Nge-3 kaDisemba inkampani yokuvota yaseChile Latinobarómetro ikhuphe uvoto lwayo lonyaka lwezimvo zoluntu kumazwe alishumi elinesibhozo eLatin America. I-poll inika imikhondo exabisekileyo malunga neembono zabemi, kwaye kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lweenyani zezopolitiko nezentlalo zaseLatin America.
Apha ndinika isishwankathelo kunye nohlalutyo lwezinye zeziphumo eziphambili ze-poll, zigxininisa kwiziphumo ezibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US (abo bafunda iSpanish banokujonga iziphumo ngokupheleleyo website). Njengakwiminyaka edlulileyo, unyulo lunika ithuba lokuvavanya inqanaba apho umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ukhuthaza idemokhrasi, njengoko abezopolitiko kunye neengcali zithi injalo: ngaba amahlakani ase-US afana neColombia, iMexico, kunye nePeru ngokwenene "idemokhrasi ephumelelayo" ukuba i-US urhulumente kunye noshicilelo babanga ukuba banjalo, ngokuchaseneyo "nobuzwilakhe" obunyakazayo kumazwe afana neVenezuela neBolivia [1]? I-poll yaseLatinobarómetro, njengezinye ii-poll, ayisiyiyo nayiphi na ingxaki yokubonisa inqanaba lentando yesininzi, ubulungisa, okanye impilo-ntle kumazwe ahlukeneyo-imibono yabemi ngamanye amaxesha inokuphosakela okanye ilahlekisa, kunjalo. Kwaye njengoninzi lovoto, abo bemi baneendawo zokuhlala ezimisiweyo kwiindawo ezikwindawo esembindini bakholisa ukumelwa ngokugqithisileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungamelwani kwamahlwempu asezidolophini nasezilalini; oku kuthambekela kwemethodological ngokuqinisekileyo kwenzakalisa urhulumente othe tye ngakumbi kunabanye [2]. Kodwa ngaphandle kwale mida, iziphumo zovoto zihlala zibalulekile kulo naluphi na uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lweenyani zaseLatin America.
Iziphumo zika-2010 ziyangqinelana ngokubanzi nezo ze 2008 kwaye 2009: amazwe ahlala enyeliswa njengemizekelo yolawulo-melo enza kakuhle ngokwentelekiso ngabemi bawo, ngelixa lawo asondelelene kakhulu ne-United States ethanda ukungahambi kakuhle ngokwemigangatho yengingqi [3]. Le pateni ibonakala kakhulu xa kuvavanywa iVenezuela neBolivia, kwelinye icala, kunye neColombia, iMexico, nePeru, kwelinye.
IDemokhrasi yezopolitiko kunye neNtlalo: Iindlela ezisisiseko
Njengakwiminyaka edlulileyo, omnye wemibuzo esembindini walinganisa inqanaba lokwaneliseka kwabaphenduli yimeko yedemokhrasi kwilizwe labo. “Idemokhrasi” yashiywa ingacacanga, nabaphenduli bakhululekile ukutolika eli gama njengoko bebona kufanelekile. I-Uruguay igqibe okokuqala kumazwe alishumi elinesibhozo ngokumangalisayo i-78 yeepesenti yabaphenduli bathi "banelisekile" okanye "baneliseke kakhulu" ngedemokhrasi yabo, phantse kabini umyinge wengingqi we-44 ekhulwini. Phakathi kwabachasi base-US, iVenezuela ibotshelelwe isihlanu kunye nokwaneliseka kweepesenti ezingama-49, malunga nokufana nonyaka ophelileyo. IBolivia, okwangoku, yehle kakhulu ukusuka kwi-50-pesenti yokwaneliseka ngo-2009 ukuya kuma-32 ekhulwini kulo nyaka, yehla ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu kwingingqi. Phakathi kwamahlakani asondeleyo ase-US, iColombia ibotshelelwe kwindawo yesithoba kwi-39-epesenti yokwaneliseka, kwaye iPeru neMexico zangena ekugqibeleni ngolwaneliseko lwe-28- kunye ne-27-epesenti ngokulandelanayo. Umbuzo ofanayo, oxutyushwa kwicandelo lokugqibela elingezantsi, ulinganisa "inkxaso yedemokhrasi" kwaye yavelisa iziphumo ezifanayo, ngaphandle kokuba iVenezuela yaxhuma kwindawo yokuqala kunye neBolivia yesine [4].
