Ekuqaleni isayinwe kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo, isivumelwano se-US-Colombia "sorhwebo lwasimahla", okanye i-FTA, ngoku idlulise i-US Congress, kunye neeFTA ezifanayo kunye noMzantsi Korea kunye Panama. Ulawulo lukaBush no-Obama aluzange lusebenzise umzamo omncinci wokukhuthaza izivumelwano, nangona u-Obama echasa zonke izivumelwano zontathu njengomgqatswa wobumongameli kunye no-2008 wakhe. ukugwetywa "yeenkokeli [ezithi] zitshintshe izikhundla zazo kurhwebo kunye nezopolitiko zangoku" [1]. Ngomhla wesi-3 kuOktobhard U-Obama ungenise umthetho we-FTA kwiCongress, apho izivumelwano zadlula ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuchaswa kwabaninzi kwiqela likamongameli.
“Isivumelwano sorhwebo lwasimahla” sisishunqulelo esifanelekileyo, kodwa siyalahlekisa. Izivumelwano ezinjalo azilwenzi urhwebo lube simahla ngokupheleleyo, singasathethi ke ngokulunga. Abayisusi indima yoorhulumente kwiimarike, kuba inkxaso yezolimo yase-US kunye nolunye uhlobo loncedo kwiinkampani zivunyelwe ukuqhubeka. Kwaye ngelixa besandisa inkululeko yeenkampani kunye neebhanki ukuba batshintshe imali kunye nokusebenza kwabo kude nonxweme, ngokuqinisekileyo abayandisi inkululeko yabasebenzi ukuba bafune umvuzo ongcono kunye neemeko zokusebenza ngokufuduka ngaphaya kwemida, njengakuqoqosho lwehlabathi olukhululekile ngokwenene-ngokwenene, Amanyathelo achasene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe e-US abonakala esiba ngqongqo ngakumbi kwaye anobutshaba yonke imihla.
Iinyani ezinjalo zibonisa amandla amakhulu asemva kwee-FTAs, eziye zangqina ngokwembali ukuba zivelise abaphumeleleyo abambalwa abakhulu kunye nezigidi ezininzi zabalahlekileyo kuwo onke amazwe abandakanyekayo. Eyona mpikiswano kwezi zivumelwano zithathu, i-US-Colombia FTA, yimeko eyimzekeliso, eqhutywa yimidla edibeneyo yenzuzo yenkampani kunye ne-US geopolitics.
Ukucula "Kumbaya": Iinkampani zivuya
Iinkampani ezinkulu zase-US zenze imfihlo encinci yovuyo lwabo kwii-FTAs. Imibutho yamashishini amakhulu njenge Umbutho weSizwe waBaqulunqi, i Igumbi lezorhwebo, kwaye i Ishishini eliJikelezayo bonke baye babulisa ukwaziswa komthetho ngeengxelo zoluntu ezivuyisayo. Imidla yoshishino lwezolimo njenge IBhunga leSizwe laBavelisi beehagu, iUmbutho weSizwe waBalimi bengqolowa, kunye neU.S. Wheat Associates yenza okufanayo. Uluhlu lwemibutho ethe yaphembelela iiFTAs lubandakanya amagama amaninzi aqhelekileyo: Electric Jikelele, IBM, Wal-Mart, Citigroup, Caterpillar. A kutsha nje Iveki yo shishino ibali kwi-US-Colombia FTA yaqaphela ukuba "iinkampani ezifana ne-GE, i-Wal-Mart, kunye ne-Citigroup" zinokuthi zibe "abaxhamli abakhulu" kwisivumelwano. Kwinyanga ka-Epreli ophelileyo, i-lobbyist ekhokelayo kaCaterpillar, uWilliam Lane, uvakalise ithemba malunga nokuhamba kwe-FTA kunye neziphumo ezibonakala zixhaphakile phakathi kwee-lobbyists. “Andithi sonke siyacula Kumbaya,” watsho, “kodwa siqala ukuyicula” [2].
Ithemba likaLane linesiseko esihle. Iinkampani ezinkulu zase-US iteknoloji, zemigodi, ishishini lezolimo, ukuthengisa, kunye imali amacandelo kunokwenzeka ukuba enze kakuhle ngokukodwa phantsi kwezivumelwano. Iinkampani zase-US ziyakonwabela ukufikelela lula kwiimarike zaseColombia, zasePanama, naseKorea, kwaye ziya kuhlala zikwazi ukunika amaxabiso aphantsi kunabakhuphisana basekhaya kuloo mazwe. La maqumrhu anamahlakani aqinileyo kwiCongress kunye nolawulo luka-Obama, abaye bathatha indima yabathengisi kubo phesheya. UMax Baucus, usihlalo weKomiti yezeMali yeSenate, ubhala kwiphephancwadi Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle ukuba iKholombiya "yimakethi enkulu kunye nekhulayo yokuthumela ngaphandle kwamafama ase-US, abafuyi, kunye noosomashishini ... Yesibini ngobukhulu kwimarike eMzantsi Melika kumafama ase-US kunye nemarike yesithathu ngobukhulu kubavelisi base-US," kuquka nabo basuka kwikhaya lakhe. ilizwe lase Montana. Ingcali yezoqoqosho uMatías Vernengo bonisa ukuba i-FTA yaseColombia nayo iya kunciphisa ukuhamba kwemali kunye nokuphuma eColombia, ikhulise kakhulu inkululeko yeenkampani zangaphandle, amaziko emali, kunye nabaqikeleli ukuba babuyisele inzuzo kunye nempahla yemali xa bethanda-ifomula ebonakaliswe ukuba ibeka engozini ukuzinza kwexesha elide. yaye iwanciphisa amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni “okusukela usukelo lomsebenzi ozeleyo, ukukhula okuphakamileyo nokwabiwa kakuhle kwengeniso.” Iingenelo ezongezelelekileyo kwiinkampani ezifudukela kumazwe aphesheya ziya kuquka inkululeko eyongezelelekileyo yokungcolisa, iimbopheleleko ezimbalwa zokuthenga izinto ezivela kwimithombo yasekuhlaleni okanye ukutyala imali kwakhona kuqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni, kunye ukukwazi ukumangalela phezu kwemimiselo karhulumente ethintela "inzuzo elindelekileyo yexesha elizayo" [3].
