Amandla amakhulu eenkampani zabucala yenye yeempawu eziphambili zoluntu lwase-US. Ayenzeki nje into yokuba loo maqumrhu, awona maqela alungelelanisiweyo kunye nawona maqela atyebileyo anomdla kuluntu lwethu, kudala efumana inkxaso-mali koosoqoqosho, oosopolitiki, kunye nabezopolitiko abakhuthaza iimfundiso zoqoqosho eziya kunceda iimfuno zabo. I-demagogues ezixhaswa ngemali kakuhle eziye zalawula iingxoxo zangoku malunga nokusilela kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye netyala lesizwe kukubonakaliswa kwamva nje kwale mpembelelo, kwaye baye bancedisa ekungeniseni oko usoqoqosho ophumelele iBhaso likaNobel uPaul Krugman. iifowuni "Ixesha Elimnyama le-macroeconomics" apho uninzi lweenyani ezisisiseko kwezoqoqosho ziye zagxothwa ziintsomi ezihlekisayo kodwa eziluncedo. Yelizwe iindaba ziboleke ukuthembeka kwezi ntsomi. Ngokomzekelo, ekupheleni kwenkululeko ye-media spectrum, ENew York Times Ukufihla kuthetha ukuba ukuthotywa kwerhafu kwizityebi kunokwenzeka, okanye kunokwenzeka ngakumbi, ukudala imisebenzi njengenye indlela yokunyusa inkcitho yoluntu-ibango elivunywe njengobuxoki ngoosoqoqosho abaninzi abazimeleyo [1].
Oku kulandelayo kujongwe njengesiqalo esifutshane sokuchasa ezona ntsomi zibalaseleyo malunga nokushota kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ojikelezayo kumajelo eendaba namaqumrhu karhulumente. Uninzi lwabantu abasebenzayo kwihlabathi liphela bayayiqonda indlela i-neoliberal globalization kunye ne-fiscal austerity ebenzeka ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abantu baseUnited States-iDemocrats kunye neRiphabhlikhi ngokufanayo-bachasene kakhulu nakuphi na ukunqunyulwa kwe-Medicare okanye uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, kwaye akukho xabiso lepropaganda exhaswa ngemali yenkampani inokutshintsha iingqondo zabo kwixesha elizayo. Kodwa ukuqonda okucacileyo kweempazamo kwezoqoqosho kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yimfuneko yokubala abo bangayi kwaneliseka de i-United States iguqulwe ibe yi-Dickensian dystopia [2].
IINGQONDO 1:
Ukusilela kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwangoku kusisiphumo senkcitho eninzi kakhulu karhulumente kwimfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, intlalontle, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, kunye neenzuzo zemibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente.
Umntu akanakuvula iTV kwezi ntsuku ngaphandle kokuva abezopolitiko nabahlalutyi bekhwaza โngenkcitho engalawulekiyo.โ Eyona njongo iphambili yetyhefu yabo yinkcitho karhulumente kwiinkqubo zentlalo ezifana ne-Medicaid, izikolo zikarhulumente, izindlu zikawonke-wonke, intlalontle, kunye neenzuzo zokungaqeshwa, kunye "namalungelo" afana noKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neMedicare. Intsingiselo yeyokuba ezi ntlobo zenkcitho zisebenzisa uninzi lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente (kwaye kananjalo zinceda ikakhulu abo bavilayo nabangabafanelangaโumzekelo, umfanekiso wocalucalulo, owaduma ngexesha leReagan, womfazi omnyama okhulelweyo ohamba ngenqanawa ukuya elwandle. iofisi yentlalontle kwiCadillac) [3].
Federal Budget Deficit
Ukuzixakekisa ngengqondo enye "ngokunciphisa intsilelo" kuyingozi, kuba urhulumente wase-US kufuneka Nyusa intsilelo yayo yenkcitho kwixesha elifutshane ukunceda ukuvuselela ukudalwa kwemisebenzi (jonga ngezantsi, iNtsomi yesi-3). Kodwa ukuba intsilelo ngokwayo ingumxholo wengxoxo, imithombo yayo yokwenene ayinzima ukuyiqonda. Abathathu bagqama njengabanegalelo โkwintsilelo kulwakhiwoโ lwexesha elide, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inxalenye yentsilelo ephuma kwezinye izinto ngaphandle kokudodobala koqoqosho okufike ngo-2008 ngenxa yokungakhathali kweWall Street:
- Iimfazwe kunye nenkcitho emkhosini
- Ukuthotywa kwerhafu kwizityebi
- Ukunyuka kweendleko zokhathalelo lwempilo
Iziphumo ezoyikisayo zomntu ngaphandle, ukuchitha kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq kuphela kube negalelo elikhulu Nyusa kwityala lesizwe ngenxa ye ingxaki yezemali, kunye noqikelelo oluluqilima lweendleko zemali zemfazwe zigqwesile $ 3 zezigidi. Xa iimfazwe zaseAfghanistan nePakistan zibandakanyiwe, iyonke inokuba ngaphezulu $ 4 zezigidi [4]. Kodwa inkcitho yemfazwe yinxalenye nje encinci yenkcitho yomkhosi iyonke. Kulo nyaka, njengakuyo yonke iminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente wase-US uya kuchitha malunga isiqingatha uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwayo lulonke, kuquka malunga nesibini kwisithathu sayo yonke inkcitho enokuvela, โkukhuselekoโโokuthetha umkhosi, iimfazwe ezininzi zaphesheya kweelwandle, izixhobo zenyukliya, iindleko ezingenwe yinkcitho yasemkhosini yexesha elidluleyo, njalo njalo. Ngo-2010 urhulumente wase-US wachitha $ 28 billion kwinkqubo yayo ephambili yentlalontle, uNcedo lweXeshana kwiiNtsapho eziHluekileyo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezinxulumene nokukhathalela abantwana, xa kuthelekiswa malunga $ 1.4 zezigidi emkhosini. Inkcitho kuzo zonke iinkqubo โzokhuseleko lwengenisoโ xa kudityanisiweโkuquka izibonelelo zokungaphangeli, iikhredithi zerhafu zomvuzo ophantsi, izitampu zokutya, ukondleka kwabantwana, ukunyanyekelwa, njl.njl. Ikota enye yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi [5]. I-United States ichitha phantse imali eninzi emkhosini wayo njengoko ilizwe liphela lidityanisiwe, kwaye iimfuno zayo ezisemthethweni zokhuselo zinokugutyungelwa ngeqhekeza elincinci lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwangoku lomkhosi.
Ibhajethi ye-2012 "yokukhusela" ngoku exoxwa ngayo kwiCongress ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba yinto entsha irekhodi-phezulu. I-rhetoric yamva nje malunga nokunciphisa inkcitho yePentagon ayinyanisekanga kakhulu: into ebizwa ngokuba "yi-cuts" awathi u-Obama kunye nowayesakuba nguNobhala wezoKhuselo uGates bacetywayo kule ntwasahlobo idlulileyo kukuncitshiswa kwesantya esicwangcisiweyo. ukukhula ePentagon ichitha ixesha elide. IGates, okwangoku, iqhayisa ngokufuna ukunciphisa inkcitho yasemkhosini, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukonakalisa izibonelelo zempilo zamagqala-enye yamacandelo ambalwa aloo nkcitho eneneni esebenza injongo eyakhayo neyimfuneko (eyimfuneko ngenxa ye-imperialism yangaphambili yase-US, kodwa iyimfuneko nangona kunjalo) [6].
Oyena nobangela wesibini wentsilelo yomanyano ibe kukuncitshiswa okumangalisayo kwerhafu yeenkampani kunye nabona bantu bazizityebi. Izinga lerhafu yengeniso kumakhaya enza ngaphezulu kweedola ezingama-250,000 liye lehla kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu idlulileyo, ukusuka kumyinge wama-94 epesenti ngo-1944 ukuya kuma-35 epesenti namhlanje (nangona kunjalo. ngokwenene izinga lerhafu kwizityebi lisoloko lisezantsi kakhulu kunala manani ngenxa yemikroba yerhafu kunye nokukhululwa). Ulawulo lukaBush lunqumle irhafu ngo-2001 kwaye kwakhona ngo-2003, ngokukhawuleza lunceda ukucima i-surplus yebhajethi ezuzwe njengelifa kwixesha likaClinton. Ulwandiso lwakutsha nje lokuncitshiswa kwerhafu ngexesha likaBush e cetywayo ukuxabisa urhulumente wobumbano i-3.7 yeetriliyoni zeedola kule minyaka ilishumi izayo (Isiphakamiso sokuqala sikaMongameli Obama, awathi wasabela ngokuthobekileyo ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo lweRiphabhlikhi, ngesandise phantse konke ukucuthwa kwerhafu, ngaphandle kwekhefu lerhafu elongezelelweyo kumakhaya enza ngaphezulu kwe-250,000 yeedola, kwaye ngeyandise intsilelo malunga neetriliyoni ezi-3 zeedola endaweni ye-3.7 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi). Ukwandiswa kokuthotywa kwerhafu kula makhaya azizityebi kuya kuxabisa i-680 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi, yaye imali iya kuya ngokuyintloko kwabahlawuli berhafu abayi-0.1 ekhulwiniโoko kukuthi, abona bantu bazizityebi besinye kwishumi ekhulwini labo bazizityebi ekhulwini kubemi baseUnited States. ngubani ophakathi kweedola ezisisi-8.4 sezigidi kumvuzo wonyaka [7]. Iziko loHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neMiba ePhambili yoMgaqo-nkqubo uqikelelo ukuba konke oku kucuthwa kwerhafu kunye neemfazwe zase-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan kunye ziya kuhluma intsilelo yomdibaniso malunga ne-7 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola ngexesha lika-2009 ukuya ku-2019 [8]. Kwaye uthethathethwano lwangoku lusenokunciphisa izinga lerhafu yengeniso ephezulu ngakumbi, ukusuka kuma-35 ukuya kuma-29 ekhulwini. Kuphela kwimeko yezopolitiko kunye nemithombo yeendaba yase-Orwellian apho abo bathanda inkcitho eninzi yasemkhosini kunye nokucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi banokuthi bagqalwe "njenge-deficit hawks" okanye "abagcini bemali."
Ukugxeka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye ne-Medicare ngenxa ye-fedeficit deficit, njengoko bobabini u-Obama kunye namaRiphabhlikhi besenza ngoku, ayisiyiyo ngenxa yezizathu ezithathu: 1) ezi nkqubo ziyimali ye-trust exhaswa ngemali yerhafu yokuhlawula, kwaye ngoko ihluke kwezinye iintlobo zenkcitho karhulumente; 2) Ukhuseleko lweNtlalo lungaphakathi imeko yemali ephilileyo, kwaye iya kufikelela ubuncinane ku-2036; kunye ne-3) ngelixa iindleko ezikhulayo ze-Medicare ziyinkxalabo kwixesha elide, ingxaki ephambili ixhomekeke ekunyuseni kweendleko zempilo kwicandelo labucala elibonelela ngononophelo lwe-Medicare-isizathu esikhulu sesithathu sokusilela kwe-federal yangoku-kwaye inako. incinci yokwenza nenkqubo yeMedicare ngokwayo [9].
Inkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo yabucala yase-US yeyona ingasebenziyo kwihlabathi elishishinayo. Ilizwe lichitha malunga Kabini kangangoko ngomntu ngamnye kukhathalelo lwempilo njengamanye amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, kunye neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zempilo (umz., iminyaka ephantsi yokuphila). Kodwa i-Medicare ayiyona ingxaki-eqinisweni, yi-inshurensi ephantsi kakhulu, eyona nto ixabisa kakhulu kwilizwe, kunye neendleko zokulawula phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-4 yeepesenti xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ze-11 kwicandelo le-inshurensi yezempilo yabucala. Ngayo yonke idola echithwe kukhathalelo lwempilo eUnited States, 31 cents ukuya kwiindleko zolawulo-malunga nenani eliphindwe kabini (16.7) phantsi kwenkqubo ye-inshorensi yezempilo yomhlawuli omnye waseKhanada. Isisombululo sangempela sokwenyuka kweendleko zonyango kukwandisa inkqubo ye-Medicare eqhutywa ngurhulumente ukugubungela bonke abantu ("umhlawuli omnye," okanye "i-Medicare for All"), ngokubambisana namanye amanyathelo okugcinwa kweendleko ezifana nothethathethwano lukarhulumente. amaxabiso amayeza kagqirha kunye nemimiselo engqongqo kwiinkampani ezixuba amayeza kunye nezibhedlele. IMedicare for All ibingayi kuyicombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki yeendleko kuba ibiya kuthabathelโ indawo kuphela icandelo elinye leshishini labucala elingasebenziyoโiinshorensi zabucalaโkodwa ngokuphelisa iinkampani zabucala zeinshorensi iya kunciphisa iindleko kuyo yonke indawo (ngokomzekelo, ezempilo. ababoneleli ngenkathalo abasayi kuphinda bachithe ixesha kunye nemali esebenzisana namakhulu eenkampani zeinshorensi). Ukutshintshela kwinkqubo ye-inshorensi yomntu omnye kuphela kunokonga ubuncinane iibhiliyoni ezingama-350 zeerandi ngonyaka. Njengeengcali zezoqoqosho uDean Baker kunye noDavid Rosnick Khomba, โUkuba iUnited States ibinokwenza inkqubo yayo [yokhathalelo lwempilo] isebenze njengaleyo yamanye amazwe afumileyo, bekungayi kubakho ngxaki yokusilela kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.โ Ngokuzenzekelayo, i-Medicare yabo bonke iya kuba nenzuzo eyongezelelweyo yokunika i-United States uhlobo oluthile loluntu oluphucukileyo, apho abantu 45,000 abasayi kuphinda bafe nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokuba abanako ukuhlawulela i-inshurensi yempilo [10].
Iintsilelo kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lukaRhulumente
Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamanye, i-scapegoats ephambili yinkcitho yemfundo, iMedicaid, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zentlalo, kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Inkcazo yokuba abantwana besikolo sikarhulumente, abantu abangenamakhaya, kunye nabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente bachitha izibonelelo zoorhulumente bamazwe ayinasiseko sokwenyani, nangona kunjalo.
Uphononongo olucokisekileyo ngu YezoQoqosho nkqubo, i Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo woQoqosho, kunye nabanye abahlalutyi abazimeleyo baye bafumanisa ukuba imivuzo yecandelo likarhulumente ngokwenene ezantsi kunemivuzo yecandelo labucala xa kuhlalutywa ulawulo lobudala kunye namanqanaba emfundo (abasebenzi bakarhulumente bakholisa ukuba badala kwaye bafunde ngcono) [11]. Umyinge womvuzo wokuqala wootitshala kweli lizwe yi-$39,000 [12].
Kuthekani ngayo yonke loo โmali yenkam-nkam yegolideโ? Abambalwa abadla umhlala-phantsi kuluntu bayayenza ipenshoni enamanani amathandathu, kodwa ayiqhelekanga, njengemithombo yeendaba. kuthetha ukuba babe [13]. Umhlalaphantsi ophakathi eWisconsin ungaphantsi kwe-23,000 yeedola. ENew Jersey, elinye ilizwe elinerhuluneli yenkomo ezibophelele ekwabeleni ngokutsha ubutyebi obusuka kwiintsapho ezisebenzayo ukuya kwizityebi, umyinge womhlalaphantsi wabasebenzi bakarhulumente yi-39,500 yeedola ngonyaka. Ngaphezu koko, malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabasebenzi belizwe kunye nabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente basekhaya baya kuba bengakufanelekelanga uKhuseleko lweNtlalo xa bethatha umhlala-phantsi, oku kuthetha ukuba imali yabo yomhlalaphantsi iya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabo [14]. (Nokuba imivuzo yecandelo likarhulumente kunye nezibonelelo zaye aphezulu kunalawo abucala, oko akuthethi ukuba abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente bahlawulwa ngokugqithisileyo. Abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente baphakathi kwamacandelo ambalwa abasebenzi abadityaniswe ngamanani amakhulu kwaye basenazo iipakethe zenzuzo endilisekileyo. Indlela efanelekileyo kuku ukunyusa imivuzo kunye nezibonelelo zabasebenzi abahluphekayoโโukunyusa umgangathoโ endaweni yokuhla. Ukuqhuba imivuzo yabasebenzi ukuhla ekugqibeleni kuyabenzakalisa bonke abasebenzi ngokunyusa ugqatso olukhohlakeleyo ukuya ezantsi.) [15]
Ukuchitha imali kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo ayingomthombo weengxaki zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Oyena nobangela ukhawulezileyo wentsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lombuso yaba kukuhla kabukhali kweengeniso zerhafu okulandela ukuqala kokudodobala koqoqosho oluveliswe yiWall Street. Iingxowa-mali zomhlalaphantsi wabasebenzi urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekhaya batyale imali kwimarike yezabelo zabethwa kakhulu, ngexabiso labo lehla kufutshane ne-900 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiminyaka emibini [16]. Ukungakhathali kweWall Street kunye nezandyondyo zolawulo lwezemali lukarhulumente olwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1980, lwaphelela ekuqhambukeni kwemarike yemasheya kunye namaqamza ezindlu, zezona zizathu ziphambili.
Ukuthotywa kwerhafu koosomashishini kunye nezityebi nako kube negalelo kwintsilelo karhulumente. Irhuluneli yaseWisconsin uScott Walker ukunciphisa irhafu yenkampani nge $140 million, igalelo kwintsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali awathi ke wasebenzisa ukuthethelela uhlaselo lwakhe kubasebenzi Wisconsin kaThixo [17]. Umzekelo we Inew york, okwenzekayo ukuba nerhuluneli yeDemokhrasi, ibonisa ubume be-bipartisan yohlaselo. I-Rhuluneli uCuomo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho bebenokuyicima i-10 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ngokwandisa ukonyuka kwerhafu kumakhaya enza ngaphezulu kweedola ezingama-300,000 (eyakuthi inyuse i-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiminyaka emibini), ibuyisela irhafu kwintengiselwano yesitokhwe (eyakuthi yacima intsilelo kunyaka omnye), kunye nokurhoxisa ezinye zeebhiliyoni zeerandi zikarhulumente kwinkxaso-mali yerhafu yonyaka kumashishini abucala [5.4]. Abazange benze nanye kwezi zinto zingasentla, endaweni yoko bakhetha ukujolisa kwiikhontrakthi zabasebenzi, ukunyusa imfundo kwiidyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokucutha inkxaso-mali karhulumente yezikolo zikarhulumente neeyunivesithi, iMedicaid, kunye ne-Metropolitan Transportation Authority. UCuomo wade wacela esidlangalaleni amashishini amakhulu ukuba aqeshe abaxhasi abangakumbi ukuba bachase imibutho yabasebenzi, abantwana besikolo, kunye nezinye "izinto ezikhethekileyo" ezichasene nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakhe. Entsha into ayibiza ngokuba "ngunyaka wezopolitiko ophumelele ngokungaqhelekanga", uCuomo usandula ukubhengeza ukuba "ukunciphisa izibonelelo zomhlalaphantsi iya kuba yeyona njongo yakhe iphambili" kulo nyaka uzayo [18].
Ngamafutshane, uninzi lwentetho yangoku malunga nezizathu zentsilelo ye-federal kunye nelizwe ilahlekisa kakhulu. Uhlaselo lwabasebenzi, abafundi, kunye nabemi ngokubanzi lukhetho lwezopolitiko, hayi isinyanzeliso esigunyaziswe ziingxaki zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. I-rhetoric iyalahlekisa, kodwa ayizenzekeli. Ukuqhubela phambili kweentsomi malunga nenkcitho yentlalontle, iinkqubo zelungelo, kunye nabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente babonisa isicwangciso esivavanyiweyo, oko uRobin Hahnel no-Edward Herman bakubiza ngokuba "licebo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali": inkcitho yasemkhosini kunye nokucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi kuvelisa intsilelo enkulu yebhajethi. kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ibe bubungqina obungenakuphikiswa besidingo sokunciphisa "inkcitho engalawulekiyo" kwiinkqubo zentlalo ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nentlalontle-inkcitho eyiminiscule ngokuthelekisa [20]. Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kwengxaki ekhoyo, uDavid Harvey wayixela kwangaphambili loo nto
Ingxaki yezemali yehlabathi ngokuyinxenye ecatshukiswe yimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho engakhathaliyo iya kuvumela urhulumente wase-US ukuba ekugqibeleni azikhulule kuyo nayiphi na imbopheleleko yokubonelela ngentlalontle yabemi bayo ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwamandla omkhosi kunye namapolisa anokufuneka phelisa isiphithiphithi ekuhlaleni kwaye unyanzelise ukulawulwa kwehlabathiโฆEmva kokuwohloka kwezemali, abaphezulu abalawulayo banokuba nethemba lokuvela bexhotyiswe ngakumbi kunangaphambili. [21]
Ngokungamangalisiyo, abaxhasi be-bipartisan bale ngqiqo baphinda basebenzisa ingxabano yezemali ecingelwayo ukuzama ukuthethelela ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ehlehliswayo eya kukwenzakalisa amakhulu ezigidi zabantu ngelixa betyebisa ngakumbi abazizityebi. Le migaqo-nkqubo ibe yimpumelelo ephawulekayo. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ezimbini ezaziwayo kwezopolitiko zigcine ukuba ukususela ngowama-2002 ukusa kowama-2007, โEsona sityebi sisi-1 ekhulwini [eUnited States] siye safumana ama-65 ekhulwini ayo yonke ingeniso yekhaya.โ Ukuthatha umbono wexesha elide, owayesakuba ngumlawuli webhajethi yeReagan uDavid Stockman amanqaku ukuba ixabiso lilonke lezona pesenti ezintlanu zemizi etyebileyo e-US liye laqhuma ukusuka kwi-8 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeedola ngo-1985 ukuya kwi-40 yeetriliyoni zeedola namhlanje; loo mizi โBaye bazuza ubutyebi obungaphezu kobo bonke abantu ababebufumene ngaphambi kowe-1980โ [22].