Omnye umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu owabuzwa kwabaphendulayo malunga nomkhamo othi “izigqibo zikarhulumente ziyilelwe ukunceda abambalwa.” Lo mbuzo, mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwawo nawuphi na omnye, ulinganisa iimbono zabaphenduli malunga nokuba iinkqubo ezisesikweni zedemokhrasi kumazwe abo zisebenza kakuhle kangakanani na xa zisebenza—oko kukuthi, apho ezo nkqubo zibekwe ngokwebala ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokunyanisekileyo ukuya kwizimbo zokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi yezopolitiko. “Ophumeleleyo” othandabuzekayo kulo mbuzo yayiyiArgentina, apho ama-75 ekhulwini aye avuma ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente zanceda abantu abambalwa abakhethiweyo, ilandelwa yiParaguay (73%), iColombia/iBrazil/iCosta Rica (66%), iMexico (65%) nePeru. (63%). Amazwe anamanani ambalwa abantu abagxekayo yiUruguay (42%), iNicaragua (49%), kunye neBolivia neVenezuela ngama-52 ekhulwini. Umbuzo owahlukileyo waba nemiphumo efanayo: amalungu eqela lokugqibela onke ayephakathi kwabo apho inkoliso yabantu yayivakalelwa kukuba ilizwe labo “lilawulwa ukuze kulungelwe bonke abantu” (iUruguay yayiqale, ngama-59 ekhulwini achukumisayo); iqela langaphambili lonke ligqibe kwisiqingatha esisezantsi [5]. "Idemokhrasi ekhulayo" akufuneki ivumele abemi bayo naliphi na igalelo lokwenyani kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kubonakala ngathi.
Isethi yemibuzo iphinde yalinganisa ukuzithemba kwabaphenduli kumaziko ezopolitiko nawomthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-caricatures yaseVenezuela njengozwilakhe olurhubuluzayo apho indoda eyomeleleyo itshabalalisa amaziko edemokhrasi, iVenezuela yagqiba kwindawo yesithathu ephezulu xa abemi babecelwa ukuba balinganise ukuzithemba kwabo kwinkqubo yokugweba (ibotshelelwe-4).th), kwiNkongolo kunye nabezopolitiko (2nd), “kurhulumente” ngokubanzi (6th). IVenezuela igqwesile eColombia, eMexico, nasePeru kuyo yonke le mibuzo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi la mazwe mathathu angaphantsi kakhulu kumndilili wengingqi. Isikhundla seBolivia sasintsonkothile kakhulu, siphezulu kuneMexico nePeru kumanyathelo amaninzi kodwa yakhutshelwa yiColombia kwabanye [6].
Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo olandelelweyo olinganisela ukureyithwa kwemvume kamongameli uvelise iziphumo ezahlukileyo, kunye neColombia neMexico kwisiqingatha esiphezulu kunye neVenezuela kunye neBolivia kwisiqingatha esisezantsi (nangona iPeru yeza ekugqibeleni ifile) [7]. Umahluko phakathi kwesi siphumo kunye nabanye unika umdla, kuba kubonakala ngathi kubonisa abaphenduli. siqu Ukwamkelwa kwamanani afana noJuan Manuel Santos waseColombia kunye noFelipe Calderón waseMexico, ngaphandle koluvo lwabo jikelele lokuba iinkqubo zezopolitiko nezobulungisa azinademokhrasi. Ulwamkelo oluphakamileyo lweSantos kunye neCalderón lusenokubonisa izimbo zopolitiko zeenkokeli (ngokuchaseneyo nesitayile sikaHugo Chávez esihlala siqhuma) kunye nokuthambekela okungokwemvelo kwindlela yokuvota ekhokelela kumelo olugqithisileyo lwabakumgangatho ophakathi ezidolophini kunye nabaphezulu.