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abaququzeleli kunye nabezopolitiko badla ngokuthetha ngokuphandle xa bethetha noshicilelo kunye neejenali zemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle, abaziyo ukuba abantu abaphakathi bayayihoya. Iingxelo zoluntu ezikwizinga eliphezulu endaweni yoko zigxininisa iinjongo "zokudala imisebenzi" emva kwee-FTAs, kunye nabaphembeleli bamaqumrhu abonakaliswe njengabemi abakhulu nabathanda ilizwe endaweni yongxowankulu abaqhutywa yinzuzo. I Ishishini eliJikelezayo, okokuqala, ibongoza ukuba kugqitywe ii-FTAs ukuze “kuncede ekugcineni i-United States ikwazi ukukhuphisana nokukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho lwase-US nemisebenzi…Ezi zivumelwano zintathu zorhwebo ziya kudala imisebenzi eqikelelwa kuma-250,000, efuneka kakhulu ngexesha elingaphezu kwesithoba. ipesenti yabantu baseMelika baphelelwe ngumsebenzi" [4]. Uvelwano lokungazingci ngengxaki yabasebenzi base-US kwicala labona bazizityebi ekhulwini luncomeka ngokwenene.
Phantsi kwazo zonke iinkcazo zoluntu malunga nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi libango elingagungqiyo lokuba "into elungileyo kwi-CEO kunye nabanini-zabelo ilungile kubasebenzi nakuluntu ngokubanzi." Njengokunciphisa irhafu kwiinkampani kunye nosozigidi, izivumelwano zorhwebo simahla ziyingenelo kuwo onke amaqela eluntwini. Ziyindalo, ingqiqo, ingqiqo. Ngokomcebisi ophezulu we-GE Del Renigar, Ongusihlalo we-lobby yoshishino eyaziwa ngokuba yiLatin America Trade Coalition, "Inyaniso elula kukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo simahla ziyasebenza" [5].
Ayasebenza ngokwenene, nangona iqaqobana nje labemi belizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha le nyaniso ivunywa ngokuzolileyo. Umcebisi wezezimali uJoseph Hogue, ngo-Okthobha 4th online seposi enomxholo othi “Indlela YokuNgena ngayo kwiZivumelwano ezizayo zoRhwebo lwaSimahla,” iphawula:
Nangona isivumelwano kunye noMzantsi Korea sesona sikhulu kakhulu, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ne-10.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zonyuso ekuthengisweni kumazwe angaphandle kunyaka wokuqala worhwebo lwasimahla ziya kuhambisa inaliti kuqoqosho oludangeleyo kubomvu, omhlophe, nobhlowu. Inokuba nempembelelo ebaluleke ngakumbi kwipotfoliyo yakho, ngakumbi isabelo esinikelwe kwiimarike ezikhulayo.
I-Candor ibonakala iza ngokulula kubahlalutyi bezemali kunabezopolitiko kunye neengcali ze-PR zenkampani. Engaphazanyiswa ziinkxalabo malunga nenkangeleko yoluntu, kunye nokubhalela ngokucacileyo abafundi “abanepotfoliyo” enkulu, uHogue ngokucacileyo uziva kungekho mfuneko yokuqhubela phambili imbono yobudenge yokuba ii-CEO kunye nabaninizabelo banomdla ofanayo nabagcini babo.
Amava amva nje embali anezivumelwano zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo ziqinisekisa ukubonwa kukaHogue, kwaye zikwabonisa neziphumo ezibi kuluntu olukhulu kwilizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekayo. Phantse amashumi amabini eminyaka yeSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kuMntla waseMelika (i-NAFTA) ibonelela ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuxela kwangaphambili okuya kuziswa zii-FTA ezintathu zangoku. Ngokuchaseneyo nezithembiso zikaRhulumente wase-US, iinkampani, kunye noqoqosho oluhlangeneyo ngaphambi ko-1994, i-NAFTA iye yalimaza abasebenzi onke amazwe amathathu inxaxheba [6]. Ngelixa ukwandiswa kwe-US ithumela ngaphandle kwezobuchwepheshe wenza inkxaso yokudalwa kwemisebenzi e-United States, inani lemisebenzi edaliweyo lalingaphantsi kwenani lemisebenzi ethe yagxothwa ngenxa yeenkampani ezitshintshela eMexico imisebenzi yazo kunye nokwanda kwentsilelo yorhwebo ebangelwe sisivumelwano; ilahleko eshiyekileyo ngo-2010 phantse 700,000, ubukhulu becala kwicandelo lemveliso. Abasebenzi abagxothiweyo baye bangena kwizintlu zabangaphangeliyo okanye banyanzelwa ukuba bamkele imisebenzi engqongqo ngakumbi ngemivuzo ephantsi. Ukukhula kwentsilelo yorhwebo, ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwemisebenzi, yi isiphumo esiqhelekileyo yeeFTA ezilishumi elinesixhenxe apho iUnited States ibandakanyeka. Izivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla azisileli nje kuphela ekuncedeni abasebenzi base-US, njengoko uHogue ebona, ziyabenzakalisa [7].