Le pateni iyaqhubeka ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba abaxhamli benkcitho yasemkhosini kunye nezinye iipolisi ezibuyela umva, ezigxile kubutyebi zihlala zicwangcisiwe kwaye zinobundlavini kunabaxhamli benkcitho yentlalontle. Ngelixa iindawo zokwamkela iindwendwe zicwangciswe kakuhle kwaye zinenkxaso-mali encomekayo, okwangoku abantu abahluphekayo, abagulayo, abangaphangeliyo, kunye nabemi abasebenzayo basahleli beqhekekile kwaye ubukhulu becala bedelile.
IINGQONDO 2:
Umthetho oyilwayo ka-2009 we-Obama we-stimulus bill uye walonakalisa ngakumbi uqoqosho kwaye uvelise intswela-ngqesho enkulu
Akukho mathandabuzo amancinci ukuba izinga lokungaphangeli lase-US beliya kuba phezulu ukuba bekungekho kwibhiliyoni eyi-787 yeebhiliyoni ze-stimulus bill awasayinwa nguMongameli u-Obama ngoFebruwari 2009. Ngokuka-Agasti ka-2010. uqikelelo yeOfisi yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yeCongressional, isivuseleli "[i] ndinyuse inani labantu abaqeshwe phakathi kwe-1.4 yezigidi kunye ne-3.3 yezigidi" [23]. Xa "i-bubble yezindlu" yamaxabiso asekhaya aphezulu ngo-2008, ayizange inciphise kuphela amaxabiso ezindlu kodwa ixabiso lempahla kunye nenkcitho yangasese kulwakhiwo. Iyonke ukusetyenziswa konyaka, okanye imfuno, kuqoqosho lwase-US yehla phakathi kwe-1.05 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye ne-1.23 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Xa imfuno yabucala (okt, imfuno evela kumashishini kunye nabathengi) iwa kwaye ingabonakalisi zimpawu zokubuyisela, urhulumente-umthombo wesithathu wemfuno kuluntu-kufuneka athathe ukudodobala "njengomthengi wendlela yokugqibela" [24]. Le ngqiqo isemva kwebhili ye-stimulus ka-2009.
Kodwa nokuba i-787 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ivakala ngathi sisixa esikhulu semali, ibincinci kakhulu ukugrumba uqoqosho lwase-US luphume ekuwohlokeni kwalo. Ngenxa yokucuthwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kumanqanaba karhulumente nasekhaya, igalelo lovuselelo kwimfuno iyonke lalingaphantsi kwe-787 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngokutsho kweengcali zezoqoqosho kwi Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo woQoqosho, ekugqibeleni kuphela "yafikelela malunga nesinye kwisibhozo semfuno yabucala ukuba uqoqosho lwethu luphulukene nokuqhuma kwe-bubble real estate" [25]. Njengosoqoqosho owawongwa ngembasa yeNobel uJoseph Stiglitz uthi, โIngxaki yovuselelo yayingekuko ukuba aluzange lusebenze, kodwa lwalungekho likhulu ngokwaneleyoโฆInto eyayifuneka yayiluvuselelo lobuncinane ngama-50 ekhulwini.โ U-Stiglitz wongeza ukuba uvuselelo lwaluyilwe kakubi, kwaye uninzi lwalo luza ngendlela yokuthotywa kwerhafu engazange iguqulelwe ngokukhawuleza kwimfuno ekhulayo / yokusetyenziswa xa bekufanele ukuba ibeke phambili ukudluliselwa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo kumazwe ukunceda ukugcina izikolo, iidyunivesithi kunye. iinkqubo zentlalo. Malunga $ 225 billion ye-stimulus waya kucuthwa irhafu ishishini kunye nabatyali-zimali kunokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo [26].
Uvuselelo luka-Obama luka-2009 lwalunganelanga ngokulusizi kwaye luyilwe kakubi, kodwa ngaphandle kwalo izinga lokungaqeshwa liya kuba libi nangakumbi.
IINGQONDO 3:
Inkcitho yentsilelo imbi kuqoqosho; ukulungelelanisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kufanele kube yeyona nto iphambili kuthi
Abezopolitiko bangoku ngokusisiseko balandela imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kaHerbert Hoover, besala ukukhupha uvuselelo olukhulu lukarhulumente oluyimfuneko ukubuyisela abantu emsebenzini, kwaye ngaxeshanye baqhubela phambili ubutyebi obuninzi ngakumbi kwabo sele benabo ngeendleko zoninzi lwabantu. abemi. I-bipartisan obsession ngokunciphisa intsilelo idle iCongress, ulawulo luka-Obama, kunye neyona nkcazo eqhelekileyo (kunye nabanye oorhulumente be-G-20). Ukunciphisa intsilelo kunye netyala lesizwe ngeli xesha langoku kububudenge kwaye kuya kwandisa intswela-ngqesho. Ingcali yezoqoqosho uRobin Hahnel amanqaku ukuba uJohn Maynard Keynes, uyise we-macroeconomics yanamhlanje onombono wenkcitho yentsilelo inceda i-United States ukuba iphume kwi-Great Depression,
Ngokuqinisekileyo uqengqeleka engcwabeni lakhe malunga nokuzibulala koqoqosho lwehlabathi, kunye nokubuyela kuqoqosho olugwenxa, lwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithobaโฆIthiyori yezoqoqosho yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yafundisa ukuba xa ukudodobala koqoqosho, ukuhla kwengeniso, kunye nengeniso yerhafu karhulumente iwa, oorhulumente kufuneka banciphise inkcitho yokubuyisela. ibhalansi kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabo. Eli yayilicebiso likaNobhala kaNondyebo uAndrew Mellon apho uHerbert Hoover wasebenza ngo-1929. [27]
Inkcitho yokuvuselela ngamandla yayifuneka ngo-2009, kwaye isaqhubeka iyimfuneko namhlanje ukuba abezopolitiko bazimisele ngokunciphisa izinga lentswelo-ngqesho (elimi kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-16 kunye ne-20 yeepesenti, kwaye iphezulu kakhulu kwimimandla ethile kunye naphakathi kwabantsundu basezidolophini). Ukusuka kumbono we-macroeconomic, olona phawu luphambili lokudodobala koqoqosho lwangoku ibe kukuhla okumangalisayo kwemfuno, nto leyo ekhokelela amashishini ukuba adebe abasebenzi aze avelise kancinane, nto leyo ebangela intlupheko enkulu kunye nentswela-ngqesho, kumjikelezo ombi wokuhla. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwicandelo elingasentla, kukho imithombo emithathu yemfuno kuqoqosho: abathengi, amashishini, kunye norhulumente. Ukusukela ukuba amaqela amabini okuqala awakwazanga (kwaye, kwimeko yeshishini elikhulu, engafuni) ukuphinda kusebenze uqoqosho ngotyalo-mali olutsha kunye nenkcitho, urhulumente kufuneka athabathe ukudodobala ngokusebenzisa inkcitho yokuvuselela amandla kwiindawo ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo. , ukuhamba kwabantu abaninzi, iteknoloji eluhlaza, kunye nezindlu zoluntu. Ukwenza oko kuya kudala izigidi zemisebenzi emitsha, kunciphise ukungalingani, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwandise inkcitho/imfuno yabathengi, kuze ke, kukhokhelele kwingqesho enkulu. Iinketho โzezemaliโ ezinjengokuthoba inzala ukuvuselela utyalo-mali kushishino aziphumelelanga ubukhulu becala, izinga lenzala sele lisezantsi kakhulu. Iinkampani zase-US zizele yimali kunye nenkunzi (ngokungaphezulu $ 2 zezigidi koovimba), kodwa abayisebenzisi. Isisombululo kuphela yinkcitho enkulu ye-stimulus ngurhulumente wobumbano, kubandakanywa noncedo lwe-federal koorhulumente bamazwe, ezifunekayo ngokusemthethweni ukulinganisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabo. Nditsho neNgxowa-mali yezeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe, umthwali womgangatho we-neoliberal austerity ukusukela ekuqaleni koo-1980, ngoku. uyavuma ukuba ubucukubhede bemali (oko kukuthi, inkcitho yokunciphisa) ayiyi kuvelisa ukukhula koqoqosho lwexesha elifutshane [28].
Ukukhula kwetyala lesizwe lase-US akufanelanga ukuba nombono omnye othe waphefumlela emva kwexesha. Njengengcali yezoqoqosho uDean Baker uyabona, ityala langoku le-14.3 yeetriliyoni zeedola lijikeleze i-90 yepesenti ye-US Gross Domestic Product, engenkulu ngokugqithisileyo ngokwemigangatho yembali:
Ngaba inkulu? Ewe, umlinganiselo wetyala-kwi-GDP wawungaphezulu kweepesenti ezili-110 emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-United Kingdom yayinamatyala-kwi-GDP ratios angaphezulu kwe-100 lepesenti kwisithuba esikhulu senkulungwane ye-19 njengoko yayizimisa njengamandla oshishino aphambili kwihlabathi. IJapan ine-bottom-to-GDP ratio engaphezulu kwe-220 yepesenti ye-GDP kwaye isenako ukuboleka kwiimarike zezemali ixesha elide kwinzala engaphantsi kwe-1.5 ekhulwini. Ngoko, yintoni ingxaki? Abapolitiki abafuna ukunqumla uKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye ne-Medicare ngokucacileyo bafuna uluntu ukuba lukholelwe ukuba kukho ingxaki enkulu kwaye ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kweendaba, baye bakwazi ukufaka uloyiko kulo lonke uhlanga malunga nale ngxaki enkulu engeyiyo ingxaki. [29]
Amazinga enzala exesha elide aphantsi ngokungaqhelekanga ngokwemigangatho yembali, okuthetha ukuba ukonyuka kokuboleka kukarhulumente ngeli xesha langoku akusayi kubangela ukuba ityala linyuke njengoko uninzi lweengcali zicebisa, kwaye oko akuthethi โukubambisa ngekamva labantwana bethuโ [30]. Ityala lesizwe lase-US, njengentsilelo yomdibaniso, kufuneka ibe yinto engeyongxaki okwangoku. Enyanisweni, kubi kakhulu kunomcimbi ongeyongxaki, kuba ukugxila etyaleni kunye/okanye intsilelo ngoku kuthintela ukuvuseleleka koqoqosho. Kwaye uhlobo lwenkcitho olujongwe ngabezopolitiko lwenza ezi nzame zibe yintlekele ngakumbi, ubuncinci kuninzi lwabemi oluxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nezikolo zikarhulumente, uKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo, iMedicare, kunye nemisebenzi engakhuselekanga. U-Anthony Dimaggio ulungile ukugqabaza ukuba "[d] ukuncitshiswa kwetyala kunye nentsilelo liqhinga nje lemfazwe eliza kusetyenziswa ngokuchasene namahlwempu kunye nodidi oluphakathi" [31]. Emva kwengxoxo evakalayo yobugcisa yokusilela kunye โnolawulo lwemaliโ kulele imidla yodidi olugqunyiweyo lwabantu abaphezulu kwezoqoqosho abanethemba lokuphinda benze buthathaka abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, basuse umnatha welizwe osele ulusizi wokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nokwanda, ngaphaya komlinganiselo osele ungekho ngqiqweni, isabelo sobutyebi bezoqoqosho obuthi bufike kwipesenti enye ephezulu kuluntu lwase-US.