I-poll ikwanezalathi ezithile ezilinganiselweyo zamanqanaba obulungisa bentlalo. Xa abaphenduli bacelwa ukuba bavavanye ukusasazwa kobutyebi kwiindawo zabo, iVenezuela yoyisa uluhlu ngeepesenti ezingama-38 besithi ukusasazwa “kwakulungile” okanye “kunobulungisa kakhulu.” Impendulo yabantu baseVenezuela mhlawumbi ibonakalisa ngokuyinxenye inyathelo lentlalontle elenziwe yiVenezuela kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, inciphisa intlupheko ngama-39 ekhulwini kunye nobuhlwempu obugqithisileyo ngama-50 ekhulwini. Amazwe alandelayo "alungileyo" emva kweVenezuela yayiyi-Ecuador (33%), iPanama (32%), kunye neCosta Rica, i-Uruguay, neBolivia (yonke i-26%). Amaqabane ase-US eMexico, eKholombiya, nasePeru zonke zibekwe phantsi kakhulu, kunye ne-15, i-15, kunye ne-14 ekhulwini, ngokulandelanayo [8]. Kanjalo, zonke Ezi ziphumo zimbi kakhulu, kwaye ayizizo zonke zibonisa amanqanaba okungalingani kuwo wonke ummandla. Kodwa banomdla ubuncinci kwinto abayicebisayo malunga nomahluko ophakathi kwabahlobo base-US kunye neentshaba.
Ezi ziphumo zihambelana ngokubanzi nezo zovoto lwangaphambili lweLatinobarómetro, umzekelo 2008 kwaye 2009 iinguqulelo. Olunye utshintsho oluphawulekayo kulo nyaka uphelileyo luquka “ulwaneliseko” lwaseBolivia lusuka kuma-50 ukusa kuma-32 ekhulwini. Kodwa ipateni iyonke kunye neziphumo zeziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US zihlala zingaguquguquki kakhulu: awona mahlakani ase-US akufutshane eLatin America (ingakumbi iColombia, iMexico, nePeru) ahamba kakubi kakhulu kuneentshaba zase-US (ingakumbi iVenezuela, kodwa neBolivia) kwezona zalathisi ziphambili. yedemokhrasi yezopolitiko nezentlalo. Le pateni ayibonisi ukuba iVenezuela kunye neBolivia ziindawo ezithatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, kodwa iyabacebisa ukuba babaluleke kakhulu. Kaninzi yedemokhrasi kunabahlobo base-US. Ukulungisa ukumelwa okugqithisileyo kovoto lwabantu abaphezulu basezidolophini nabaphakathi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kuvelisa iziphumo ezithandeka ngakumbi kumazwe afana neVenezuela neBolivia, apho imigaqo-nkqubo yamva nje ithande amahlwempu kakhulu kunezinye iindawo.
Kwinqaku elisecaleni, amahlakani ase-US akwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu kumanyathelo athile angabandakanywanga kwingxelo yeLatinobarómetro. A 2010 umbiko yiBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neQumrhu lezeMali laMazwe ngaMazwe lilinganise iMexico, iPeru, neColombia njengawona mazwe mathathu anobuhlobo boshishino kulo mmandla. Kwabo baqhelene nembali yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ngakwi-Latin America, akufanelekanga ukuba kumangalise ukuba isimo sengqondo sikarhulumente wase-US kwilizwe elithile sibonakala sinxibelelene “nokukhululeka kokwenza ushishino” kwelo lizwe. Ukunyuswa kwengeniso yenkampani kudla ngokufuna ukucinezelwa kwamalungelo oluntu asisiseko, iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nedemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba, uguquko olunceda ukuchaza amanqanaba asezantsi amazwe afana neMexico, iPeru, neColombia kuvoto lweLatinobarómetro kunye nepateni yokunyamezela Inkxaso ye-US kulawulo olunjalo [9].
Izimo zengqondo malunga nePolisi yase-US
Nangona umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US ibingeyongqwalasela yovoto, imibuzo embalwa inika umkhondo malunga nezimvo zabantu baseLatin America ngomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US. Umkhwa jikelele, kwakhona ungqinelana nale minyaka yamva nje, kukuncoma iUnited States kakhulu jikelele inqanaba, kodwa ukungavumelani nemigaqo-nkqubo emininzi yokwenyani yase-US.