I-Mexico iye yahamba kakubi ngakumbi phantsi kwe-NAFTA, ilahlekelwa ngeenxa zonke 2.5 million imisebenzi eyayanyaniswa nezolimo ngo-2005, ngenxa yokwanda kokungena kweenkozo zase-US ezitshiphu (kunye nenkxaso-mali eninzi) kwimarike yasekhaya yaseMexico. Mininzi imisebenzi emitsha zaye idalwe ngexesha le-1990 kunye ne-2000, kodwa le nyaniso iyodwa iyalahlekisa. Okokuqala, imisebenzi edaliweyo ayikhange ibe ngaphezulu kwemisebenzi ethe yasuswa kwezolimo nakumashishini amancinci ngenxa yokungeniswa kwe-US [8]. Okwesibini, umndilili wonyaka wokudalwa kwemisebenzi liweyo kakhulu ekuqaleni koo-2000 xa kuthelekiswa nezinga lika-1990. Okwesithathu, imisebenzi edaliweyo kwishishini le-maquiladora kunye namanye amacandelo athande ukuba semngciphekweni kakhulu, kunye nemivuzo ephantsi kunye neenzuzo ezimbalwa okanye zingabikho zentlalo. Umyinge wemivuzo yokwenyani ngo-2004 ubungaphantsi kakhulu kuneshumi leminyaka ngaphambili kuninzi lwamacandelo oqoqosho. Njengengcali yezoqoqosho yaseMexico uCarlos Salas amanqaku, uqoqosho lwaseMexico lulonke luye lwathembela ngakumbi "kwindibano yemveliso esekelwe kwigalelo elivela kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokuncinci ukuya kunxibelelwano lwezixhobo zokuvelisa zesizwe," kunye nemivuzo ephantsi kunokuba abasebenzi abanezakhono eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuthelekisa ilizwe. Imisebenzi ehlawula kakuhle eyathi yanyamalala e-United States ayizange iphinde ibonakale eMexico, kodwa yaphela nya. Ukuhamba kwabafuduki baseMexico ukuya eUnited States nako kunyuke kakhulu emva ko-1994, obunye ubungqina bempumelelo emangalisayo ye-NAFTA kummandla wokudala imisebenzi [9].
Kuwo onke amazwe amathathu, i-NAFTA iye yabangela ukunyuka okukhulu kwi-leverage of transnational corporations, engayeki ukusebenzisa izisongelo zokufuduka okanye ukuhoxiswa kwempahla ukuze kugcinwe umvuzo kunye neerhafu eziphantsi, iimeko zokusebenza zibuhlungu, kunye nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo. Iziphumo ezintlu-mbini yinzuzo ephezulu yenkampani kunye namandla adityaniswa nokukhawulezisa "ugqatso ukuya ezantsi" phakathi kwamazwe abandakanyekayo, okuthetha ukuba umgangatho wobomi obuphantsi ngokuqhubekayo kubemi ngokubanzi kwilizwe ngalinye. Nangona i-FTA yaseColombia ayiyi kuba nempembelelo enkulu njenge-NAFTA, imbali ye-NAFTA kunye nezivumelwano zokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo zinceda ukucacisa i-chorus ye "Kumbaya" evela kwi-elites corporate [10].
Izibonelelo ze-Geopolitical
Abaququzeleli beenkampani kunye nabanikezeli bephulo asikuphela kwempembelelo emva kwezivumelwano zorhwebo; Iinjongo zikarhulumente wase-US kwi-geopolitical kwi-Latin America nazo zidlala indima ephambili kwizivumelwano ze-Panama ne-Colombia. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, eyona geopolitical usongo ukuya kulawulo lwase-US eLatin America, ngokwamazwi amagosa ezobuntlola e-US, ibe luchungechunge “loorhulumente babantu abaninzi” abathi, phantsi koxinzelelo lwabantu abangathathi ntweni abafuna ubomi obungcono, bakhuthaze ezinye iindlela “zamanani” endaweni “yobungxowankulu bentengiso” ethi “ zingqubana ngokuthe ngqo namalinge aseMelika. ” Kulawulo luka-Obama, ukukhuthaza “ukubuyela kuqoqosho lwemarike yasimahla” eVenezuela, eCuba nakwezinye iindawo yeyona nto iphambili, ingakumbi xa kujongwa ukuba iLatin America ngowona mthombo weoli eMelika. Le njongo yezoqoqosho idityaniswe ngokungenakuhluzwa nenjongo ye-geopolitical yokukhuthaza oorhulumente abaphantsi kwe-US abangayi kucela umngeni kumandla okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US. Ayisiyiyo iVenezuela kunye neCuba kuphela, kodwa kunye noorhulumente abaninzi abancinci njengeBrazil, baye bagxeka kakhulu imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US kwaye bayala ubunini be-US kwi-hemisphere. Kulo moya unentiyo, ukukhulisa amahlakani kubalulekile hayi nje ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo kwindawo urhulumente wase-US kudala eyithathela ingqalelo “ngasemva,” kodwa nokugcina amandla kunye nodumo kwenye indawo. Njengoko iBhunga loKhuseleko leSizwe lacebisa kwi-1971, ukugcina ulawulo lwe-US kwiLatin America phantse yinto efunekayo "ukuphumeza umyalelo oyimpumelelo kwenye indawo emhlabeni" [11].
Abezopolitiko abavela kumaqela omabini babonakala beqonda indima ye-FTA yaseColombia kunye nePanamian ekuqhubeleni phambili le njongo. USenator weDemokhrasi uMax Baucus amanqaku ukuba iKholombiya inamandla "iqabane elinobuchule kwindawo ehlala ineengxaki zehlabathi," ngelixa uSihlalo weRiphabhlikhi weKomiti yeMicimbi yezaNgaphandle yeNdlu, u-Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, owaziwayo ngokugxeka kwakhe ngokungqongqo oorhulumente baseCuba naseVenezuela, ukhuluma ngesidingo "sokubonisa ukuzibophelela kwethu okuqhubekayo" "kwimibutho ephambili yase-US" kummandla. Ngo-2007 iqela leedemokhrasi eziphezulu, kuquka noNobhala wezoKhuseleko uLeon Panetta, wathumela ileta kwiCongression Democrats ilumkisa ukuba “iU.S. impembelelo yommandla isesichengeni” ngenxa yoorhulumente “abakhuthaza ngamandla enye imbono yeLatin America neCaribbean.” Le leta yaxoxa ukuba ukugqithiswa kwe-FTAs kunye nePeru, iColombia, kunye nePanama "kuya kuxhasa ngokuthe ngqo ubudlelwane obusisiseko kunye nezinto ezinomdla kulo mmandla." Abahleli abaxhomekeke ekunene be Washington Post, okwangoku, babe qi kelelwa ukuba "iinzuzo zezopolitiko ziya kuba zibaluleke kakhulu" kunezoqoqosho, kunye nezakutshanje ENew York Times umbiko ithi ukugqithiswa kwee-FTAs “ibaluleke kakhulu njengempumelelo yezopolitiko, kunye nexabiso layo lomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ekuqiniseni ubudlelwane kunye namahlakani acwangcisiweyo. Iinzuzo zoqoqosho kuqikelelwa ukuba zincinci” [12].