Ingcali yezoqoqosho ewongwe ngembasa yeNobel uJoseph Stiglitz ubeka ngokulula: abo bachasa uvuselelo eyongezelelweyo inkcitho ngoku โawuqondi uqoqosho olusisisekoโ [32]. Ngelishwa, ingxelo yeendaba iye yehla kakhulu kangangokuba nakwiphephandaba lesizwe lenkululeko, โuqoqosho olusisisekoโ zisiwe njengoqikelelo olungangqinwanga kuneziphumo eziphambili ze-80 iminyaka yophando lwe-macroeconomics [33].
Ukwanda kweqondo lentswela-ngqesho nokwanda kobunzima bezinto eziphathekayo kuninzi kunokuba bubulungisa ezinye yeziphumo ezibi zokucuthwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukunqongophala kwenkcitho yovuselelo enesibindi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuncipha kokuthandwa kuka-Obama kunye neeDemokhrasi kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo. Yayisesona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokuba iRiphabhlikhi iphinde ivuke kunyulo oluphakathi kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye mhlawumbi iya kudlala indima ephambili kunyulo lukaNovemba 2012 [34]. Abasebenzi kulo lonke ilizwe baphelelwe lithemba, kwaye iiDemokhrasi-abatyholwa ngokuba ngabahlaziyi, "iqela labantu" -ayenzi nto ukubanceda. Ukuphelelwa lithemba okudumileyo kunye nokuphoxeka ngokhetho olukhoyo lwezopolitiko ngoku luqhuba ukwanda kwamanani abantu abaqhelekileyo kwiingalo ze-radical right-wing, proto-fascist forces (okanye ubuncinci ukungakhathali kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba, okunokuvelisa ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezonakalisayo), umkhwa onokuthi ubonakale. iqhelekile kumaJamani namaTaliyane asele ekhulile ngoku.
IINGQONDO 4:
Ukunciphisa irhafu kwizityebi kuya kunceda uqoqosho
Urhulumente uneendlela ezininzi zokukhetha ukuvuselela imfuno kwaye ngaloo ndlela ulwe nentswela-ngqesho: unokunciphisa irhafu, ukwandisa inkcitho (okanye indibaniselwano ethile yazo zombini), okanye i-Federal Reserve inokunciphisa inzala ukukhuthaza ukuboleka. Kuba amazinga enzala sele ethotyiwe ukuya kutsho ku-zero, ukhetho lokugqibela aluthembisi. Ke kuthekani ngezinye iindlela ezimbini, ukucutha irhafu xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwenkcitho? Okanye, ukuchaneka ngakumbi, ukurhafisa izityebi xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwenkcitho?
Omabini la manyathelo anokuba nemiphumo emihle kwimfuno kwaye ngoko ke anciphise izinga lokungaqeshwa. Kodwa iziphumo zabo kwimfuno azifani. Ukunyuka kwedola ngedola kwinkcitho karhulumente yonyusa imfuno edibeneyo ngokungaphezulu kokucuthwa kwerhafu kuba inxalenye yayo nayiphi na irhafu yokucuthwa iyagcinwa kunokuba isetyenziswe. Lo mgaqo uyinyani ngokukodwa kwimeko yokuthotywa kwerhafu kwizityebi, ezigcina ipesenti ephezulu yengeniso yazo kuneentsapho ezihluphekayo, zabasebenzi, kunye neentsapho ezikudidi oluphakathi. Ibango lokuba ukuthotywa kwerhafu kwizityebi โkudala imisebenziโ liyinyaniso ngengqiqo elinganiselweyoโukunciphisa irhafu kwizityebi kunokukhokelela ekudaleni imisebenzi ethile. Umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ngaba baya kudala Kaninzi imisebenzi kunezinye iindlela ezifana nokunyusa izibonelelo zokungaphangeli, ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yezikolo zikarhulumente, okanye ukucutha irhafu yabasebenzayo nabaphakathi ngesixa esilinganayo. Impendulo yalo mbuzo, esekwe kwaye yaqinisekiswa luninzi lwezifundo zoqoqosho kule minyaka idlulileyo, hayi. Kunikwe ukhetho phakathi kokunciphisa irhafu kubahlawuli berhafu abacebileyo kunye nokwandisa inkcitho yentlalontle, ukhetho lwamva luluncedo ngakumbi (isiphumo salo esihle kwimfuno inkulu, ngaphezu kokuba inceda abantu abasweleyo kunokuba batyebise ngakumbi izityebi) [35] ]. Ukonyusa intsilelo yomanyano ngokuboleka imali eyongeziweyo kubaluleke kakhulu ngoku, kodwa nangaphandle kokuboleka ngaphezulu urhulumente unokubonelela ngovuselelo lwezoqoqosho ngokunyusa irhafu kwizityebi ukuze ahlawule ukonyuka kwenkcitho kwiinkqubo zentlalo. Umhlalutyi wezoqoqosho uJack Rasmus ibala ukuba nje ukunyanzela abona bazizityebi ekhulwini (abafumana ipesenti ezingama-24 zayo yonke ingeniso) ukuba bahlawule irhafu efanayo yokuhlawula irhafu ehlawulwe ziintsapho eziqhelekileyo ngoko nangoko kuya kunyusa i-170 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, apho urhulumente wobumbano anokudala iyonke imisebenzi emitsha ezizigidi ezithandathu kwilizwe. icandelo likarhulumente nelabucala [36].
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni ukuxhasa izityebi kuvelisa ukukhula okuncinci kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungalingani okukhulu kunenkxaso-mali elinganayo yoluntu lonke. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, izityebi zikholisa ukonga imali eninzi kunabo bonke abanye abantu, oko kuthetha ukuba iimali ezinkulu eziphela njengengeniso yeshishini kunye nomntu ngamnye (okanye ezigcinwe ngoncedo lwekhefu lerhafu) aziphinda zityalwe kuqoqosho. ngomkhamo ofanayo nalowo ebeya kuba ngawo ukuba bebesezandleni zeentsapho zabasebenzi, abachitha inxalenye enkulu yomvuzo wabo baze ngaloo ndlela bakhuthaze ukudalwa kwemisebenzi eyongezelelekileyo. Lo mgaqo ubaluleke kakhulu xa imfuno yabathengi ingekho mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuphembelela amashishini ukuba atyale imali yawo kwimveliso entsha; njengoko Rasmus ubhala, kolu hlobo lwemeko โishishini liya kukhupha nje ukonga okuthotyiweyo kwerhafu; okanye uyityala kude nonxweme apho kukho imfuneko, njengaseTshayina okanye eBrazil; okanye uyisebenzisele ukuqikelela kutshintshiselwano lwangaphandle okanye ezinye iimakethi ezinje ukwenza inzuzo yexesha elifutshane. Omnye umqondiso weza kwintetho yakutsha nje ka-Obama kwiGunya lezoRhwebo, apho uMongameli wacenga amashishini โukuba 'angene emdlalweni' ngokukhulula iitriliyoni zeedola zigcinwe kwindawo yokugcina" [37]. Iinkxaso-mali kumaqumrhu nazo zihlala zichithwa phesheya kweelwandle (kubandakanywa neenkampani ezamkela ngovuyo iinkxaso-mali zikawonke-wonke, emva koko zizisebenzise ukuhlawula iindleko zokufudukela e-Indonesia okanye eVietnam). Uninzi lwemisebenzi edalekayo ngokuxhasa izityebi ikwanemivuzo emithandathu, ngelixa utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke kwezemfundo, ulwakhiwo, kunye namanye amacandelo ludla ngokudala. Kaninzi imisebenzi ehlawulayo ezantsi, kodwa ehloniphekileyo, imivuzo [38].
Iingcali zezoqoqosho zezopolitiko zibiza ntoni ukukhula okukhokelwa ngumvuzo-ukunyusa imivuzo yabasebenzi kunye nokwabiwa ngokutsha kobutyebi ukuvuselela uqoqosho-akukokuphela nje kobulungisa, kodwa kwakhona yindlela esebenzayo yokuvelisa ukukhula kunohlobo lwemigaqo-nkqubo eye yalawula kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-35 edlulileyo [39] . Imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali ehlehlayo, eyehlayo kunye nentlawulo yobutyebi benkampani ulawulo luka-Obama olwamkeleyo luya kuqhubeka nokusilela ukuvelisa ukwehla kwenqanaba lokungaqeshwa. I-680 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuba ukwandiswa kokunciphisa irhafu yaseBush kwizityebi kuya kubiza urhulumente wobumbano kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo kuya kudala imisebenzi emininzi ngakumbi ukuba ichithwa kwiinkqubo zentlalo kunye nezinye iinkxaso-mali kubemi abasebenzayo. (Kuyafana nokuba kunjalo yokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi, eyindlela engasebenzi kakuhle yokudala imisebenzi xa kuthelekiswa notyalo-mali lukarhulumente kwiziseko ezingundoqo, imfundo, ukuthuthwa kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo [40].)
IINGQONDO 5:
Uqoqosho lwase-US luphuhliswe ekuqaleni ngenxa yorhwebo lwasimahla, inkcitho encinci karhulumente, kunye nolawulo oluncinci lukarhulumente kushishino
Mhlawumbi eyona ntsomi inkulu malunga ne imbali kuqoqosho lwase-US kukuba luphuhliswe ngenxa โyorhwebo olukhululekileyoโโungenelelo oluncinane lukarhulumente, inkcitho ephantsi, iimarike ezingalawulwayo, kunye neminye imithetho esemgangathweni yengqiqo yentengiso yasimahla. Ngokwenyani, ishishini lase-US kunye noshishino lwezolimo luhlala lufuna ukhuseleko lukarhulumente kuqeqesho lwemarike, ngohlobo lweerhafu, iinkxaso, ikhefu lerhafu, izivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo zangaphandle, izivumelwano zikarhulumente, kunye nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo [41].