Umzobo ngamnye ka-Barack Obama usajongwa kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye malunga nesibini kwisithathu sabaphenduli bathi impembelelo yase-US eLatin America yinto elungileyo. Kodwa ukuya ngaphaya komgangatho ongaphezulu, izimo zengqondo malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo ethile yase-US zimbi kakhulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba i-64 pesenti yabaphenduli bayigxeka ngokucacileyo i-embargo yase-US ngokuchasene neCuba. Nditsho nabaphenduli abagxeka iCuba njengengenademokhrasi ngokwentelekiso badla ngokuchasa i-embargo [10].
Ugxeko oluchube ngakumbi lwemigaqo-nkqubo yase-US kukukhaba kwabaphenduli kwiniyoliberalism. I-poll ngelishwa ayijongani kakhulu nemibuzo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, kodwa imibuzo embalwa ibonisa ukuba abantu baseLatin America bayayigatya imiba ephambili ye-neoliberal ye-ajenda yoqoqosho lwe-privatization, inkululeko, ukuchithwa, kunye nokunciphisa inkcitho yentlalontle. Bangama-36 ekhulwini kuphela abavumayo ukuba “ushishino lukarhulumente lube luncedo kwilizwe,” yaye ngama-30 ekhulwini kuphela abathi banelisekile ziinkonzo ezisisiseko zabucala. Malunga nesiqingatha (ipesenti ezingama-48) zabaphenduli bathi urhulumente kufuneka abonelele ngemfundo yehlabathi kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo [11]. Ngaphambili, omnye umbuzo wafumanisa ukuba abaphenduli bavuma ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba iinkonzo ezisisiseko kunye namashishini athile amakhulu kufuneka abe "ngokukodwa kwizandla zikaRhulumente," kodwa inguqulo ye-intanethi ye-2010 ayizange ibandakanye umbuzo onjalo [12]. Kukho isivumelwano esinamandla sokuba ishishini labucala kufuneka lidlale umda Indima kwezoqoqosho—ama-71 ekhulwini athi “lubalulekile kuphuhliso lwelizwe”—kodwa le ngxelo ayithethi kuthi xhaxhe ngesiseko semalike abahlalutyi abaninzi beyiphikisa. Kukwabahlalutyi ngokwabo apho ndijika khona ngoku.
I-Orientalism kunye ne-Neoliberal Bias kwi-Commentary kwi-Poll
I-Orientalism, njengoko ihlalutywa ngobuchule ngu-Edward Said, ibhekisa kwiindlela iinkcuba-buchopho zaseNtshona ezibonisa ngayo abantu basemzini njengabangaphantsi. Ukuboniswa kweOrientalist ngokwembali kubalelwa kubantu abangengabo abaseNtshona uluhlu lweempawu ezifana nokungabi nangqiqo, iimvakalelo, ukujongelwa phantsi kwengqondo, ukonqena, kunye nokuthambekela kwenkcubeko kubundlobongela nobungqongqo. I-Orientalism kwintetho yobukrelekrele nezopolitiko idlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukoyiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweenjongo zayo, inceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni. Ihlala ibalasele kugqabaza oluphezulu lwaseNtshona [13]. Kwimeko ye-poll yaseLatinobarómetro, zombini ingxelo ngokwayo (ebandakanya inkcazo ecaleni kwemibuzo / iimpendulo) kunye neendawo zokushicilela zenkampani eziphawula kwi-poll zibonisa umbono ophawulweyo we-Orientalist. Kwangaxeshanye, batolika ngokukhethekayo iziphumo zovoto ukuze bagxininise isivumelwano esityholwa ngabantu baseLatin America kunye nesakhelo esisisiseko somanyano lwehlabathi oluqhutywa yineoliberal.