Ukukhuthazwa kwee-FTAs zamazwe amabini ibe sisicwangciso-qhinga esisembindini sikarhulumente wase-US kuMbindi Melika ukusukela oko woyiswa kwesindululo sikaBush “seSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululwa kumazwe aseMelika” ngowama-2005. i-US-Peru FTA ngo-2009, baye banceda ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lwezorhwebo olulungele ukushishina kuluhlu lwamazwe asuka eMexico ukuhla kunxweme lwePasifiki kuMbindi noMzantsi Melika. Ukudlula kweColombia kunye nePanama FTAs ngakumbi ukuqinisa le bloc. Izivumelwano ezinjalo azipheleli nje ekuchasaneni nezinye iiprojekthi zokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho zamazwe afana neVenezuela, iBolivia, iBrazil, neArgentina, zikwatshixa ngokusebenzayo oorhulumente baseLatin America kwimigaqo-nkqubo engayi kutshitshiswa lula ngabo nabaphi na abongameli abasekhohlo abanyulwe kwixesha elizayo. [13].
Yintoni "abaseColombia" bacinga
Izibonelelo zesivumelwano sokurhweba ngokukhululekile "zicace kakhulu kubantu baseColombia," ngokutsho kwe-2008 umbiko kwiZiko laseCato. Njengobungqina, ababhali bengxelo bacaphula owayesakuba ngusodolophu wesixeko saseMedellín, uSergio Fajardo, owathi. Ukubonakalisa umnqweno weUnited States ukuba "isincede sisombulule iingxaki" eColombia [14]. Abanye abantu baseColombia ngaphandle kweFajardo baye baba ngabaxhasi abathembekileyo beFTA. Babandakanya ooMongameli uAlvaro Uribe kunye noJuan Manuel Santos, abaye bakhupha ubuncinci izigidi ezininzi zeerandi ukuya ezininzi iifemu zokuphembelela eWashington egameni lesivumelwano. Abaphathi bamashishini baseColombia abaneenkampani zabo ezithumela iimpahla eUnited States nabo bongozwa Ukugqithiswa kwesivumelwano. Kwinqanaba lelizwekazi, i-Association of American Chambers of Commerce in Latin America (AACCLA) Kwaqhwatywa izandla ulawulo luka-Obama ngokuthumela i-FTA kwiCongress [15].
Oosodolophu, abongameli, kunye nabaphathi bezoshishino banokubonakala beyinxalenye encinci yoluntu kumkhi-mkhiqizi oqhelekileyo, kodwa kwi-pundit eqeqeshwe kakuhle kunye neengqondi ze-mandarin zingabantu baseColombia ababalulekileyo.
Urhwebo lwasimahla luyasibulala kanye njengokuba iimbumbulu zinjalo: Ezinye "iinkxalabo zeparochial"
Ngelixa izibonelelo ezininzi ze-US-Colombia FTA “zicace kakhulu” phantse kubo bonke abantu abanengqondo e-United States naseColombia, bambalwa kuphela amagosa aseburhulumenteni kunye nabenzi bomthetho beDemokhrasi “abanenkxalabo engxamisekileyo” baye basichasa isivumelwano, ngokutsho kweCato. Iziko kunye nabanye abahlalutyi bephiko lasekunene [16]. Ngenxa yokufuna ukwazi, makhe sijonge ezinye zezo zinto zixhalabisayo.
I-Colombia ngoyena mntu waphula amalungelo oluntu kakhulu eLatin America, kwaye sele ingamashumi amabini eminyaka nangona kukho ukhuphiswano olubalulekileyo. NgoJuni 2011 UPhando loNyaka lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo emibutho yabasebenzi, iManyano yeManyano yabasebenzi baMazwe ngaMazwe Iingxelo ukuba “ukutshutshiswa kwemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nomsebenzi weemanyano zabasebenzi kuhlala kucwangcisiwe” ngaphakathi elizweni. I-Colombia iwugcinile umahluko njengelizwe elinokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kwiimanyano zabasebenzi ehlabathini, elibandakanya ngaphezu kwesiqingatha (51) kwitotali yehlabathi ngo-2010 (iPanama iphume kwindawo yesithathu kumazwe aseMelika, kwabulawa iimanyano zabasebenzi ezintandathu; ihlakani lase-US iGuatemala yaba ngowesibini ngeshumi). I-Human Rights Watch yakutshanje umbiko iphawula “ukungaphenduli okungapheliyo kumatyala obundlobongela obuchasene nomanyano.” Ingxelo efanayo ikwaphawula ukuba uninzi lokubulawa kwabantu abachasene nomanyano lwenzeka kwizandla zama-paramilitaries aphiko lasekunene (isiphumo qi nisiwe ngolunye uhlolisiso lwakutshanje), nokuba ngokufuthi kukho ubungqina bentsebenziswano “namalungu omkhosi wokhuseleko okanye abezobuntlola.” Kwiminyaka eliqela edlulileyo kukho nenqwaba ukubulala abalimi kunye nokufuduswa ngokunyanzeliswa koluntu lwasemaphandleni, ukuya kutsho 200,000 abantu nyaka ngamnye, ngokufanayo phakathi kwemeko “yokungohlwaywa ngokubanzi,” ngokutsho kwengxelo kaMatshi 2010. Ingxelo ye-UN. Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo buxhaphakile, bubonisa ngokuyinxenye “ukungaphumeleli” kwelizwe laseColombia ukutshutshisa abahlaseli, abanandipha imo “yokungohlwaywa okunzulu,” ngokutsho kukaSeptemba. umbiko nguAmnesty International. Abefundisi basoloko bekho bulawa ngokuthetha ngokuchasene nentlupheko nengcinezelo [17].