Imizi-mveliso emininzi yaseUnited Statesโimiqhaphu, imizila kaloliwe, iimoto, imichiza, iinqwelo-moya, iikhompyutha, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwaโyayinemveliso ngokupheleleyo. xho mekeke ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente ekundulukeni kwabo kokuqala. Urhulumente wase-US, njengamaNgesi angaphambili, akazange azihoye izinto ezinje ngamalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda xa zibonakala zingenangxaki. Ubuninzi benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, "umrhumo" yayiluphawu lomgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya, obonisa isimo sokhuseleko esiqatha sikarhulumente kwelo nqanaba liphambili loshishino lwase-US. Urhwebo olukhululekileyo luvumeleke kuphela xa amacandelo amashishini anamandla ase-US efumana inzuzo ngenxa yeenzuzo athe azifumana ngenxa yokhuseleko lwangaphambili. NjengaseNgilani, abavelisi base-US baye bathanda urhwebo olukhululekileyo kuphela emva kokuba benyuke ngaphezu kwabakhuphisana namazwe angaphandle (kwimeko yase-US, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini), besenza ukhuphiswano lukhuseleke kubo. Ukunciphisa amaxabiso ngelo xesha kwamkelekile kuba amashishini amakhulu ase-US ayengasafuni. Ngokunjalo, abathengisi bezolimo base-US baxhasa ukuchithwa kwe-NAFTA kwiirhafu ukuze babe nokukhukulisa imakethi yaseMexico ngeenkozo ezitshiphu. Nangona kunjalo ukuzinikela kurhwebo ngokukhululekileyo kudla ngokudlula, kuba xa ujongene nayo nayiphi na ingozi ebonwayo abameli bayo abaphezulu bafuna ngokukhawuleza ukubuyela kukhuseleko. Xa ukuDodobala okuKhulu kwafika, kwaye xa ingxaki yezemali ka-2008 yahlasela, iinkampani zase-US kunye neebhanki zakhawuleza ukufuna-kwaye zifumana-uncedo lukarhulumente olunesisa ngendlela yeerhafu, ukukhutshwa kwebheyile, kunye nokunye okunjalo. Ushishino olukhulu lwezolimo luyaqhubeka nokufuna iibhiliyoni zeedola kwinkxaso-mali yoluntu ngokuthe ngqo rhoqo ngonyaka ngaxeshanye licula izidima zorhwebo olukhululekileyo neMexico.
I-Pentagon yinkqubo yase-United States ngokwembali engalinganiyo yokubonelela ngenkxaso yabarhafi bakawonke-wonke kwiinkampani zabucala ezifana ne-Boeing kunye ne-Raytheon, ethi emva koko ivune ingeniso-into ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba "yimali yobutyebi" [42]. Uninzi lwale nkcitho yinkcitho. Inkcitho yasemkhosini kudala yaba yinkomo engcwele yenkcitho ye-federal, ehlala ingenakuchukunyiswa nanini na kukho nayiphi na intetho yokunciphisa intsilelo. Esona sizathu sesokuba iikontraka zomkhosi ziyi-boondoggle yamawaka eenkampani, ezisebenzisa impembelelo yazo e-Washington ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okuzinzileyo kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwePentagon. Uncedo lomkhosi wangaphandle wase-US kunye nokuthengiswa kweengalo, njengolawulo luka-Obama lwakutsha nje $ 60 ibhiliyoni kunye nolawulo olucinezelayo lwaseSaudi Arabia, zongezwa iinkxaso-mali kumaqumrhu ase-US. Izivumelwano zorhwebo zaphesheya zolwandle ezinengeniso, ezifana nezakutshanje zika-Obama $45 billion iphakheji yorhwebo kunye neTshayina, ziinkxaso-mali ezigqunyiweyo kumaqumrhu afanayo kunye neebhanki ezinkulu zotyalo-mali [43].
Imigqaliselo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho ebekwe nguNondyebo waseMelika kunye namaziko emali ehlabathi kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kakuhle kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje (inkcitho karhulumente encinci, ukurhoxiswa kolawulo, urhwebo olukhululekileyo, ugxininiso lokuhlawula amatyala, ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, njl.njl.) ngeendlela ezininzi zichasene nomthetho. kwimigaqo-nkqubo yongenelelo eyalandelwa kudala ngamazwe atyebileyo. โUkukhaba ileli,โ njengoko isazi ngezoqoqosho uHa-Joon Chang sikubiza njalo, luphawu olufanelekileyo lwento amazwe aphuhlileyo kudala ekwenza ukusuka kwindawo yawo ephezulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Amazwe ehlabathi leSithathu ekukuphela kwawo abe nempumelelo elinganiselweyo ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho lwawo kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu idlulileyo ngalawo, njenge-United States, aqeshe amanyathelo okhuselo nawongenelelo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukukhusela nokuxhasa imizi-mveliso yasekhaya. Ha-Joon Chang uyabona ukuba "phantse onke amazwe aphuhlayo aphumeleleyo ukususela kwiMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi ekuqaleni aphumelele ngemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe, esebenzisa ukhuseleko, inkxaso-mali kunye nezinye iindlela zokungenelela kukarhulumente"-inyaniso yembali "phantse ichasene nembali esemthethweni" [44]. Uphando lwezembali nolwezoqoqosho ludla ngokuba nefuthe elincinane โkwimbali esemthethweni,โ nangona kunjalo, endaweni yoko, eyilwe kwaye ilungelelaniswe neemfuno zabazizityebi nabanamandla. Ushicilelo lweshishini, olukhululekileyo nolulolongayo, lungundoqo ekunyanzeliseni iintsomi ezinjalo. Umzekelo, kuthotho lwamanqaku akutshanje kunye nabahleli kubudlelwane base-US-China, i ENew York Times uhlaselwe urhulumente waseTshayina ngokumisa imiqobo yorhwebo kunye nokungahoyi amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda-ezimbini zeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-US ishishini kunye norhulumente kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, nangona izibakala zamva zaye zashiywa [45].
Amagqabantshintshi aphambili malunga nenkcitho karhulumente alandela ingqiqo efanayo: xa ungenelelo lukarhulumente wase-US lunceda abantu abaqhelekileyo okanye xa oorhulumente bamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo bengenelela ukunceda abantu babo abasesichengeni, ungenelelo lugxekwa kabuhlungu ngokuthi โziizandlaโ eziphanga umhlawuli werhafu osebenza nzima. kuphazamise ukusebenza kwesiqhelo koqoqosho. Xa izityebi nabanamandla ingabamkeli, izinikezelo zisenokungahoywa ngokupheleleyo ngabahlalutyi abahloniphekileyo okanye zinconywe njengemizekelo yotyalo-mali lukarhulumente olulumkileyo ekudaleni imisebenzi nophuhliso loqoqosho (kunye nohlobo lwamva lokunikezela, kufuneka lugxininiswe, kude. iyodlula inkcitho yentlalontle elungiselelwe abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo, nangona abaxhamli bembalwa kakhulu).
IINGQONDO 6:
Uluntu lwase-US lumthiyile "urhulumente omkhulu" kunye nenkcitho ephantsi, kwaye bayabuthanda ubungxowankulu benkampani.
Intsomi enkulu yesithandathu ibambe ukuba uluntu lwase-US luthuka "urhulumente omkhulu," kwaye ngakumbi inkcitho karhulumente (kwaye njengoko kukhankanyiwe, nabo "ndinomsindo" kwimibutho enyolukileyo yecandelo likarhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bayo) [46]. I-deficit demagogues, sixelelwa, ibonisa nje isimo sengqondo esithandwayo.
Ngaphandle kwengxwabangxwaba yakutshanje ngenxa yentsilelo, izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kuluntu zicace gca. Kulo Oktobha uphelileyo, emva kokuhlalutya uluhlu olubanzi lwezimvo zokuvota, uChristopher Howard noRick Valelly bafumanise โukuba uluntu luxhalabele ngokuyintloko ukuhlaziyeka koqoqosho nemisebenzi. Ukunciphisa intsilelo eneneni kusezantsi phakathi kwezinto ezixhalabisayo. โ Ipateni iyinyani ngeCBS/ENew York Times poll kuqhutywe ekupheleni kukaJuni, apho abaphenduli bebeyithanda kakhulu iNkongolo egxile ekudaleni imisebenzi endaweni yokunciphisa intsilelo (ama-53 ekhulwini athi uqoqosho nokudalwa kwemisebenzi โyeyona ngxaki ibalulekileyoโ ejongene ne-United States, ngelixa nje isi-7 ekhulwini sathi yimbumba yamanyama. intsilelo okanye ityala lesizwe) [47]. Olu luvo lubambe naphakathi kwabaninzi abachonga iQela leTea. Umzekelo, uHoward noValelly bachaza ukuba i-CBS/Maxesha poll kunyaka ophelileyo "wafumanisa ukuba naphakathi Tea Party abalandeli, egxininisa kuqoqosho / imisebenzi (44 ekhulwini) yayibaluleke kakhulu kunokuba kugxininiswe intsilelo okanye ityala (10 ekhulwini)" [48].
Omnye wakutshanje poll yiWorldPublicOpinion.org ehlonitshwayo icebisa ukuba abo bavelana neTea Partyโmalunga nesiqingatha sabemi base-USโabakwenzi oko kuba besoyika โurhulumente omkhulu,โ kodwa ngenxa yokuba bevakalelwa kukuba urhulumente โakayilandeli intando yabantuโ (i-WorldPublicOpinion.org) i astronomical 81 pesenti yoluntu US ucinga ukuba urhulumente wabo "intle kakhulu iqhutywa umdla ezimbalwa ezinkulu") [49] .Past ukuvota baye babonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi boyika โurhulumente omkhuluโ kuphela xa loo rhulumente esebenza ngokuchasene neminqweno yabo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu baxhasa ngamandla miselo kumashishini amakhulu xa kukho imfuneko yokuthintela ukonakaliswa kwendalo okanye ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, kwaye bacinge ukuba urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukufikelela kwabantu bonke iimfuno ezisisiseko njengokhathalelo lwempilo, ukutya kunye nemfundo. Bade bajonge kakuhle kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, nangona uninzi lwabachola-choli beendaba luqhubekile ingxoxo ngokuchaseneyo, okumangalisayo xa kunikwa ipropaganda eqhubekayo ekhubekisa iimanyano kumashumi amaninzi eminyaka [50].
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu bacinga ukuba iinkampani nezityebi azifanele zibe nempembelelo encinane kurhulumente. Bachasa "urhulumente omkhulu" othanda amacandelo anengeniso ephezulu ngeendleko zakhe wonke umntu. Ezimbini zezona ndlela zibalulekileyo urhulumente wase-US axhasa ngazo izityebiโinkcitho enkulu yePentagon kwaye amazinga erhafu aphantsi-bakhuphe umsindo woluntu nangona befumana ukugwetywa okuncinci (kwaye bahlala benconywa) kushicilelo oluxhaswa ngemali yinkampani kunye ne-punditry [51]. A poll ukusuka kulo April odlulileyo ibangele inkxalabo ethile phakathi abakhi-mkhanyo ishishini-friendly, ekubeni ifumene "ukwehla kabukhali trust kwinkqubo free ishishini" phakathi koluntu US [52].