Abahlalutyi beLatinobarómetro kunye nabo bavela kwiindawo ezifana ne Economist ngokuqhelekileyo kugxilwe kumbuzo omnye ngokukodwa: "inkxaso yedemokhrasi" phakathi kwabantu baseLatin America. Ingxelo yalo nyaka iphawula ukuba inani lengingqi linyukile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye neepesenti ezingama-61 ngoku evumayo ukuba "idemokhrasi ikhethwa ngakumbi kunolunye uhlobo lorhulumente" [14]. Enye intsingiselo yamagama alo mbuzo, ewe, yeyokuba abantu baseLatini ngokwembali bebeluthanda ulawulo lobuzwilakhe, kwaye ke ukunyuka “kwenkxaso yedemokhrasi” kubonisa ukuba ekugqibeleni bayawugqitha umnqweno wabo wamandulo wolawulo-melo. Abahlalutyi abaziingcali abanikeli ingqwalasela encinci malunga noku ngoba, ngaphandle kokuba nomnqweno wemvelo wokulawula ubuqhophololo, abemi abaninzi baseLatin America basenokunganeliseki “yidemokhrasi” ekhoyo ngoku kumazwe abo.
Eminye yeminye imibuzo ye-poll inika imikhondo eluncedo, kodwa ayihoywa kwinkcazo yeengcali. Ngokomzekelo, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, omnye umbuzo utyhila imbono exhaphakileyo yokuba oorhulumente abaninzi (ingakumbi abo banobuhlobo kakhulu neUnited States) balawulwa ngokufanelekileyo “ngabambalwa,” kanye njengokuba abantu baseUnited States. eli lizwe Bacinga kakhulu ukuba urhulumente wase-US "uqhutywa kakhulu yimidla embalwa emikhulu" [15]. Njengoko uNoam Chomsky waphawulayo ngokubhekiselele “kwinkxaso yedemokhrasi” elinganiselweyo kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, “Inkxaso yemikhosi yedemokhrasi ilinganiselwe, kungekhona ngenxa yokuchaswa kwedemokhrasi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iba phantsi kwemithetho yaseNtshona” [ 16]. Idemokhrasi, kwaye kuthetha ukuthini ukuxhasa idemokhrasi, azizange zichazwe ngokwenene kwingxelo yeLatinobarómetro, kodwa ngokucacileyo abahlalutyi beengcali basebenzisa idemokhrasi yenkululeko ye-Western njenge-yardstick yabo [17]. Inyani yokuba idemokhrasi yohlobo lwaseNtshona ngokusebenza ihlala ifana nozwilakhe wenkampani kwaye ukungalingani okumangalisayo kunokunceda ukucacisa ukunqongophala "kwenkxaso yedemokhrasi" phakathi koluntu, kodwa oku kunokwenzeka akwenzeki kwiingcali.
Nangona isakhelo esilinganiselweyo kunye nethoni ye-Orientalist yombuzo, imilinganiselo "yenkxaso yedemokhrasi" isenomdla, ngenye indlela. Kuba abaqulunqi be-poll kunye nabagqabaza basebenza kwingcinga yokuba bonke abalawuli abalishumi elinesibhozo baseLatin America abantu babo baphononongwayo "yidemokhrasi" ubuncinci ngokwengqiqo, umbuzo uba yinxalenye yomlinganiselo ocacileyo wokwaneliseka kwabemi Lumente yedemokhrasi kumazwe abo (kwaye ke kufuneka iqwalaselwe ecaleni kombuzo “wokwaneliseka” ocacileyo okhankanywe ngasentla). Iziphumo zibeka ingxaki engathandekiyo kwiingcali, ezithe zamangaliswa kukuba iVenezuela ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kuluhlu kunye neepesenti ezingama-84 zabantu baseVenezuela bevuma ukuba "idemokhrasi" ihlala ikhethwa "kulawulo lolawulo." IVenezuela yalandelwa yiUruguay ngama-75 ekhulwini, iCosta Rica ngama-72 ekhulwini, neBolivia ngama-68 ekhulwini; Amaqabane ase-US eColombia, eMexico, ePeru naseHonduras alinganiselwa kuma-53 ekhulwini. Ngaphandle kweBolivia, le pateni ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nomgangatho "wokwaneliseka" kumbuzo wokuqala we-poll okhankanywe ekuqaleni, apho iVenezuela ibotshelelwe kwisihlanu kunye namahlakani ase-US onke abekwe phantsi kakhulu.