Enye yezinto eziphambili ezibangela olu gonyamelo, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngurhulumente wase-US. Imikhosi yaseColombia kunye nemikhosi yamapolisa, ekudala ikhona yaziwa ukusebenzisana nama-paramilitaries aphiko lasekunene, afumene ngaphezulu $ 2.2 billion kuncedo lwaseMelika kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi koncedo lwase-US kunye nobundlobongela be-paramilitary, njengoko uphando lwakutsha nje olwenziwe yi Iziko loPhuhliso lweHlabathi kwaye i Ubudlelwane boXolelwaniso kunye neOfisi yase-US eColombia baye bagqiba [17]. Umongameli uJuan Manuel Santos, wamiselwa ngo-2010, wenze kancinci ukuphucula imeko, nangona ingasebenzi kakuhle indumiso evela eWashington "ngokuphuculwa okuphawulekayo kwimeko yamalungelo abantu." Isivumelwano sorhwebo kunye neColombia siya kuphela Yomeleza lo mqondiso ukusuka eWashington [18].
Irekhodi elibi lamalungelo oluntu laseColombia lifumene ingqwalasela evela kwiinkululeko, kodwa iziphumo ezibi ze-FTA zidlulela ngaphaya kokukhuthaza ubundlobongela obulungileyo. Imibutho yaseColombia kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni emele abasebenzi, abalimi, abafazi, kunye nezizwe ezincinci zihlala zixoxa ukuba uqoqosho lwe-neoliberal luyingozi njengobundlobongela bomkhosi kunye nobundlobongela. Ngoku ka Gustavo Triana ye-CUT, inkulu yomanyano yaseColombia, "Urhwebo lwasimahla luyasibulala njengoko iimbumbulu zinjalo" [19].
Amanani avela kuMphathiswa wezoLimo waseColombia athetha ngale nkxalabo inzima. Ngowama-2004 i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa yaqikelela ukuba ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwamaxabiso emveliso yezolimo—efuneka phantsi kweFTA yaseColombia, nangona ingeyiyo eUnited States—kuya kunciphisa ingqesho ngama-35 ekhulwini. Kwa olu hlolisiso lwabonisa ukuba isivumelwano sokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo neUnited States siya kushiya amafama amaninzi angathathi ntweni enezigqibo ezithathu: “ukufudukela ezixekweni okanye kwamanye amazwe (ingakumbi eUnited States), ukusebenza kwimimandla yokulima iziyobisi, okanye ukunxulumana namaqela axhobileyo angekho mthethweni. .” Imeko emaphandleni aseColombia sele imaxongo, yaye isi-1.15 ekhulwini sabanini-mhlaba abalawulayo 52 ekhulwini zomhlaba kunye iikota ezintathu yabahlali basemaphandleni belizwe, okanye malunga million 11 abantu, ukuhlala kubuhlwempu. Kodwa kuhlala kukho indawo yokuba mbi ngakumbi [20].
NgoAprili 2011 ivuliwe ileta kuMongameli u-Obama kunye no-Santos bevela kwishumi elinesibini lemibutho yabalimi, abantu bomthonyama kunye nezokusingqongileyo e-Colombia bacacisa ngakumbi ngenkxalabo kaTriana. Abasayinileyo balumkisa ngelithi i-FTA “iya kuba nemiphumo ebuhlungu kubomi bethu, kubukho bethu nakwimimandla yethu,” kwaye “iya kukhokelela kuphela ekwandeni kwamalungelo oluntu [ukwaphulwa], ukonakaliswa kwemekobume, nokonakala kwemekobume okungenakulungiseka, ukuphela kwabantu bomthonyama, ngaphakathi. ukufuduswa kunye nezenzo ezigwenxa zabasebenzi. Ke ngoko, esi sigqibo siya kuba yinto entsha ephazamisayo eya kuthi ikhokelele ekunyukeni kweentlekele zendalo kunye nokutya. ” Le leta ikwaphawule ukuba amajoni kulo lonke ilizwe “ayaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nomkhosi wokhuseleko,” kunye “neenkampani noosomashishini” “abaxhamli [abaxhamli] kumajoni nabezopolitiko.” Ngokufanayo ileta ukusuka ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu emibutho emikhulu yaseColombia kunye nemibutho yentlalontle iye yagxeka "imiba ye-FTA's eyonakalisa kakhulu [amalungelo] ezoqoqosho kunye namalungelo abemi baseColombia" "njengezikhukhula zokuthengwa kwezolimo kumazwe angaphandle kwimarike yethu" kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuba amaqumrhu axuba amayeza. izakusebenzisa imithetho yepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda ukubalela abantu baseColombia ukufikelela kumayeza ayimfuneko. A mazwi ukusuka kumdibaniso wesizwe wesizwe saseColombia uvakalise iinkxalabo ezininzi ezifanayo, ngelixa iNkqubo yoLuntu oluMnyama lwaseColombia (PCN) inomxholo wayo. ileta kwi-FTA "Ukuhluthwa, ukuNcindezelwa, kunye noKufa" [21].
Ukuvota kwezimvo zoluntu ngaphakathi eColombia kudla ngokungathembeki, kuba abavoli rhoqo Jolise kubantu basezidolophini baseColombia abaqhuba kakuhle ngemfonomfono ngaphandle kwezigidi zamafama asemaphandleni kunye noluntu oluya kuba nzima kakhulu yi-FTA. Nangona kunjalo, abanye ukuvota cebisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baseColombia bachase i-FTA kunokuba bayixhase [22]. Kodwa ubungqina obunjalo abunamsebenzi kubahlalutyi abaqhelekileyo. Abaphezulu baseColombia bavame ukuxhasa i-FTA, ngoko ke "abaseColombia" bayayixhasa.
