane engqubuzanayo, futhi yaqamba amanga emphakathini ukuthi yonke into yayilawulwa kuyilapho, empeleni, kwakungekho.
Ngenhlanhla, kule ngozi, abekho abantu abalahlekile kodwa Ikhomishini Yokulawula Yenuzi yase-U.S. yancoma ukukhishwa kwabantu abahlala endaweni engamakhilomitha ayishumi e-TMI. Abantu abalinganiselwa ku-144,000 bashiya amakhaya abo, ukuhlanza kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi nanye, kwabiza isigidi sezigidi zamarandi, futhi umthelela wale nkinga uyaqhubeka ubonakala.[9]Impendulo ye-NRC, esaqhubeka nokushoda ezinkampanini zikagesi, wayengekho. Ekugcineni, umphakathi walahlekelwa ukwethemba kokubili i-Metropolitan Edison, owawuthembele kuyo ukuze uthole ulwazi, kanye nochwepheshe bakahulumeni ababevame ukungaboni ngaso linye ngalokho okwakwenzeka e-Three Mile Island. Noma kunjalo, imboni yenuzi yase-US yakwazi ukumelana nesivunguvungu sokugxekwa komphakathi futhi yaqhubeka nokuzilawula njengoba yayikade yenza ngaphambi kwe-TMI.
Ingozi eyenzeka endaweni yokuphehla amandla enuzi eduze kwaseChernobyl e-Ukraine yaba inhlekelele kakhulu kune-TMI futhi yasakaza umsakazo emhlabeni jikelele. Mayelana necala laseJapane, inkinga kazwelonke ekhiqizwe ukuncibilika kwengxenye yezibaseli ze-reactor, ukuqhuma kwe-hydrogen, nokulahlekelwa kwezakhiwo ezithwala e-Fukushima kuyibeka eduze neChernobyl kune-TMI.[10] Lokhu kuyiqiniso naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-reactor yaseChernobyl yayingenalo ibhokisi lokuqukatha futhi amaphutha ekuklanyeni kwayo ayehlukile kulawo we-Fukushima reactor.
Ezinye izici ezimbili ezingemuva kwenkinga yenuzi ekhona e-Japan kufanele zishiwo. Enye iwukuphikisa amabhizinisi amakhulu abhekana nakho ngokumelene nezishoshovu ezimelene nenuzi, izazi zemvelo, nososayensi abahlela ukuphikiswa kwezikhungo zamandla enuzi kulo lonke iqoqo leziqhingi zaseJapane. Abaphehli bamakhwela baseJapane abafana noprofesa we-seismology u-Ishibashi Katsuhiko, kanye nezishoshovu ezimelene nenuzi ngokuphindaphindiwe badonsela ukunakekela “emibikweni yokuphepha engamanga, izingozi ezibulalayo kanye nengcuphe yokuzamazama komhlaba elinganiselwe.”[11] Yena nabanye abagxeki bemboni abazange banakwa. Okunye kumayelana nokuguquguquka kwezepolitiki ezifundeni ezisogwini ezingenabantu abambalwa, okuhlala abantu abaningi asebekhulile. Izikhulu zendawo zidinga imisebenzi kanye nemali uhulumeni nezinkampani zikagesi ezingaletha emiphakathini yazo futhi ngokuvamile zikuthola kunzima ukumelana nentando yazo.
Ekugcineni, amandla aholela enhlekeleleni yenuzi eJapane ayasebenza kuleli zwe, lapho kusebenza khona iziphehlisi ezingamashumi amabili nantathu zohlobo olufanayo njengaseFukushima, kuhlanganise nesikhungo senuzi sase-Indian Point eNew Jersey, esikhiqiza ugesi eNew Jersey. York City. Izitshalo ezindala ziphinde zisebenze eduze kwemigqa yephutha lokuzamazama komhlaba e-California e-Diablo Canyon nase-San Onofre. Ngaphansi komthetho wase-Japanese, abaqhubi bezitshalo abafana ne-Tepco bear imfanelo ngomonakalo odalwe izingozi zamandla enyukliya; lapha e-U.S., lapho isikweletu sika-opharetha kanye nomnikazi singanakwa futhi imboni yenuzi ingachitha cishe ngaphandle komkhawulo emikhankasweni ye-PR ukuze ikhuthaze "amandla ayo aphephile," abakhokhi bentela benza umthethosivivinywa.[12]
Njengoba sibuka izithombe zikamabonakude ezivela eFukushima, sibheka ifa lethu. Mhlawumbe isikhathi sesifikile sokuqeda kancane kancane amandla enuzi asetshenziswa umphakathi futhi sithathe indlela yamazwe afana neJalimane neChina ashintshela kancane kancane ezinhlotsheni zamandla eziphephile, ezivuselelekayo njengelanga, umoya, nama-biofuels. Ukuze iJapan ihlale ingumnotho wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, iTepco kanye nosopolitiki kumele bacabange kabusha ngokushesha izinhlelo zabo zokwakha "izitshalo zenuzi ezintsha eziyisi-9 ngo-2020 futhi okungenani zibe yi-14 ngo-2030." [13] Isimo esikhona, esisekelwe ekutholeni ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-30. kagesi wesizwe ophuma ezimbonini zenuzi, awusakwazi.