Ubungqina bokuchaswa koluntu ngamanye amaxesha buvela, nangona kunjalo, nakumaphepha-ndaba amashishini. Xa kutsha nje poll by 60 Imizuzu kwaye into evanithi ngokuthambile wanika abaphenduli uluhlu lweendlela zokunciphisa ukusilela, uninzi lwathi luza kuqala "ukunyusa irhafu kwizityebi" (i-61 ekhulwini) okanye "inkcitho yokukhusela" (i-20 ekhulwini) njengenyathelo lokuqala; nje 4 ekhulwini wayeza kugawula Medicare, kunye 3 ekhulwini wayeza kugawula Social Security [53]. Abantu, nokuba bangamalungu eqela lini na, bakuchase ngokukrakra ukunqunyulwa kweMedicare kunye noKhuseleko lweNtlalo, njengoko kungqinwe ngovoto nangolu Meyi udlulileyo. khathazekile emaphandleni New York State of a Republican umgqatswa for Congress owaxhasa ukusikeka Medicare, kunyulo olukhethekileyo ukuba AP uphawu "njengereferendam Medicare" [54].
Uninzi lwezinye ii-poll ziqinisekisile ezi zimvo zisisiseko, kodwa azifane zivele kwiingxoxo eziqhelekileyo: iinkcukacha poll yiNkqubo yoNxibelelwano loLuntu kunye neeNethiwekhi zoLwazi olukhutshwe ngoFebruwari odlulileyo lufumene ukuba abaphenduli baya kunciphisa inkcitho yonyaka kwiimfazwe kunye "nokuzikhusela" ngomyinge we-122 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo eziphezulu apho abaphenduli baya kwandisa inkcitho ibe luqeqesho lomsebenzi, imfundo ephakamileyo, ulondolozo kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo, kunye nenkxaso-mali yezikolo eziziiprayimari nezesekondari [55]. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uyazi izinto eziphambili kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukawonke-wonke, abezopolitiko baye bazama kutshanje ukwenza uluvo lokuba baceba ukunciphisa inkcitho yasemkhosini, kwaye ushicilelo lwenkampani lunyanzelise ngobubele [56]. (Bona kwaneNtsomi yoku-1, ngasentla.) Kodwa kuvoto lwamva nje lwezimvo zoluntu, kucacile ukuba eyona โntsileloโ icinezelayo ejongene neUnited States kukuba intsilelo yedemokhrasi: umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kweminqweno yoluntu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Kakade ke, iimbono zoluntu azithatyathelwa ngqalelo kakhulu ziimbono ezihloniphekileyo zodidi oluphezulu kwaye azifane zibe nempembelelo enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo. Kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yangoku malunga nentsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, "Inyaniso yokuba uluntu lunokubonakala lukhetha uhlobo olwahluke ngokupheleleyo lwesivumelwano sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali" kunelo licetywa ngu-Obama kunye namaRiphabhlikhi "ayisiyonto," njengomgxeki weendaba uPeter Hart. amanqaku [57]. Imvumelwano ekudala ikho yamaqela amabini ibambe ukuba igalelo loluntu kufuneka liphelele ekukhetheni phakathi kwamaphiko amabini ezopolitiko odidi lwamashishini ase-US kanye emva kweminyaka emine. Ulawulo lweBush-Cheney ngokucacileyo utshatile le nkcazelo yedemokhrasi, ibhengeza ngokuphandle ukuba โUbenalo igalelo lakho. Abantu baseMelika bafaka igalelo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, kwaye yindlela esekwe ngayo inkqubo yethu. โ Kodwa ulawulo lwalukhethekile ekuthetheni ngokucacileyo oko lolunye ulawulo luthe lwakubhengeza ngokusebenza kwalo; uninzi lwezopolitiko lunokubaluleka kobudlelwane boluntu [58].
I-Keynesianism: Inyathelo eliyimfuneko kwiNdlela eya kwiRevolution
Kutshanje ndibe neencoko ezininzi kunye nabasekhohlo apho ndibonise iingxoxo ezichazwe ngasentla, kwaye baye baphendula bathi โKodwa ayisiyiyo nje iKeynesianism leyo? Ngaba loo nto ayisenzi sibe ngabavukeli, hayi abavukeli?โ I-spectrum yeengxoxo eziqhelekileyo ziye zatshintsha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukuya ngakwesokudla ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali ye-Keynesian eyayithathwa njengesiqhelo kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo ngoku ithathwa njengento ekhohlo. Ke yintoni enokuyenza (yenyani) eshiywe? URobin Hahnel inikezela impendulo entle:
Ngelixa amasoshiyali akufuneki ukuba akhokele intlawulo yemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Keynesian ukuvuselela iingxaki zongxowankulu, ngelishwa sisikhundla esizifumana sikuso. Okwangoku akufuneki senze umsebenzi wethu kuphela-sicacisa ukuba kutheni zonke iinguqulelo ze-capitalism zinqweneleka kakhulu kunokuthatha inxaxheba. , i-socialism yedemokhrasi-kodwa yenza umsebenzi wabaguquleli baseKeynesian ngokunjalo abaye balahlekelwa yimpembelelo kuwo onke amaqela ezopolitiko amakhulu ... [U] ngaphandle kokuba ndimangaliswe kakuhle ... ukubuyisela imigaqo-nkqubo yaseKeynesian kwi-vogue. [59]
Ukukhuthaza inkcitho ye-deficit enesibindi ejoliswe ekuncedeni abantu abaqhelekileyo ngumsebenzi oyimfuneko, nokuba awukho "utshintsho", ngasekhohlo. Ukusuka apho singaqhubela phambili ekubhukuqeni yonke inkqubo yongxowankulu. Ewe, imizabalazo inako kwaye kufuneka ibe ngaxeshanye: njengoko sikhuthaza ezinye iindlela zexesha elifutshane (Keynesianism), kufuneka sisebenze ukucacisa, ukuxoxa, ukufuna, kunye nokwakha enye indlela yexesha elide yedemokhrasi, inxaxheba yesoshiyali [60]. Ukuzabalazela uhlaziyo akufuneki ukuba sisenze sibe ngabahlaziyi [61].
amaNqaku
*Enkosi kuRobin Hahnel ngempendulo eluncedo.
[1] Krugman, "Ixesha Elimnyama leMacroeconomics (Wonkish)," ENew York Times blog, January 27, 2009. Bona izigxeko ezinengqiqo zokupapashwa kweendaba ezivela rhoqo kwiwebhusayithi ye Ubulungisa kunye nokuchaneka kweNgxelo (UBULUNGISA). UBinyamin Appelbaum, โAbezoPolitiko Abavumi Ukuvumelana naMatyala? Ewe, nabezoqoqosho abanako,โ NGOKU, Julayi 18, 2011, A11. Ukuqulunqwa komcimbi njengengxoxo-mpikiswano phakathi kwamacala amabini alinganayo ahambelana nokugubungela "ingxoxo-mpikiswano" malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, apho iphephandaba lithetha ukuba kukho ukungaboni ngasonye phakathi koluntu lwenzululwazi olwahlulelene ngokulinganayo malunga nokuba utshintsho lwemozulu lubangelwa okanye akunjalo. ngemisebenzi yabantu; bona udliwanondlebe noNoam Chomsky, โIndlela Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Okwaba Yiyo โInkohliso Yenkululeko,โโ ZNet, ngoJulayi 15, 2011. UDean Baker wenza uthelekiso kwingxubusho yakutshanje yepenshini yecandelo likarhulumente: โNgenxa yokuhlaselwa kwakutshanje kwenzululwazi yemozulu nendaleko akufanele kusimangalise ukuba ipenshini echaziweyo eqhelekileyo kwicandelo likarhulumente ngoku. nayo iphantsi kohlaselo. Kukho abadlali bezopolitiko abanamandla kweli lizwe abangxamele ukwakha ibhulorho emva kwenkulungwane ye-19; isise kwixesha apho abantu abasebenzayo bebexhamla ukhuseleko olumbalwa kwaye bengakwazi ukuba nesabelo kwiinzuzo zokukhula koqoqoshoโ (โUmhlalaphantsi kawonke-wonke 101,โ Thunti, Matshi 7, 2011).
[2] Kuphela ngowona mbono ungenazintloni wokugxeka apho izityebi kunye nabameli babo bezopolitiko banokutyhola abachasi "ngemfazwe yodidi," njengoko abezopolitiko baseRiphabhlikhi ngamanye amaxesha batyhola iidemokhrasi ngokwenza. Bona ngokwabo bebesoloko bebandakanyeka kuloo nto kanye, kwaye imfazwe yabo iye yalungelelaniswa ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi, ixhaswa ngemali engcono, kwaye izimisele ngakumbi ukususela ekuqaleni kwee-1970s; bona uDavid Harvey, Imbali emfutshane yeNeoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Uhlaselo luye lwaba lunoburhalarhume kwaye lungenazintloni kangangokuba inani leengcali zezoqoqosho ezidumileyo ezingazange zaziwa nge-radicalism ye-left-wing okanye ithoni ye-polemical ziye zakhupha i-vitriolic critiques; owayesakuba ngusoqoqosho oyintloko weBhanki yeHlabathi uJoseph Stiglitz kunye noPaul Krugman, bobabini abaphumelele iBhaso leNobel, mhlawumbi ngabona baziwa kakhulu. Krugman wabhala Kunyaka ophelileyo โyenkcubeko engasebenziyo nekhohlakeleyo yezopolitiko, apho iNkongolo ingazukuthatha nyathelo lokuvuselela uqoqosho, ibongoza intlupheko xa kufikwa ekukhuseleni imisebenzi yootitshala kunye nabacimi-mlilo, kodwa ibhengeze ukuba akukho nto ibizayo xa kufikwa ekusindiseni zizityebi kwaneyona ngxaki incinane yemaliโ (โNow Thatโs Rich,โ ENew York Times, Agasti 23, 2010, A23).
[3] UMongameli Obama kunye neeDemokhrasi ezininzi ziyavumelana. Kwidilesi yakhe ye-2011 ye-State of the Union, u-Obama wathembisa ukumisa iminyaka emihlanu kwinkcitho yentlalontle yasekhaya, awayesele eqalile ukuyiphumeza ngokuyalela ukuba kumiswe intlawulo kubasebenzi bomanyano. Kwaye mva nje i-Obama White House iye ityikityiwe ukuzimisela kwayo ukusika iMedicare kunye noKhuseleko lweNtlalo-inxalenye yento u-Obama ayibiza ngokuba yi- "indlela elungeleleneyo" kwintsilelo kunye namatyala. Iingxaki ezikhoyo ngoku kwezemali zibonwa njenge ithuba ngabantu baseRiphabhlikhi kunye neeDemokhrasi ezingathanda ukugxila kubutyebi belizwe nangakumbi kwipesenti enye ephezulu yabemi, kwaye, njengegosa eliphezulu leDemokhrasi lixelele oonondaba xa libuzwa malunga nokuncitshiswa okunokwenzeka kuKhuseleko loLuntu, "iyakuba yimpazamo yokwenyani. siyayivumela ukuba idlule kuthi" (uLori Montgomery, "kwiiNtetho zeTyala, u-Obama unikezela ngoKhuseleko lweNtlalo," Washington Post, Julayi 6, 2011). Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, uninzi lweerhuluneli zeDemokhrasi ziye zajoyina iiRiphabhlikhi kuhlaselo lwenkcitho yentlalontle kunye nabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente. Kwi Inew york, umzekelo, u-Gov. Andrew Cuomo uye wachitha inkcitho kwimfundo yoluntu, ukuhamba ngobuninzi, kunye nezinye iinkonzo zentlalontle ngelixa unciphisa irhafu kwiipesenti ezintlanu zaseNew York; bona wam "Imfundiso eyothusayo: eNew York," ZNet, ngo-Aprili 1, 2011. Kuthethathethwano lwangoku lokunciphisa intsilelo ebandakanya u-Obama kunye neenkokheli zeCongressional, bona i-economist uMichael Hudson udliwano-ndlebe naye. "Ingxaki yokutyhalela phambili: iGOP ikhala ingcuka kwiTyala leTyala ukuze ibeke iAjenda yePro-Rich,"Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Julayi 22, 2011.