Ngokukwanjalo eUnited States, apho imidla kunye neminqweno yeenkokeli zikarhulumente kunye nabasemagqabini kwezoqoqosho ibonwa njengeyoluntu ngokubanzi. Kodwa ubungqina be-poll bokwenene bunomdla. NgoSeptemba 2010 poll ngamajelo eendaba amabini anobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwiinkampani eziza kuxhamla kwii-FTA zangoku—i-NBC kunye Wall Street Journal—kwafumaniseka ukuba ama-53 ekhulwini kawonke-wonke acinga ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo “ziyayonakalisa iUnited States,” ngoxa i-17 ekhulwini kuphela icinga ukuba iye yanceda. Amashumi amathandathu anesithoba ekhulwini acinga ukuba izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo “ziyixabisile imisebenzi yaseU.S. Okunye ukuvota ukusuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye bavelisa phantse iziphumo ezifanayo, kunye nentiyo yoluntu ukuba "urhwebo simahla" ngokubonakalayo ukunyuka [23]. Ngamanye amazwi, uninzi lweenkxalabo zeparochial ezikhankanywe ngasentla ngokwenene zabelwana ngesininzi soluntu lwase-US, kwaye mhlawumbi nangabantu abaninzi baseColombia nabo.
Nangona i-FTAs ezintathu zangoku sele zidlulile, imibutho emikhulu yemibutho ephantsi kumazwe amathathu ahlukeneyo, kunye nentshukumo encinci kodwa ekhulayo apha e-United States, iseke iziseko zomzabalazo wexesha elide oya kuba yimfuneko ukunciphisa izivumelwano '. iziphumo ezibi kunye nokwakha idemokhrasi enentsingiselo ngakumbi kwiindawo zethu zokuhlala. Ngeendlela ezininzi inkcaso yamazwe ngamazwe kwii-FTAs zangoku iphinda intshukumo ye-pro-demokhrasi eye yavela kwihlabathi lonke ngo-2011, ukusuka kwilizwe lama-Arabhu ukuya eYurophu ukuya eWisconsin, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. ukusebenza eWall Street ngamawaka abafundi, amalungu emibutho yabasebenzi, abangaphangeliyo, namatshantliziyo asekuhlaleni. Zonke ezi ntshukumo zidityaniswe ngumbono olula wokuba abantu, endaweni yamaziko angenakuphendula, kufuneka babe nolawulo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo. Njengabaqhankqalazi eWall Street okanye abaqhankqalazi bepro-demokhrasi kwilizwe lama-Arabhu, abo bathanda i-parochial bachase izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo bala ngenkani ukwamkela ingxoxo engathethwayo evezwa ngabezopolitiko, iinkokeli zeshishini, kunye nabahlalutyi abaqhelekileyo: ukuba abanye abantu babalulekile. , yaye abantu abaninzi abakwenzi oko.
amaNqaku
*Eli nqaku labhalwa kuqala phambi kokuba ii-FTAs zidlule, kodwa lihlaziywe ukuze libonise ukuvunywa kwazo yi-US Congress.
[1] "Intetho kaBarack Obama kaFebruwari 12," ENew York Times, ngoFebruwari 12, 2008, ecatshulwe kwiMatías Vernengo, “I-FTA yaseKholombiya: Iinkampani Kuphela Eziphumelelayo,” Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 44, hayi. 3 (ngoMeyi/Juni 2011): 47. Jonga kwakhona uLaura Carlsen, "Ukunyaniseka kweziVumelwano zoRhwebo lwaSimahla," Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, Julayi 14, 2011. Kwezinye zeziphumo ezinokuthi zenzeke kwi-Panama deal, bona uTereza Coraggio, "I-Panama: Indawo yeRhafu yoRhwebo lwasimahla," FPIF, Septemba 14, 2011.
[2] Ngokutsho Wikipedia, imvelaphi yengoma Kumbaya azicacanga, kodwa “ekuqaleni kwakunxulunyaniswa nomanyano lwabantu nokomoya, ukusondelelana nemfesane”—ngokucacileyo indlela uLane awayezijonga ngayo iinkokeli zequmrhu. Jonga uMark Drajem, "IiNzuzo ze-US-Colombia iSivumelwano soRhwebo lwasimahla," Iveki yo shishino (Epreli 14, 2011).
[3] Baucus, "Intengiso yokuLunga: Kutheni abasebenzi baseMelika befuna isiVumelwano sokuRhweba ngokuKhululwa kwe-US-Colombia," Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle (ngoAprili 22, 2011); Vernengo, “I-FTA yaseKholombiya: IiNkampani Zodwa Eziphumeleleyo,” 48. Kwiimfuno zokurhoxiswa kolawulo lwezemali kunye nolungiselelo oluvumela amaqumrhu ukuba amangale, bona kananjalo uMmi woLuntu, "Amanqaku oNtetho: Ukuphathwa gadalala kwabasebenzi baseColombia kuphakathi koluhlu olude lwezizathu zokuchasa i-FTA yaseColombia," ka-Aprili 7, 2011, iphepha 3-5.
[4] "INkcazo yeShishini eRoundtable kwi-White House yokungeniswa kwezivumelwano zoRhwebo kwiNkongolo," ngo-Oktobha 3, 2011.
[5] I-LATC, "I-Business Coalition Yamkela amanyathelo alandelayo e-U.S.-Colombia kunye ne-U.S.-Panama Trade Promotion Agreements," Oktobha 3, 2011.
[6] Robert E. Scott, Carlos Salas, kunye noBruce Campbell, Ukuphinda ujonge i-NAFTA: Ayikasebenzi kubasebenzi baseNyakatho Melika, i-Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper #173 (Septemba 26, 2006). Enye into ebonisa ukuba amajelo eendaba ase-US athanda ii-FTAs iza nge-27 ka-Okthobha ENew York Times Isazinzulu sezopolitiko u-Layna Mosley, othi ii-FTAs ziyakukhokelela kwimivuzo ephezulu, imisebenzi emininzi, kunye nokhuseleko olunamandla lwabasebenzi kuwo onke amazwe abandakanyekayo ("URhwebo oluSimahla lunokuphakamisa iMigangatho yezaBasebenzi kumazwe angaphandle"). UMosley wayenokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo ugcine ukuba i-gnomes kunye ne-leprechauns yayiza kuthatha ihlabathi.
[7] URobert E. Scott, "Ilifa le-NAFTA: Ukunyuka kweNtsilelo yoRhwebo kukhokelela kuMsebenzi oBalulekileyo wokufuduswa kunye nokunciphisa uMgangatho woMsebenzi we-United States," iSigaba 1 ku. Ukutyelela kwakhona i-NAFTA, 4, 11, 13; Scott, Ukuya eMzantsi: URhwebo lwase-US-Mexico kunye nokufuduswa kweMisebenzi emva kwe-NAFTA, i-EPI Briefing Paper #308 (Meyi 3, 2011), 5; Ummi woLuntu, “Amanqaku okuThetha,” 5.