amanothi
[1] "Imibiko evela ku-Tohoku" ka-Matthew Penney, ithunyelwe ngomhla ka-Mashi 20, 2011, ku-japanfocus.org kanye no-Gavan McCormack, "Inkinga Yenuzi Yase-Japan: I-Wakeup Call for the World," Mashi 14, 2011, ku-japanfocus.org.
[2] Hirose Takashi,"Hakyoku wa sakerareru ka — Fukushima genpatsu jiko no shiinso," Diamond on line, Tokubetsu repooto, No. 140, posted March 16, 2011. I-GE yakhele i-Fukushima Dai-Ichi's No 1, 2, and 6 reactors; I-Toshiba Corporation yakha uNombolo 3 no-5; kanye ne-Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy Ltd, eyakhiwe uNombolo 4, ngokusho kwe-Bloomberg, "I-Japan Nuclear Disaster Caps Amashumi eminyaka Emibiko Engamanga, Izingozi," kuthunyelwe ngoMashi 17, 2011.
[3] Hirose Takashi, op. cit.
[4] Norimitsu Onishi, "I-Japan Inikeza Impendulo Encane Ekuhloleni Kwase-U.S," New York Times, ibhalwe ngo-March 17, 2011.
[5] Inqubomgomo Kazwelonke Yamandla: Japan (2004). In I-Encyclopedia yamandla.
[6] Tsuru Shigeto, U-Nichi-Bei anpo kaisho e no michi (Iwanami Shinsho, 1996), p. 53.
[7] Hirose Takashi, op. cit.
[8] Inqubomgomo Kazwelonke Yamandla: Japan (2004), p. 4 ku11.
[9] URobert Emmet Hernan, Lo Mhlaba Obolekiwe: Izifundo Ezivela Enhlekeleleni Embi Kakhulu Yezemvelo Eyishumi Nanhlanu Emhlabeni Wonke (Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), amakhasi 84-88; Peter S. Houts, Paul D. Cleary, Teh-Wei Hu, I-Three Mile Island Crisis: Imithelela Yengqondo, Yezenhlalakahle, Nezomnotho Kubantu Abasizungezile (Penn. State Univ. Cindezela, 1988), amakhasi 95, 99-100.
[10] U-Yoshie Furuhashi, "Isikhalazo Kubo Bonke Abasebenzi Benxusa Lamazwe Angaphandle kanye Nezindaba Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezikhona e-Japan, mayelana Nenhlekelele Yenuzi.," kuthunyelwe ngoMashi 15, 2011.
[11] Bloomberg, "I-Japan Nuclear Disaster Caps Amashumi eminyaka Emibiko Engamanga, Izingozi," kuthunyelwe ngoMashi 17, 2011.
[12] Dave Lindoff, "I-Idiocy and Hubris of Engineers: Ingabe i-GE Izoshaywa Ngokuhluleka Okuyinhlekelele Kwezitshalo zayo ZakwaNuke eFukushima?" ThisCantBeHappening, ithunyelwe ngoMashi 15, 2011.
[13] Andrew DeWit, "Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Kunqubomgomo Yamandla YaseJapane," ikhasi 2 kwangu-10, okuthunyelwe ku-japanfocus.
U-Herbert P. Bix, isazi-mlando sase-Japan nombhali we- I-Hirohito kanye Nokwenziwa KweJapane Yesimanje, ubhala ngezinkinga zempi kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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