[4] UJoseph E. Stiglitz kunye noLinda J. Bilmes, "Iindleko zeNyaniso yeMfazwe yase-Iraq: i-3 yezigidigidi zeedola naNgaphandle kwayo," Washington Post, kaSeptemba 5, 2010. Bona kwanezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo Udliwano-ndlebe kaStiglitz kunye nosonzululwazi wezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown UNeta Crawford on Intando yeninzi Ngoku! ("NjengeeNtetho zeTyala zisongela i-Medicare, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iSifundo sifumana i-US ichitha i-4 yezigidigidi kwiMfazwe," Julayi 8, 2011).
[5] Ngenkcitho yasemkhosini bona i iitshathi zepayi iqulunqwa minyaka le yi-War Resisters League. Amanani kwi-TANF kunye nenkcitho "yokhuseleko lwengeniso" ivela ku-D. Andrew Austin kunye no-Mindy R. Levit, Ukuchitha isinyanzelo ukusukela ngo-1962 (Inkonzo yoPhando lweCongressional, ngoJuni 15, 2011), 3. Umzobo wesibini kwisithathu uvela kwingxelo yekhomishini yokusilela kuka-Obama (Umzuzu weNyaniso: INgxelo yeKomishoni yeSizwe yoXanduva lwezeMali noHlengahlengiso [Disemba 2010], 22).
[6] UGareth Porter, "Amanani aRacketeers: I-Obama-Gates Scam ngokuchitha eMkhosini," Uluhlu lwezahlulo, ngoAprili 21, 2011; UDavid Alexander, "INdlu yase-US ivume i-649 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zoKhuselo ngo-2012," iReuters, ngoJulayi 8, 2011; U-Elisabeth Bumiller kunye noThom Shanker, "IiGates ezifuna ukuqulatha Iindleko zempilo yasemkhosini," NGOKU, Novemba 29, 2010, AI.
[7] UAdam Looney, โIngxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuNcitshiswa kweRhafu ePheleleyo: Kuthekani Ngentsilelo?โ (Iziko loMgaqo-nkqubo weRhafu, ngo-2010), 1-2. Cf. UPaul Krugman, "Ngoku sisityebi," NGOKU, Agasti 23, 2010, A23.
[8] uKathy A. Ruffing noJames R. Horney, โUkudodobala koQoqosho kunye neMigaqo yeBush iyaqhubeka nokuqhuba iintsilelo ezinkulu eziqikelelweyo; Amanyathelo okuBuyisa uQoqosho, ukuhlangulwa kwezeMali kunempembelelo yexeshana kuphela,โ NgoMeyi 10, 2011, 3.
[9] Owona mthombo woKhuseleko loLuntu yi umsebenzi yengcali yezoqoqosho uDean Baker: umz., "Iinyaniso ezisixhenxe eziPhambili malunga noKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neBhajethi ye-Federal," CEPR Issue Brief, Septemba 2010; "Amadoda eMacho ayilunganga kuKhuseleko lweNtlalo," Financial Times, NgoMatshi 30, 2011;"Uloyiko lweNtsilelo yokuvelisa," Guardian, Julayi 11, 2011.
[10] Steffie Woolhandler, et al., "Iindleko zoLawulo lwezeMpilo e-US naseKhanada," I-New England Journal of Medicine 349, hayi. 8 (2003): 768-75; Baker noRosnick, "Izinto ezi-7 omele uzazi malunga neTyala leSizwe, iiNtsilelo, kunye neDola" (CEPR, Juni 2011), 7; Andrew P. Wilper, et al., "I-Inshurensi yezeMpilo kunye nokuFa kwabantu abadala base-US," I-American Journal yeMpilo kaRhulumente 99, akukho. 12 (2009): 4.
[11] UJeffrey H. Keefe, "IiNdlela eziKhuselekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuGcina intsomi yoMsebenzi woLuntu oBuyekeziweyo," I-EPI Issue Brief #294, Matshi 10, 2011; UJohn Schmitt, "IiNzuzo zaBasebenzi bakaRhulumente kunye nabaseKhaya," CEPR Issue Brief, May 2010.
[12] Nicholas D. Kristof, โHlawula Abafundisi Ngakumbi,โ NGOKU, kaMatshi 12, 2011, WK10.
[13] Iphepha eliphambili inqaku kwi ENew York Times lo Januwari uphelileyo upeyintwe umfanekiso โwomsindoโ oxhaphakileyo oxhaphakileyo ngokuchasene nabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente ngokubambelela kwimivuzo egqithisileyo kunye nezibonelelo ngeendleko zoluntu ngokubanzi. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku lavuma ukuba "i-raft yophando lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba imivuzo yoluntu, nkqu nezibonelelo ezibandakanyiweyo, ilingana okanye isemva kancinane kubasebenzi becandelo labucala." Ngoko ke, ukuba abantu are ngokwenene "bacaphukile" kubasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente, kubonakala ngathi iintatheli, abezopolitiko, kunye nezityebi zeshishini ubukhulu becala banoxanduva lokuhlakulela loo msindo ngokusebenzisa i-disinformation-into enokwenzeka ukuba ibaleka umbhali wenqaku (uMichael Powell, "Abasebenzi bakaRhulumente Bajongene Nomsindo Njengo. Iingxaki zoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ziyakhula,โ Januwari 1, 2011).
[14] UTom Juravich, "Ukubuyiswa kwe-US kunokufuna iManyano yeCandelo loLuntu," Iveki yo shishino, ngoFebruwari 27, 2011; URobert Pollin kunye noJeffrey Thompson, "Ukungcatshwa kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente," Wesizwe (Matshi 7/14, 2011), 21-22.
[15] Jonga i-Baker, โIipenshini zikawonke-wonke 101.โ
[16] UPollin noThompson, โUkungcatshwa kwaBasebenzi bakaRhulumente,โ 20-21.
[17] Laura Flanders, "Ikomkhulu okanye uluntu eWisconsin," Wesizwe (iblogi), ngoMatshi 1, 2011.
[18] ENew York bona yam "Imfundiso eyothusayo: eNew York"; kwinkxaso-mali yerhafu karhulumente-eneneni iyonke i-8.2 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka xa irhafu basekuhlaleni oorhulumente bongezwa-jonga uphononongo lwamva nje lweFiscal Policy Institute, Umthwalo okhulayo woHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweNcitho yeRhafu yoShishino lwaseNew York (ngoDisemba 7, 2010).
[19] Omtsha, "Imfundiso eyothusayo: eNew York"; UThomas Kaplan kunye noMichael Barbaro, "uCuomo uthi ukuNciphisa iiNzuzo zoMhlalaphantsi woluntu iya kuba yiNjongo yakhe ephezulu ngo'12," NGOKU, Julayi 14, 2011, A20.
[20] Hahnel, Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko: Indlela yangoku (London: Pluto, 2002), 155, ecaphula inqaku likaHerman likaFebruwari 1996 kwi Z Magazine; cf. Herman, "uQoqosho lweZityebi," Z Magazine (Julayi 1997).
[21] Imbali emfutshane yeNeoliberalism, 152-53, 192. Cf. uNahomi Klein, Imfundiso eyothusayo: Ukunyuka kobungxowankulu beNtlekele (ENew York: Metropolitan, 2007).
[22] UPollin kunye noThompson, "Ukungcatshwa kwabasebenzi bakarhulumente," 20; uStockman udliwanondlebe kwiiNdaba zeCBS' 60 Imizuzu ngoNovemba 1, 2010 (โIintsilelo: Idabi Lokurhafiswa kweZityebiโ). Ugxininiso longeziwe.
[23] CBO, Impembelelo eqikelelweyo yoMthetho wokuBuyisa kwakhona waseMelika kunye noTyalo-mali ngokutsha kwiNgqesho kunye neZiphumo zoQoqosho ukusuka kuAprili 2010 ukuya kuJuni ka-2010. (Agasti 2010), 2.
[24] UDean Baker, "Uziva Ungenantlungu: Kutheni Intsilelo Ngamaxesha Okungasebenzi Okuphezulu Ayingomthwalo," CEPR Issue Brief, Septemba 2010, p. 2; URobin Hahnel, โI-Redux yoNyulo: Ukufunda kuNyulo lwaPhakathi luka-2010, iCandelo lesi-2: Izifundo zaKhohlo,โ ZNetNge-8 kaNovemba ka-2010.
[25] UMark Weisbrot, "Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza i-Stimulus enkulu yayiyimpazamo ebulalayo" (i-op-ed epapashwe kumaphepha ahlukeneyo asekuhlaleni kunye nommandla, ngoNovemba 4-7, 2010).
[26] "Ingcali yezoQoqosho kaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz kwisiCwangciso sika-Obama sokuVuselela, iTyala, uTshintsho lweMozulu, kunye 'neFreefall: iMelika, iiMarike eziSimahla, kunye nokuTshina koQoqosho lweHlabathi,'" Intando yeninzi Ngoku! NgoFebruwari 18, 2010. Jonga uJack Rasmus, โUkungaphumeleli kuka-Obama,โ Z Magazine (NgoNovemba 2010), ngenani le-225 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
[27] "Unyulo Redux."
[28] UMark Weisbrot, โEwe, Zikho Iindlela Zokunciphisa Intswela-ngqesho Nokuvuselela UQoqoshoโ (i-op-ed ipapashwe kumaphepha ahlukeneyo asekuhlaleni nawengingqi, ngoFebruwari 3-13, 2011); Uphononongo lwe-IMF olucatshulwe kuPaul Krugman, "Indlela Yokubulala UkuBuyisa," NGOKU, Matshi 4, 2011, A27.
[29] Baker, "Uloyiko lweNtsilelo yokuVelisa." Kumaxabiso enzala aphantsi ngokumangalisayo ngeli xesha langoku, bona kwaBaker, โUngaziva Zintlungu,โ 5.