[8] UCarlos Salas uxoxa ngobunzima bokufumanisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba mingaphi na imisebenzi eyadalwa kwishishini le-maquiladora ngenxa ye-NAFTA kwi-"Phakathi kwe-Unemployment and Insecurity e-Mexico: i-NAFTA ingena kwi-Second Decade," kwi-bid., 44 (ngokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi / ekudalweni , bona iphepha 42-46). Inani le-2.5 yezigidi licatshulwe kuJohn B. Judis, "Iimfihlo zoRhwebo: Ingxaki yangempela kunye ne-NAFTA," Republic entsha (Epreli 9, 2008).
[9] Ibid., 40-49. Bona kwakhona uDavid Bacon, Abantu abangekho mthethweni: Indlela i-Globalization idala ukufuduka kwaye iqhubekisela phambili abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe (Boston: Beacon Press, 2008); UCollin Harris, "i-NAFTA kunye [ne] uQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lokuFudukela," Z Magazine 23, hayi. 7 (Julayi 2010).
[10] KwiSivumelwano soRhwebo ngokuKhululwa kuMbindi Merika, bona iNgxelo yoNyaka yesiThathu yokuBeka iliso ye-CAFTA Coalition, DR-CAFTA: Iziphumo kunye nezinye iindlela (nd [ca. December 2008]).
11 Ukuze ubone okwam "Zimbini, zintathu, iiColombia ezininzi: Ingqiqo kunye neziphumo zoMbono wase-US weLatin America," UMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle kuGxininiso/ZNet, Disemba 29, 2010/Januwari 13, 2011.
[12] Baucus, “Imarike Yokulunga”; "I-Ros-Lehtinen Yamkela Isibhengezo sokuba iiMvume zokuRhweba eziLide ixesha elide ziya kuthunyelwa kwiNkongolo ..." IKomiti yeMicimbi yeNdlu, ngo-Oktobha 3, 2011; I-Panetta, et al., "Ileta evulekileyo kwiiDemocratic Democrats," IsiChwephesha seShishini lesiLatin, kaSeptemba 24, 2007. Kuyabonakala ukuba ababhali bale ncwadi bayaphoswa yindlela ehlab’ amadlala ngayo xa begxeka abo bakhuthaza “umbono ongomnye weLatin America neCaribbean,” kudala ungowona mmandla ungalinganiyo ehlabathini nongowona mmandla uyingozi ehlabathini. abalweli bomanyano—ukucaphula nje izikhombisi ezibini ezichaza impumelelo yembali neqhubekayo yama impiriyali, ubukapitali, nobuhlanga. "Mr. Isivumelwano sika-Obama soRhwebo lwasimahla kunye neColombia, ” Washington Post, Aprili 6, 2011; UBinyamin Appelbaum kunye noJennifer Steinhauer, "Izivumelwano zoRhwebo ziPasa iNkongolo, ziphela iminyaka emi-5 yokuma,” ENew York Times, Oktobha 13, 2011.
[13] Bona iVernengo, “I-FTA yaseColombia: IiNkampani Zodwa Eziphumelelayo,” 47-48; UGreg Grandin, "Imisipha yaseLatin America," Wesizwe (NgoJanuwari 21, 2010).
[14] UDavid Griswold kunye noJuan Carlos Hidalgo, "ISivumelwano sokuRhweba ngokuKhululwa kwe-U.S.-Colombia: Ukuqinisa iDemokhrasi kunye neNkqubela kwi-Latin America," i-Bulletin yoRhwebo lwaMahla. 32 (CATO Institute, February 6, 2008). Isicatshulwa seFajardo sivela kuDavid J. Lynch, "I-Colombia Works to Escape its Past," USA namhlanje, kaOktobha 4, 2007; UGriswold noHidalgo bakhankanya enye inxalenye yesicatshulwa.
[15] Eric Lipton kunye noSteven R. Weisman, "Wide Net Cast yiLobby yeColombia Trade Pact," NGOKU, Aprili 8, 2008; UKevin Bogardus, "iKholombiya Yongeza iNgxowa-mali yoRhwebo," Hill, ngoMeyi 15, 2011; uLynch, "IColombia Isebenzela Ukubaleka Ixesha Lalo Elidlulileyo"; "I-AACCLA ivuyisa uLawulo luka-Obama kwi-US-Colombia kunye ne-U.S.-Panama Trade Promotions," ukukhululwa kweendaba, ngo-Oktobha 3, 2011.
[16] uGriswold kunye noJuan Carlos Hidalgo, "Isivumelwano se-U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement."
[17] Imibutho eyahlukeneyo inika amanani ahluke kancinci ngenani lamalungu omanyano abulawa ngo-2010. Ingxelo ye-ITUC kaJuni ka-2011 ekuqaleni yathi 49, ethe yahlaziywa yaya kutsho kuma-45; Ndikhankanya umzobo we-51 ovela kwi-Colombian Escuela Nacional Sindical ngenxa yombutho osondeleyo kwipolitiki yaseColombia kunye nokuthembeka kwayo okuqinisekisiweyo kwiminyaka. Jonga kwakhona i-US Labor Education in the Americas Project (USLEAP), "Ubundlobongela obuchasene neemanyano zabasebenzi baseColombia: Inyani vs. Intsomi," Juni 2011; Ummi woluntu, "Amanqaku okuthetha," 1-3; UJames Jordan, "IsiVumelwano esisaLindwayo se-US-Colombia yoRhwebo lwaMahala: Amabango obuxoki ngokuchasene neNyaniso eNzima," Ihlabathi Eliphantsi, Septemba 6, 2011; website yeQela eliSebenzayo laseLatin America. Ngoxanduva lwe-paramilitary jonga i-AP, "Isifundo: Ubundlobongela obuchasene noManyano lwaseColombia aluzange luthintelwe," ngo-Oktobha 2, 2011; I-Fiscalía General de la Nación (eKholombiya), Judicialización de los crímenes contra sindicalistas: análisis de las sentencias proferidas de 2000 a 2011 por la justicia colombiana (ngomhla [ngoSeptemba okanye ngo-Oktobha 2011?]), 42. Uphononongo lokugqibela luqulunqe idatha malunga nababulali be-315, i-64 ekhulwini kubo (201) yayiyiqela le-right-wing paramilitary group AUC kunye / okanye imikhosi yokhuseleko yaseColombia. Izizwe ngezizwe zase-US ezifana neDrummond, Chiquita, kunye neCoca-Cola ziye zabandakanyeka kuninzi lokubulala. Ngobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo bona iAmnesty International, “Yile Nto Esiyifunayo. Ubulungisa!” Ukungohlwaywa ngobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngokuchasene namanina kwiNgxwabangxwaba yeSixhobo yaseColombia (Septemba 2011). Kubabingeleli abathandathu babulala uThus kude ngo-2011, yabona "Van seis sacerdotes asesinados en lo corrido del 2011," Ixesha (Bogotá), ecatshulwe kuDan Kovalik, "KuMngxunya weNgonyama: i-US kunye neColombia zihlasela uhlaselo kwiCawa yeNkululeko," Uluhlu lwezahlulo, Septemba 14, 2011.