Inqaku lomhleli elithi iLatinobarómetro ibonelela ecaleni kombuzo "wenkxaso yedemokhrasi" icacisa i-enigma yaseVenezuela:
Iyaxaka into yokuba iVenezuela ibonise eyona nkxaso [yedemokhrasi], kuba ililizwe ekukho ukugxekwa kakhulu malunga nemeko yedemokhrasi yayo. Abantu baseVenezuela, nangona kunjalo, abanalo uluvo olufanayo nabahlalutyi bedemokhrasi. (Ugxininiso lwam)
Eyona nto ibangela umdla ngakumbi, le ngxelo ihlabela mgama, “kukungangqinelani phakathi kwezinto eziyinyaniso nezicingwayo.” Ngokucacileyo iVenezuela lelona lizwe lincinci ledemokhrasi ngokwemigangatho enenjongo, ingxelo efuna ukuthethelelwa okuncinci. Kodwa okumangalisayo kukuba, "ukugxekwa malunga nemeko yedemokhrasi yayo" akuveli kubantu bayo, kodwa "kubahlalutyi bedemokhrasi" abanegunya. Abantu baseVenezuela ngokwabo ngandlel’ ithile abanalwazi okanye baphandlwe ingqondo ukuba babone inyani. Ngobudenge bakholelwa ukuba ilizwe labo leledemokhrasi, ababukhathaleli ubunyani bolawulo lobuzwilakhe kwaye bahluthwa ulwazi lobuchwephesha lwabahlalutyi bedemokhrasi, abawaziyo amazwe afana neKholombiya, iMexico, nePeru ukuba ngawona matshatsheli edemokhrasi namalungelo oluntu.
Abahlalutyi beLatinobarómetro ngokwabo bedemokhrasi banikezela ngeengcaciso ezinokubakho malunga nale ngxaki. Okokuqala, "Idemokhrasi ithetha ntoni kubantu baseVenezuela yahlukile kwinto eyithethayo kwamanye amazwe akulo mmandla." Abahlalutyi abaniki ngcaciso ingaphezulu apha, nangona kunjalo. Kwaye eneneni, omnye umbuzo utyhila ukuba abantu baseVenezuela ngaphezu kwabo nabaphi na abanye abantu "bathatha amaqela kunye neCongress njengento eyimfuneko" kwidemokhrasi-nto leyo ethetha ukuba abantu baseVenezuela abakhange batsaleleke kwi-despotism kuyo nayiphi na imeko yenkcubeko okanye yebhayoloji, kwaye enyanisweni babambe. urhulumente kwimigangatho ephezulu kakhulu. Abantu baseVenezuela ngabona “banomdla kwezopolitiko” ngokomnye umbuzo, ngoko ukwaneliseka kwabo akunakuba sisiphumo sokungakhathali okonwabileyo kubunyani bobuzwilakhe obubangqongileyo. Abantu baseVenezuela banethemba elincinane kwaye abalindelanga inkqubela ekhawulezileyo, [okuthetha ukuba] intwana [yenkqubela phambili] inokubonwa njengenkqubela phambili enkulu.” Ulindelo oluphantsi lwaseVenezuela lunokuchaza ukuba kutheni, umzekelo, kuphela iipesenti ezingama-63 zabantu baseChile "zixhasa idemokhrasi" ngelixa i-84 ipesenti yabantu baseVenezuela benza [18]. Ukanti eyona mibuzo kuvoto ibonakala icela umngeni kwezi ngcaciso.