[30] uBaker noRosnick bacacisa le ngqiqo: โUkuba sasinamatyala ukuze sikwazi ukuxhasa izikolo neekholeji, size siqinisekise ukuba abantwana bethu nabazukulwana bethu bafunde kakuhle, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba sasibenze batyeba ngakumbi kunokuba sasingabaleki. bangena ematyaleni kodwa babashiya bengafundangaโ (โIzinto Ezisi-7 Ekufuneka Uyazazi Malunga neTyala leSizwe, Iintsilelo, kunye neDola,โ 2).
[31] โUkuNcitshiswa kweTyala kuyakuBuphelisa obuBumongameli,โ ZNet, Julayi 15, 2011.
[32] โUJoseph Stiglitz owawongwa ngembasa yeNobel: UVavanyo lokuThintela ukuBhanga, uVuselelo lukaRhulumente luyafuneka ukuze kuvuselelwe uQoqosho lwase-US,โ Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Oktobha 20, 2010.
[33] uBhinyamin Appelbaum, โAbePolitiko abavumi ukuVumelana neTyala? Ewe, Nabezoqoqosho abanako,โ Julayi 18, 2011, A11.
[34] Weisbrot, โUkungaphumeleli ukwenza iSivuseleli Esikhuluโ; I-Dimaggio, "UkuNcitshiswa kweTyala kuya kuPhelisa lo Mongameli," uqikelela ukuba ukuhlaselwa kuka-Obama kuKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neMedicare kunokuba yinto yokugqibela kuba iya kubacaphukisa abavoti asebekhulile.
[35] Ngengxoxo yomgaqo-nkqubo wemali karhulumente bona uPeter Orszag noJoseph Stiglitz, "Ukucuthwa koHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kweRhafu kwiNqanaba likarhulumente: Ngaba enye i-Counter-Productive kunenye ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho?" Iziko kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye nezinto eziphambili kuMgaqo-nkqubo, ngoNovemba 6, 2001.
[36] Esona sityebi ipesenti enye yengeniso "abavuni" (malunga ne-741,000 yezindlu) ubukhulu becala baxolelwa kwiirhafu zokuhlawula kuba uninzi okanye yonke ingeniso yabo ayiveli emvuzweni / kwimivuzo kodwa kwinzala, irenti, izabelo zesitokhwe, inzuzo eyinkunzi, kunye nezinto ezifanayo. imithombo. Ingeniso yerhafu eyongezelelweyo enokuthi ikhuphe i-3.4 yezigidi zeemali mboleko ezingenanzala kubanini-zindlu abajongene nokuhluthwa. Jonga iRasmus, "Indlela yokuyila imisebenzi ezizigidi ezi-6 kwaye ugcine abaninimzi abazizigidi ezi-3.4 ngokunyuka kweRhafu," ZNet, UDisemba 26, 2010.
[37] Rasmus, โUkuchacha kuka-Obama okusilelayoโ; uMichael D. Shear, โKwiNtetho kwiQumrhu lezoRhwebo, u-Obama ubongoza amashishini ukuba 'angene kumdlalo,'โ NGOKU, February 7, 2011. Bona kwanoTimothy R. Homan, "Abemi baseMelika abazizityebi bagcina ukucuthwa kwerhafu endaweni yokuchitha, iMoody's ithi," Bloomberg, ngoSeptemba 14, 2010.
[38] Kwimivuzo yemisebenzi eyenziwe yinkcitho yasemkhosini, bona uRobert Pollin kunye noHeidi Garrett-Peltier, โUmvuzo Woxolo,โ Wesizwe (Matshi 31, 2008).
[39] Khangela uHahnel, Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, 128-59, umz. 142-47, 152-59.
[40] Iingcali zezoqoqosho uRobert Pollin kunye noHeidi Garrett-Peltier baye bafunda esi sihloko nzulu. Jonga, umzekelo, "Impembelelo yeNgqesho yoKhetho lokuchitha eMkhosini kunye naseKhaya lase-US," Ukhuseleko lwenkcitho yokuqala Iphepha leNkcazo #10 (2009); "Iimpembelelo zeNgqesho zase-US zezinto eziphambili zokuchitha eMkhosini naseKhaya," Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeeNkonzo zeMpilo 39, hayi. 3 (2009): 443-60; โUmvuzo Woxolo.โ
[41] Uphononongo lwembali jonga iHa-Joon Chang, AmaSamariya amabi: Intsomi yoRhwebo olungaKhululwa kunye neMbali eyiMfihlo yoBungxowankulu (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), kunye Ukukhaba iLeli: Isicwangciso soPhuhliso kwimbono yeMbali (eLondon: Anthem Press, 2002); Noam Chomsky, Unyaka wama-501: Uloyiso luyaqhubeka (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 99-117.
[42] UMark Zepezauer kunye no-Arthur Naiman, Thatha iSityebi kwiNtlalontle (UMonroe, ME: Isibindi esiqhelekileyo / i-Odonian, i-1996).
[43] UPI, โSaudi Arabia Eyes $60 Billion in US Arms,โ October 22, 2010; "Ngaba u-Obama uye wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumthengisi oyintloko eTshayina?" Intando yeninzi Ngoku! NgoJanuwari 20, 2011.
[44] AmaSamariya amabi, 28-29.
[45] Umzekelo, uDavid Leonhardt, "Ingxaki yokwenyani neTshayina," NgoJanuwari 11, 2011; โITshayina Entsha Yentsebenziswanoโ (umhleli), ngoJanuwari 21, 2011.
[46] Izahlulo zeli candelo zibolekwe kwinqaku lam "Imfundiso eyothusayo: eNew York."
[47] I-poll eyenziwe ngoJuni 24-28, 2011, ekhoyo Apha; bona kwanoMegan Thee Brenan, "I-Poll: Eyona nto iNgqongileyo yeNkongolo kufuneka ibe kukuDala imisebenzi," ENew York Times (iblogi), ngoJanuwari 20, 2011.
[48] "Ingxaki yokuNikela ingqalelo kwiNtsilelo: Yintoni ngokwenene abaMvoti abayiyicingayo malunga neentsilelo, amatyala, kunye nokuBuyiselwa kwakhona kwezoqoqosho," Ithemba laseMelika (Okthobha 11, 2010).
[49] uStephen Kull, โUrhulumente Omkhulu Akayongxaki,โ WorldPublicOpinion.org, Agasti 19, 2010.
[50] Bona ingqokelela yeziphumo zokuvota ezicatshulwe kum "Ukukhulisa 'iNyucleus esempilweni': Iingcamango zeNdlela yokuZibandakanya neKlasi yabaSebenzi abaMhlophe," Z blog, January 22, 2010. Kusasazo lwamva nje olubonisa intiyo yoluntu ngokubanzi malunga nemibutho, bona uPeter Hart, "Ndimangaliswe yi-Solidarity eWisconsin," Yongezelelweyo! (Epreli 2011).
[51] โUkukhulisa 'I-Nucleus Esempilweni.'โ
[52] USihlalo we-arhente yovoto, i-Globescan, uphawule ngoloyiko esithi โishishini laseMelika lisondele ekuphulukaneni nekhontrakthi yalo yentlalontle kunye neentsapho zaseMelika eziqhelekileyo ezibangele ukuba liphumelele kwihlabathi. Ubunkokeli obuphefumlelweyo buya kufuneka ukubuyisela umva lo mkhwaโ (icatshulwe kwiWorldPublicOpinion.org, โUkwehla okubukhali kwi-American Enthusiasm for Free Market, Poll Shows,โ April 6, 2011). Obu โbunkokeli buphefumlelweyoโ buya kuthatha uhlobo lwayo lwesiqhelo lokunyuswa kwenkxaso-mali yezopolitiko kunye nemibutho yeendaba ukuze kuphembelele uluvo loluntu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
[53] UStephanie Condon, "I-Poll: Ukunciphisa iDeficit, Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bathi iRhafu eSityebi ngakumbi,"Iindaba ze-CBS (kwi-intanethi), nge-3 kaJanuwari ngo-2011.
[54] "Idemokhrasi uKathy Hochul Uphumelele uKhetho oluKhethekileyo lwe-26th yeSithili seSithili saseNew York," ngoMeyi 24, 2011.
[55] USteven Kull, uClay Ramsay, uEvan Lewis, kunye noStefan Subias, Uluntu lwaseMelika lunokujongana njani nentsilelo yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, kaFebruwari 3, 2011, iphepha 7-8. Ukufumana ingxoxo eluncedo malunga nendlela amagama kunye nomxholo wovoto lwamva nje oluchaphazela iziphumo, bona uCarl Conetta kunye noCharles Knight, "Ngaba Sikulungele Ukuyinciphisa Inkcitho Yokhuseleko? Zithini iiPolls,โ IHotff Post, ngoFebruwari 8, 2011. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ngaba abaphenduli baziswa okanye baxelelwe ukuba yimalini urhulumente wase-US ayichitha emkhosini ngaphambi kokuba baphendule (ngokumangalisayo bajongela phantsi inani lokwenyani). Cf. Iingxelo zikaRasmussen, "Abavoti abajongeli phantsi ukuba i-US ichitha malini kwezoKhuselo," NgoFebruwari 1, 2011.
[56] Ingxelo malunga nesiphakamiso sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali luka-Obama luka-2012 olukhutshwe ngoFebruwari, i ENew York Times ngokungazenzisiyo wabhala ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukaMongameli โluya kunciphisa inkcitho yasemkhosini.โ UJackie Calmes, "Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali luka-Obama lufuna ukucutha okunzulu kwinkcitho yasekhaya," NGOKU, Februwari 12, 2011.
[57] "Ubugwenxa beMedia kwiNgxoxo yeTyala," Ubulungisa kunye nokuchaneka kweNgxelo (FAIR) blog, Julayi 15, 2011.
[58] WorldPublicOpinion.org/Program on International Policy Attitudes, "Uluntu lwaseMelika luthi iiNkokeli zikaRhulumente kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo kwiiPoll," Matshi 21, 2008.
[59] U-Hahnel udliwano-ndlebe ngu-Alex Dougherty, "Ukugrumba emngxunyeni," iProjekthi entsha yaKhohlo, ngoDisemba 1, 2010.
[60] Uncwadi olungo โnxaxheba kuqoqoshoโ lufumaneka ngokulula, ngakumbi kwi โPareconโIcandelo le Z iwebhusayithi; Iingcaciso ezingaphezulu zinokufumaneka kuMichael Albert noRobin Hahnel, UQoqosho lwezoPolitiko loQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1991); Albert, I-Parecon: Ubomi Emva koBuchule (eLondon/eNew York: Verso, 2003). Ngengxelo emfutshane kakhulu ephuma kwindawo ephambili yomzabalazo waseNew Yorkers ngokuchasene nobucukubhede bebhajethi, bona uMbutho woMbutho waMahala, "Ukubuyela umva, ukuJonga Phambili: Umbono ongomnye woBulungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi," Meyi 2011.
[61] Bona uRobin Hahnel, โUkulwela uHlaziyo Ngaphandle Kokuba NguMguquli,โ ZNet, Matshi 25, 2005.
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