[18] “I-U.S. Urhulumente Uyigqala Inkqubela Ebalulekileyo Kumalungelo Oluntu eColombia,” inqaku leendaba elingabhalwanga libhalwe kwiwebhusayithi yoMzi wozakuzo waseColombia, licaphula ingxelo yakutshanje yamalungelo oluntu yeSebe likaRhulumente; Carlsen, "Ubungqina bezivumelwano zoRhwebo lwaSimahla." Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya kunye nokucaphula malunga noncedo lomkhosi waseMelika / amapolisa kunye nolwazi lwamaqela abulalayo, bona "Zimbini, zintathu, iiColombia ezininzi: Ingqiqo kunye neziphumo zoMbono wase-US weLatin America."
[19] Icatshulwe kwi-Lynch, "I-Colombia Isebenza Ukubalekela Ixesha Lalo Langaphambili."
[20] Uphononongo lweSebe lezoLimo kunye ne-FAO yamanani entlupheko emaphandleni (ukususela ngo-2006) ecatshulwe kwi-Public Citizen, “Talking Points,” 5-6, 8; Andikwazanga ukufumana idatha ye-FAO yamva nje ngenxa yengxaki yewebhusayithi yombutho. Ngokungalingani kobunini bomhlaba (enye yezona zibi kakhulu kwihlabathi) jonga ingxelo yakutshanje yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso lwe-UN eColombia (PNUD), Colombia emaphandleni: Razones para la esperanza (Septemba 2011), kuxutyushwe kwi-“Tierra concentrada, modelo fracasado,” Semana (Bogotá), ngoSeptemba 25, 2011. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela apha ukuba izibalo zentlupheko zinokuthi zibe nezopolitiko kakhulu, kwaye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa ubuhlwempu baseColombia zivelisa iziphumo ezihluke kakhulu. Ngamanyathelo karhulumente, eColombia esemthethweni izinga lentlupheko lilonke (ngengeniso) yi-64 yepesenti. IBhanki yeHlabathi enye qi kelela ukusuka 2009 uthi 46 ekhulwini, ngelixa i ngokubonakalayo eyahlukileyo qi kelela ngo-2009 kwiBhanki yehlabathi "databank" ithi ama-40 epesenti, kwaye a amanani ukusuka kwinto ebonakala ngathi izolile hlukile Isethi yemilinganiselo yeBhanki yeHlabathi ithi ipesenti ezingama-28 ukusukela ngo-2011. I-USAID manani ukusuka ngo-2011 bathi "malunga nesiqingatha" sabemi. Kunyaka ophelileyo iColombia yaseka "i-multidimensional poverty index" ngokubhekiselele kwiqondo lentlupheko kuphela 9 ekhulwini. Bona iBhanki yeHlabathi, “Ushwankathelo lweLizwe: Colombia” (ifunyenwe ngo-Oktobha 7, 2011); UJonathan Glennie, "Isalathiso esitsha saseColombia sokulinganisa intlupheko sifanelwe kukwamkelwa ngononophelo," Guardian, Agasti 30, 2011; I-USAID, iProfayili yelizwe laseColombia (ifunyenwe ngo-Oktobha 7, 2011).
[21] Asociación de Zonas Humanitarias y de Biodiversidad de la cuenca del Jiguamiandó, y Curvaradó-Chocó, et al., ku-Obama kunye noSantos, ngo-Epreli 13, 2011 (IsiNgesi translation yiOfisi yaseWashington kuLatin America), 2-3; I-Red Colombiano de Acción frente al Libre Comercio/iNethwekhi yentshukumo yaseColombia kuRhwebo oluSimahla, "Ileta evulekileyo eya kuMongameli uJuan Manual Santos," NgoMeyi 30, 2011; Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia/National Indigenous Organisation of Colombia (ONIC), "Ukukhutshwa kweendaba kwi-FTA," ngoAprili 11, 2011; I-Proceso de Comunidades Negras/Inkqubo yoLuntu oluMnyama lwaseColombia (PCN), “Ukuhluthwa, Ingcinezelo, Nokufa: IColombia-U.S. I-FTA kunye namaLungelo oLuntu lwase-Afro-Colombian,” Epreli 11, 2011. Bona kwakutshanje (Juni 2011?) ileta ukusuka 431 imibutho e-US kunye Colombia kumalungu US Congress kunye nolawulo Obama.
[22] Garry Leech, "Ngaphandle koloyiso lwe-FTAA kwiNgqungquthela yaseMelika, uRhwebo lwaMahala luza kunyanzeliswa kubantu baseColombia," Ijenali yaseColombiaNge-7 kaNovemba ka-2005.
[23] UJohn Harwood, "i-53% e-US ithi i-Free Trade Hurts Nation: NBC / WSJ Poll," CNBC, Septemba 28, 2010; ezinye ii-poll ezidweliswe kuyo www.PollingReport.com/trade.htm.
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