Ipateni yesibini kwi-Latinobarómetro commentary kunye ne-coverage evela kwiivenkile ezifana ne Economist kukutolikwa okukhethiweyo kweziphumo zokuvota ukucebisa ukuba abantu baseLatin America baxhasa i-neoliberalism. Abahlalutyi bedemokhrasi bagxininisa ukuba "uninzi lwabantu baseLatin America bazibeka kwiziko lezopolitiko," yinyani kodwa ilahlekisa [19]. Abahlalutyi, njengeentatheli kushicilelo lweshishini, ngokungafihlisiyo balinganisa "i-centrism" kunye "nenkxaso ye-neoliberalism," ukuze nabani na obuza iinkolelo ze-neoliberal abe zizinto ezigqithileyo kwaye azinangqiqo [20]. Ngokufanayo, isivumelwano sabaphenduli sokuba ishishini labucala kufuneka lidlale indima ethile kuphuhliso loqoqosho sitolikwa njengenkxaso yokubaluleka kwemarike ngokungakhathali kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
Iziphumo zovoto zakutsha nje zaseLatinobarómetro zibonisa ukuphoxeka okuxhaphakileyo ngokwenziwa kwabucala kweenkonzo zoluntu kunye namashishini (bona ngasentla). Kodwa abahlalutyi bedemokhrasi bajonge phantsi obu bungqina, endaweni yoko bagxininisa ukunyuka okuncinci okutsha nje kweepesenti zabantu abaxhasa ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala. Ushishino lwabucala “lube nexesha elinzima ekufumaneni ukuba semthethweni kwalo” ukusukela ngo-1998, xa lwathi lwafikelela kwincopho yezinga lama-46 eepesenti phambi kokuba inkxaso kawonke-wonke kubo yehle (i-46 yeepesenti yenza ulwamkelo olukhulu loluntu). Kodwa abahlalutyi banika ingxelo ngovuyo ukuba inkxaso yoshishino lwabucala ukusukela oko yabuya yavela kwindawo yayo ephantsi ye-22-pesenti yenkxaso, yonke indlela ukuya kuma-36 ekhulwini ngo-2010. -ipesenti yenkxaso yoshishino lwabucala ibonisa ukuphucuka okuncinci kunonyaka ophelileyo, omnye umbuzo ufumene ukuhla kwamanqaku amane kwinkxaso yoshishino lwabucala, kunye nabo babika ukuba banelisekile buqu ngeenkonzo ezisisiseko zabucala ezihla ukusuka kwi-36 yepesenti kwi-34 ukuya kwi-2009 yepesenti kulo nyaka. Kodwa abahlalutyi bedemokhrasi bajonge ngaphaya kweziphazamiso ezinjalo, behleli benethemba lokuba ukuba semthethweni korhwebo lwabucala kuya kuqhubeka kunyukela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezimangalisayo kwixesha elizayo njengoko abantu baseLatin America besiba nengqiqo ngakumbi [30]. Ubungqina boku kukhula kwengqiqo kukwanda kwabantu baseLatin America "[a]ukwamkelwa koqoqosho lwemarike kunye nendima yeshishini labucala," "eyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kweedemokhrasi kummandla" [21].
Ngeendlela ezininzi, ke, amagqabantshintshi ahamba novoto lwaseLatinobarómetro atyhila okuninzi malunga nokuthotyelwa kodidi lwanamhlanje lwengqondo ekhululekileyo malunga nezimo zengqondo zaseLatin America. Kodwa ezo zimo zengqondo nangona kunjalo zifanelwe ukuthathelwa ingqalelo, ngakumbi oko bakucebisayo malunga ne-US "inkxaso yedemokhrasi" eLatin America.
amanqaku:
[1] U-Obama ngokwakhe uye wabiza iPeru ngokuthi "idemokhrasi ekhulayo," kwaye ikwazele yindumiso ngolawulo lwaseMexico naseColombia. Jonga uLisa Skeen, "Ukudunyiswa kwe-US kuQoqosho lwasePeru luphosa uphawu," Iindaba zeNACLA, Septemba 13, 2010 (icatshulwa). Kushicilelo lwamva nje lwabahlobo / iintshaba zase-US, bona yam "Ukuvavanya iModeli ye-Propaganda: i-US Press Coverage yaseVenezuela naseColombia, ngo-1998-2008," ZNet, UDisemba 19, 2008.
[2] Le ngxelo iqulethe iinkcukacha ezimbalwa malunga neendlela ezisetyenziswa kwilizwe ngalinye, isithi kuphela udliwano-ndlebe lwenziwe ubuso ngobuso ngoSeptemba nango-Oktobha walo nyaka; bona iCorporación Latinobarómetro, Ulwazi ngo-2010 (Santiago de Chile, Disemba 2010), 3, 127. Ndicinga ukuba ubunzima bemethodological kunye nemida ekhoyo kwiivoti ezininzi kumazwe angaphuhliswanga nazo zibonakalise inkqubo yokuvota kule meko.
[3] Kwiziphumo zika-2008 kunye no-2009 bona eyam "Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye neDemokhrasi eLatin America: I-Latinobarometro Poll," ZNet, ngoMeyi 26, 2009, kunye "I-2009 Latinobarometro Poll" (iblogi), ZNet, UDisemba 15, 2009.
[4] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 25-26, 31, 39, 47.
[5] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 32-33.
[6] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 73.
[7] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 75.
[8] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 6, 20. Ngedatha yezoqoqosho eVenezuela bona uMark Weisbrot, uRebecca Ray, kunye noLuis Sandoval, "Ulawulo lwe-Chavez kwiminyaka eyi-10: uQoqosho kunye neZalathi zeNtlalo" (Washington: Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo wezoQoqosho, ngoFebruwari 2009), 3, 10; UMark Weisbrot kunye noRebecca Ray, "Uhlaziyo kuQoqosho lwaseVenezuela," (Washington: CEPR, Septemba 2010).
[9] Ukwenza iShishini ngo-2011: Ukwenza umahluko kooSomashishini (Washington, 2010), 4 (caphula); bona kwanoFederico Fuentes, "I-Colombia: Ukwenza ishishini, Ukubulala Abasebenzi," Luhlaza sasekhohlo veki nganye, Novemba 13, 2010. Kunxulumano olungokwembali phakathi kwenkxaso ye-US kurhulumente kunye nokucinezelwa kwabo rhulumente kwidemokhrasi namalungelo oluntu, bona uLars Schoultz, "Umgaqo-nkqubo we-US wangaphandle kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwiLatin America: A Thelekisa Uhlahlelo loLwabiwo loNcedo lwangaphandle,” Uthelekiso lwePolitiko 13, hayi. 2 (1981); Edward S. Herman, The yenene Inethiwekhi yobugrogrisi: Ubunqolobi ngokwenyani kunye nePropaganda (Boston: South End Press, 1982), 126-32.
[10] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 112-19.
[11] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 83, 104-10.
[12] Bona eyam "Umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye neDemokhrasi kwiLatin America" kwaye "I-2009 Latinobarometro Poll."
[13] Edward W. Wathi, NgokweMpuma (ENew York: Iincwadi zeVintage, ngowe-1979); Kevin Young, "I-Orientalism kwi-Foreign Force: u-Edward Said, i-Liberals, kunye ne-Iraq," ZNet (iblogi), ngoAprili 9, 2008.
[14] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 26.
[15] Ukudana kunye nokugxeka phakathi kwabaphenduli base-US kukhulu ngakumbi kunaseLatin America, kunye neepesenti ezingama-81 ezivumelana nale ngxelo. Jonga ibhlog yam "Ukhetho lweDemokhrasi, kunye nolwethu," ZNet, Oktobha 10, 2010.
[16] Unyaka wama-501: Uloyiso luyaqhubeka (Boston: South End, 1993), 80.
[17] Kukho uqwalaselo olufutshane malunga nendlela idemokhrasi enokulinganiswa ngayo.Ulwazi ngo-2010, 23-24), kodwa eli candelo liyaqhubeka lithatha imiqathango ngokwalo (idemokhrasi kwaye inkxaso kwidemokhrasi) njengoko zibonakala kakhulu okanye ngaphantsi.
[18] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 25-26, 31, 60.
[19] "Iminyaka elishumi yeDemokhrasi: I-Latinobarometro Poll," Economist (Okthobha 27, 2005).
[20] Ndiyawugxeka lo mkhwa "Ukujongelwa phantsi kweeNdlela ezizezinye kwi-Neoliberalism," Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 43, hayi. 5 (Septemba/Oktobha 2010). Oku kuthambekela mhlawumbi kuyaqondakala ngakumbi xa kunikwa abaxhasi be-poll, ebandakanya iSebe leSizwe lase-US kunye noluhlu lwamaziko ahlala elawulwa ngurhulumente wase-US, njenge-UN, i-OAS, kunye ne-Inter-American Development Bank (Ulwazi ngo-2010, 3).
[20] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 106. Cf. “Umgaqo-nkqubo weDemokhrasi weminyaka elishumi,” nowathe wathabatha inxaxheba ngendlela efanayo kuvoto luka-2005, esithi “[umnqweno] wokuthengisa izinto zabucala uyaphucuka,” emva koko ugqithise umyinge wama-30 ekhulwini wokuvunywa.
[21] Ulwazi ngo-2010, 103.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela