Kungekudala i-Latin America "iimfazwe ezingcolileyo" ze-1960-80s ziye zaphinda zavela kwiingxoxo zeendaba eziqhelekileyo. Esinye isizathu kukuxoxwa kwetyala eArgentina, eChile, eGuatemala, eHaiti, ePeru naseUruguay nxamnye nezona zaphuli-mthetho zikhohlakeleyo zasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ezithi ngokudibeneyo zibe netyala lokubulala amakhulu amawaka abavukeli bezobupolitika nabarhanelwa ukuba bavelana nabo. Abanye abona bamangalelwa baphezulu nguzwilakhe waseGuatemala uGeneral Efraín Ríos Montt (1982-83), uzwilakhe waseHaiti uJean-Claude Duvalier (1971-86), kunye namagosa ahlukeneyo kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi waseArgentina (1976-83). Amashumi amaninzi amagosa omkhosi wase-Argentina agwetywe ukusukela ngo-2008, ngelixa ukutshutshiswa okuchasene noRíos Montt kunye namanye amagosa aseGuatemala kunye noDuvalier waseHaiti kuye kwazanywa ukusukela ngo-2011.
Ngaphandle kokunikela ingxelo enkulu kwezi ziganeko, amajelo eendaba ase-US ahlala engayinanzi indima karhulumente wase-US ekuxhaseni ezi rhulumente zibulalayo ngoncedo lomkhosi kunye nenkxaso yozakuzo. Le pateni ikwasebenza kushicilelo lweendaba zangoku ezixhaswa yi-US "iimfazwe ezimdaka," eHonduras nakwezinye iindawo. [1].
I-US kunye neeMfazwe ezimdaka: Umbono we-Amnesiac
Irekhodi elibhaliweyo lishiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo malunga nenkxaso yase-US yokoyika urhulumente kwiimfazwe ezimdaka zaseLatin America. Nangona iimbali-mlando ziphikisana nokuba inkxaso yase-US yayiyiyo zigqibo kwiimeko ezithile, bonke abaphengululi abanzulu bayavuma ukuba iWashington idlale indima ebalulekileyo enika amandla [2]. IArgentina, iGuatemala neHaiti ziyimizekelo emihle.
Urhulumente wasemkhosini waseArgentina wabulala, wangcungcuthekisa, wadlwengula amashumi amawaka abantu, ingakumbi abo basekhohlo, ababegxeka umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Ngexesha lengcinezelo urhulumente wase-US wanika i-junta ngaphezulu kwe-35 yezigidi zeedola kuncedo lwasemkhosini kwaye wayithengisa enye i-43 yezigidi zeedola kwizinto zomkhosi. [3]. Yayisazi kakuhle ubugrogrisi bombuso eyayibuxhasa. Kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lowe-1976, uSosiba weLizwe waseUnited States uHenry Kissinger ngasese xelelwe UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseArgentina uCésar Guzzetti wathi "silandele iziganeko zaseArgentina ngokusondeleyo" kwaye "sinqwenelela urhulumente omtsha okuhle. Sinqwenela ukuba iya kuphumelela…Ukuba kukho izinto ekufuneka zenziwe, kufuneka uzenze ngokukhawuleza” [4].
EGuatemala, ubuncinci abantu abangama-200,000 (kwaye mhlawumbi ngakumbi) babulawa ngoorhulumente basemkhosini abaxhaswa yi-US abalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswe yiCIA ngo-1954 ngokuchasene noMongameli Jacobo Arbenz. Incopho yogonyamelo lwaseburhulumenteni yayiliphulo lembubhiso “lomhlaba otshisiweyo” ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980, elaqhutywa—ubukhulu becala ngezixhobo zaseUnited States—nguNjengele uRíos Montt nowamanduleli wakhe uRomeo Lucas García. Eli phulo lijolise ngakumbi kumaMayans omthonyama, ekucingelwa ukuba angavelana nabavukeli belizwe abangasekhohlo. NgoDisemba 1982, phezu kwako nje ukuvuma komkhosi wakhe ngasese “ukubulawa okukhulu kwamadoda, abafazi nabantwana baseIndiya,” uReagan watyelela iGuatemala waza wabhengeza esidlangalaleni ukuba uRíos Montt wayefumana “i-bum rap” yaye “wayezinikele ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi. .” Ngemini elandelayo umkhosi waseGuatemala waphehlelela eyona imbi kakhulu ku bulala kule minyaka ilishumi, kwabulawa amadoda, abafazi nabantwana abamalunga nama-200 kwidolophana yaseLas Dos Erres. Uncedo lomkhosi wase-US lwaqhubeka emva koko, nangona lwaluhlala luyimfihlo [5]. URíos Montt ngokwakhe kamva waphawula ukubaluleka komkhosi wase-US kunye nenkxaso yozakuzo, xelela Umcholacholi weendaba wathi “ufanele avavanywe kuphela ukuba abantu baseMerika,” kuquka uRonald Reagan, “beza kuvavanywa nabo.” (Ngomhla we-10 kaMeyi uRíos Montt wagwetywa ngokubulala uhlanga kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, kodwa isigwebo irhoxisiwe yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yelizwe emva kokuphenjelelwa ngamandla ngoosomashishini baseGuatemala nabasemkhosini. Ngo-Epreli owayesakuba ligosa lomkhosi kunye noMongameli wangoku waseGuatemala u-Otto Pérez Molina waba wazama ukulivala ityala, esoyikela ukuba amangqina asenokumbandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu; omnye wayesele ekwenzile oko [6].)
Ukujikela kwiCaribbean, uJean-Claude Duvalier waseHaiti udume kakubi ngobukhohlakali bakhe. Yena noyise uFrançois babulala baza bangcungcuthekisa amashumi amawaka abantu baseHaiti. Ukanti amashumi amathathu eminyaka ubukhosi bakwaDuvalier banandipha inkxaso eyomeleleyo yase-US, kubandakanya noqeqesho lwasemkhosini kunye nokuthengiswa kwezigidi zeedola kwizixhobo kunye neenqwelomoya zomkhosi. Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe “yayingumhlobo othembekileyo wase-US” ngokutsho koNozakuzaku base-US esemthethweni kwi 1973 [7]. Inkxaso yase-US yarhoxiswa kuphela xa uvukelo oludumileyo lwaluza kukhupha uJean-Claude ngo-1986.
IArgentina, iGuatemala, kunye neHaiti yimizekelo nje emithathu yenkxaso yase-US yoxinzelelo. Isazinzulu sezopolitiko uLars Schoultz uye walinganisa ubudlelwane bezibalo phakathi koncedo lwase-US kunye nengcinezelo ngoorhulumente baseLatin America iminyaka ye-1975-77, efumana indlela ecacileyo: ” “babenethemba, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uncedo ludla ngokungena ngokulinganayo koorhulumente baseLatin America abangcungcuthekisa abemi babo” [8]. Ingqiqo ayisiyo mfihlakalo: IWashington ibisoloko ikhetha i-oligarchs enobubele base-US kunye nababulali xa bejongene nezoyikiso zedemokhrasi ebambekayo, ukusasazwa ngokutsha kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuzimela kwelizwe.
Nangona kunjalo irekhodi elibhaliweyo kunye nemvumelwano yabafundi ayibonakali kushicilelo lwe-US. Njengoko le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa, namajelo eendaba akhokelayo enkululeko phantse angaze ayivume inkxaso yase-US kulawulo lobuzwilakhe eArgentina, eGuatemala, naseHaiti. Kumatyeli ali-13 kuphela kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo apho nakuphi na ukunxulunyaniswa kwenkxaso kuvele kujongwe yi ENew York Times, Washington Post, kunye neNational Public Radio (NPR), phezu kwazo nje iindaba nezimvo ezingama-222 zizonke ezithetha ngamagosa awayesakuba ngoozwilakhe kuloo mazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, la majelo eendaba avuma inkxaso yase-US kuphela ipesenti ezi-6 zexesha.
IiNdaba/Izimvo Ezikhankanya Inkxaso Yase-US Yolawulo Lozwilakhe, NjengeCandelo Lazo Zonke Iingceba Ezikhankanya Ubuzwilakhe (Aprili 2008-April 2013) [9]
ENew York Times | Washington Post | KwiRadiyo kaRhulumente kaRhulumente | BEBONKE | |
Argentina | 1/22 (5%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0/3 (0%) | 1/41 (2%) |
Guatemale | 2/23 (9%) | 1/5 (20%) | 2/5 (40%) | 5/33 (15%) |
Haiti | 3/74 (4%) | 1/39 (3%) | 3/35 (9%) | 7/148 (5%) |
BEBONKE | 6/119 (5%) | 2/60 (3%) | 5/43 (12%) | 13/222 (6%) |
Kutshanje umshicileli wase-US ugxeke kabukhali oozwilakhe base-Argentina, eGuatemala, naseHaiti, begxeka umzekelo "ilifa elibi likaDuvalier lokunyamalala, ukuthuthunjiswa kunye nokubulala" kunye nodliwanondlebe namaxhoba okungcungcuthekiswa aseArgentina kunye nabantwana ababiwe kubazali babo ekuzalweni kwabo ngumkhosi. [10]. Ingxaki ikukuba abenzi bobubi babonakala nje benjengezaphuli-mthetho ezikhohlakeleyo kumazwe akude, abanxibelelananga kwaphela neUnited States.
Ukhuselo olukhankanya indima yase-US luhlala luphosa i-United States njengomthetheleli wedemokhrasi namalungelo oluntu. Ngo-2011 omnye Maxesha Ingxelo engoDuvalier ithi kuphela iUnited States yancedisa ukulungiselela “ukunduluka kwakhe eHaiti” ngo-1986. Ngo-2012 Maxesha ingxelo malunga nezityholo ezichasene no-Efraín Ríos Montt uthi "iWashington ifune ukuba iGuatemala itshutshise ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu njengemeko yokufumana uncedo lwasemkhosini," ngelixa engathethi ngenkxaso yangaphambili yase-US kwindoda esekulingweni okanye into yokuba umongameli wangoku waseGuatemala, I-US ally, nayo iye yabandakanyeka kwindyikityha yokufa kwabantu ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya [11].
Iimfazwe ezimdaka zanamhlanje
Ushicilelo lweendaba zoxinzelelo lwangoku oluxhaswa yi-US lulandela umkhwa ofanayo kodwa ongafaniyo. Umahluko kukuba amajelo eendaba abaluleke kakhulu kuloyiko oluxhaswe yi-US lwangoku kunokuba lunoloyiko oluxhaswa yi-US olususwe ngoku. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo xa bebonisa oorhulumente bangoku abaxhaswa yi-US ngendlela embi, bakholisa ukulandela indlela eqhelekileyo yokutyeshela indima yaseWashington ekwenzeni olu lawulo.
IHonduras ngomnye umzekelo. Ukusukela ngo-Juni ka-2009 umkhosi womkhosi ngokuchasene noMongameli Manuel Zelaya, urhulumente kaRoberto Micheletti kunye noPorfirio Lobo baye balawula umjikelo onzima we Nodlova ngokuchasene nabasebenzi, abalimi, abantu be-LGBT, iintatheli, kunye nabakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu, okubandakanya amakhulukhulu okubulala kwezopolitiko kunye nokungohlwaywa okucwangcisiweyo. [12]. Ngaphandle kwezigxeko zayo zokuqala zobhukuqo-mbuso (owayengunozakuzaku wase-US ngelo xesha. iphawulwe bucala ukuba "sisenzo esingekho mthethweni esingekho mthethweni"), ulawulo luka-Obama lwakhawuleza lwabonisa inkxaso yalo engqongqo kulawulo lukaMicheletti kwaye lwanceda ukuba lube semthethweni "unyulo" lukaNovemba 2009 lweLobo phakathi kwesoyikiso esikhulu sikarhulumente kunye nengcinezelo. [13]. Lonyusile uncedo lwasemkhosini eHonduras ukusukela kubhukuqo-mbuso, lunika amashumi ezigidi zeedola ngonyaka kuncedo lomkhosi kunye neekontraka zokuthengisa. [14]. Kwakhona kubonakala ngathi lixoki malunga noncedo lwayo kumphathi wamapolisa kuzwelonke waseHonduran ukunqanda izithintelo zoncedo kwabo bophula amalungelo oluntu. [15].
Amajelo osasazo ase-US aqhele ukuzihoya ezi zibakala. Baye benjenjalo rhoqo ibhekisiwe ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaluthetheleleka ngenxa yezityholo ezityholwa nguZelaya. Amaxhoba obundlobongela baseburhulumenteni afumene iqhezu elincinci lengqalelo enikwe amaxhoba karhulumente wase-Iranian kunye nolunye ulawulo olutyunjwa yiWashington njengeentshaba. [16].
Xa amajelo eendaba ase-US enika ingxelo ngocinezelo lwaseHonduras, ayijongela phantsi inkxaso yolawulo luka-Obama kuyo. IUnited States ichazwa njengomthetheleli onyanisekileyo wedemokhrasi. I-coverage ihlala igxininisa "ingxabano phakathi kwe-United States kunye neenkokheli zobhukuqo-mbuso" kwaye ichaza ulawulo luka-Obama "njengokukhokela inkxaso kukhetho lwedemokhrasi" [17]. Kude kube kabini kuphela ukusukela ngobhukuqo-mbuso lukaJuni ka-2009 ENew York Times, Washington Post, kunye ne-NPR ikhankanye indima yase-US ekuqeqesheni iGeneral Romeo Vásquez kunye nezinye iinkokeli zokukhwabanisa kwiSikolo esidumileyo saseMelika eGeorgia. (Kwixesha leminyaka emihlanu elicatshulwe ngasentla, abachola-choli beendaba, abahleli, kunye nababhali bemihlathi kwezi ndawo zintathu zange balukhankanye uqeqesho lwase-US luka-Efraín Ríos Montt kunye nezinye izaphuli-mthetho ezijongene nokuxoxwa kwetyala eArgentina naseGuatemala. [18].)
Ukugqunywa kweHonduras kubonisa into uEdward Herman noNoam Chomsky abayibiza ngokuba yi imodeli yepropaganda: ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamahlakani ase-US aluhoywa, kwaye ubundlobongela kunye nokubandezeleka kufanelwe ingqalelo kuphela xa iintshaba zase-US zinokutyholwa (okanye xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lukhuselekile kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye irekhodi yenkxaso yase-US kubo inokulibaleka). Ugutyulo lwakutsha nje lwaseKholombiya, eMexico, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi ayawulandela lo mzekelo [19]. Naxa amajelo eendaba evuma ukucinezelwa ngamahlakani ase-US, aqhele ukuyishiya indima karhulumente wase-US okanye ayiveze njengamandla edemokhrasi namalungelo oluntu.
Indima yase-US emhlabeni kufuneka ibe yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo abemi baseMelika kwiingxoxo ngemicimbi yehlabathi, kodwa ayifane ichazwe ngokunyanisekileyo kumaphephandaba. [20]. Uninzi loluntu luthanda umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle osekelwe kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye namalungelo oluntu jikelele kodwa lunolwazi oluncinci malunga nento eyenziwa ngurhulumente kunye ne-US corporations phesheya. Ukuba uluntu belusazi, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kwi-elites yase-US kunye namahlakani abo ukuba baqhubeke nokuphula amalungelo oluntu ngaphandle. Ushicilelo oluphambili lusilela ngokucwangcisekileyo ukubonelela ngezona nkcukacha zisisiseko malunga nembali kunye neenyani zezopolitiko zangoku, ziqaqambisa ukubaluleka kolunye uhlobo losasazo olungathembekanga kumaqumrhu okanye urhulumente.
amaNqaku
[1] Igama elithi "imfazwe emdaka" lihlala linxulunyaniswa neArgentina, kodwa iindlela ezifanayo zokoyika urhulumente ziye zasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi.
[2] Jonga umzekelo uMichael T. Klare kunye noCynthia Arnson, Ukubonelela ngeNcindezelo: Inkxaso ye-US ye-Authoritarian Regimes kwamanye amazwe (Institute for Policy Studies, 1981); UMichael McClintock, Izixhobo zeStatecraft: i-US Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, kunye ne-Counter-Terrorism, 1940-1990 (Pantheon, 1992); UGreg Grandin, Iworkshop yoBukhosi: eLatin America, eUnited States, kunye nokuPhakamisa kwe-Imperialism eNtsha (Metropolitan, 2006). Kwimizekelo yangaphambili bona uDavid F. Schmitz, Enkosi KuThixo Ukuba Bakwicala Lethu: IUnited States kunye Noozwilakhe Bangasekunene, 1921-1965 (UNC Press, 1999).
[3] Ngaphandle kokucuthwa kancinci kweCongress kuncedo lwasemkhosini kumazwe athile oloyiko ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970s nakwiminyaka yoo-1980s, iqhubekile ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo yoluntu kunye nekhusi. EArgentina bona uKlare noArnson, Ukubonelela ngoxinzelelo, 5; ISebe lezoKhuselo (DoD), Intengiso yoMkhosi waNgaphandle, iThengiso loKwakha uMkhosi waNgaphandle kunye neenyaniso zoNcedo loMkhosi (DSAA, 1984), 12-13, 42.
[4] Imemo yeNgxoxo, ngoJuni 6, 1976, iphepha 3, 9.
[5] Imithombo yolawulo ecatshulwe eGranin, Iworkshop yoBukhosi, 109-10; UReagan ucatshulwe kuSteven R. Weisman othi, “UReagan Uchasa Izisongelo Zoxolo kuMbindi Merika,” ENew York Times, ngoDisemba 5, 1982. Kuncedo lomkhosi/intengiso bona iDoD, Ukuthengiswa komkhosi wangaphandle, 14-15; UAllan Nairn, "uQhagamshelwano lwaseGuatemala," Inkqubela (Meyi 1986): 20-22.
[6] Kusekho ithuba lokuba uRíos Montt kunye noMauricio Rodríguez Sánchez (owakhululwa kwityala lokuqala) bangaya entolongweni, kodwa isigwebo senkundla ephakamileyo saba ngumqobo omkhulu kwabo bafuna ubulungisa. Ukufumana uhlaziyo ngolingo bona http://www.riosmontt-trial.org. URíos Montt uguqulele kuAllan Nairn, "Iqela lokufa leCIA," Wesizwe (Aprili 17, 1995): 513. Kwingxelo kaPérez Molina kunye nokugxeka kwakhe esidlangalaleni jonga udliwano-ndlebe lukaNairn Intando yeninzi Ngoku!, April 19 kwaye Ngamana 13, 2013, kunye noLouisa Reynolds, "UAllan Nairn: INgqina elaliza Kutyhola i-US kunye noPérez Molina," IPlaza yePublica,May 22, 2013. Ukuze ufumane uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo bona Jo-Marie Burt, "Isigwebo esiyimbali kwityala lokubulawa kwabantu eGuatemala sitshitshiswe yimikhosi yokungohlwaywa," I-NACLA Ingxelo ngeMelika 46, hayi. 2 (Ihlobo 2013): 1-3.
[7] Icatshulwe kuKim Ives, "Iintambo ezikhutshiweyo zeWikileaks zityhila: Indlela i-US iphinde yaqala ngayo kuNcedo lomkhosi eDuvalier," Haiti Liberté (Aprili 10-16, 2013): 9. Bona kwakhona Michel-Rolph Trouillot, IHaiti, iState Against Nation: Imvelaphi kunye neLifa leDuvalierism (ENew York: Uphononongo Lwenyanga, 1990), 202-08; UPatrick Bellegarde-Smith, IHaiti: Inqaba Eyaphukileyo, umfundisi. ed. (IToronto: I-Canadian Scholars' Press, i-2004 [1990]), i-128-42; ULaurent Dubois, EHaiti: Iinyikima Ezisemva Kwembali (ENew York: Picador, 2012), 320-59, esp. 334-35 kunye ne-348-50.
[8] Schoultz, "Umgaqo-nkqubo we-US wangaphandle kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kwi-Latin America: Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwe-Aid Aid Distributions," Uthelekiso lwePolitiko 13, akukho. 2 (1981): 155.
[9] Ngokusekwe kukhangelo lwedatha yeLexisNexis Maxesha kwaye isikhundla amanqaku (ashicilelwe okanye akwi-intanethi) kwaye aphendle www.npr.org kumajelo osasazo onomathotholo akhankanya owayesakuba ngamagosa aseArgentina uJorge Videla, uEmilio Massera, uReynaldo Bignone, uAlfredo Astiz, uJulio Poch, kunye/okanye uLuciano Menéndez; Abantu baseGuatemala uEfraín Ríos Montt, uMauricio Rodríguez, uOscar Mejía, uHéctor López, uJorge Sosa, uPedro Pimentel, kunye/okanye uGilberto Jordan; kunye noJean-Claude Duvalier waseHaiti. Ndafunda iqhekeza ngalinye eliqulathe elinye okanye ngaphezulu kula magama ukuze ndibone ukuba ikhankanye inkxaso yase-US; ishumi elinesithathu linobubele, kubandakanywa nokudityaniswa okucacileyo kwinkxaso yase-US. Itheyibhile ayiquki iindaba ezikhankanya upopu omtsha, uJorge Bergoglio. Iziqwenga ezininzi zaphakamisa umbuzo wokuhambelana kukaBergoglio kunye nozwilakhe wase-Argentina, kodwa enye kuphela (a. Maxesha blog) ikhankanye inkxaso yase-US kuyo.
[10] "Into yokugqibela efunwa yiHaiti," ENew York Times umhleli, kaJanuwari 20, 2011; UJuan Forero, "Umntwana 'Wokunyamalala' Uzifumana," Washington Post, Februwari 11, 2010.
[11] Randal C. Archibold, “UkuBuya Kowayesakuba Nguzwilakhe WaseHaiti Kusoyikisa Ukongeza Kwisiphithiphithi,” NgoJanuwari 17, 2011; U-Elisabeth Malkin, “Otyholwa ngeNdlobongela, Owayesakuba nguzwilakhe waseGuatemala Ukhetha Ukuthi cwaka,” NgoJanuwari 27, 2012.
[12] Iziko lamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko/iManyano yeHlabathi yamaLungelo oLuntu, Ukungohlwaywa eHonduras kuLwaphulo-mthetho oluNxamnye noBuntu phakathi komhla wama-28 kweyeSilimela ngowama-2009 kunye nowama-31 kweyeDwarha ka-2012 (Novemba 2012); Isenzo samalungelo, Ukunyhashwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu kubangelwe yiMikhosi yaseBajo Aguán eHonduras. (Nge-20 kaFebruwari ngo-2013).
[13] Unozakuzaku uHugo Llorens, imemo kwiSebe likaRhulumente kunye nabanye abafumana uncedo, nge-24 kaJulayi 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/28/world/20101128-cables-viewer.html?hp#report/cables-09TEGUCIGALPA645 (ifikelelwe 4/4/13).
[14] UDana Frank, "Honduras: Sikweliphi icala?" Wesizwe (Juni 11, 2012): 11-17; UDana Frank, "Imemo kuNobhala uKerry: Yeka ukuxhasa ngemali abantu ababi eHonduras," Los Angeles Times, February 12, 2013. Jonga kwakhona isiseko sedatha apha www.justf.org.
[15] U-Alberto Arce kunye noKatherine Corcoran, "I-US Aids Honduran Police nangona i-Death Squad Fears," AP, Matshi 23, 2013.
[16] UMichael Corcoran, "Ibali lonyulo olubini: iIran kunye neHonduras," Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 43, hayi. I-1 (2010): 46-48; UKevin Young, "iHonduras, i-Iran, kunye nomzekelo wePropaganda," ZNet, kaJulayi 5, 2010; UKeane Bhatt, "The New York Times eVenezuela naseHonduras: Ityala lokungaziphathi kakuhle kwiintatheli,” Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 46, akukho. 1 (2013): 67-69.
[17] UMark Landler, "uClinton Ucela i-OAS ukuba ifunde iHonduras," ENew York Times, Juni 8, 2010; "Isisombululo seDemokhrasi yaseHonduras," Washington Post ngoNovemba 28, 2009. Ngokufuthi iUnited States kunye norhulumente ekuthethwa ngawo (iHonduras neKholombiya namhlanje, kodwa iGuatemala, i-El Salvador, nezinye ngeminyaka yee-1980) ziboniswa zivaleleke phakathi kwabantu abaneembono ezibaxiweyo ngasekhohlo nasekunene, bezabalazela ukunqanda impindezelo. ubundlobongela babo bobabini. Okanye siva iingxoxo ezibonisa ukuba “bambalwa ababenezandla ezicocekileyo kwidabi elalikuMbindi Merika ngeminyaka yee-1980”— amazwi omnye owamenywayo. negalelo kutsha nje Maxesha iforum ye-intanethi eGuatemala owayengumxhasi ngokuthe ngqo wezenzo zenkohlakalo. Ezi zakhelo zilahlekisa ngokugqithisileyo: ayipheleli nje ekubeni nolawulo oluxhaswa yi-US oluhlala lusebenzisana nemikhosi yamajoni kunye namaqela okufa ngasekunene, kodwa ubundlobongela baseLatin America ekhohlo abuzange busondele kude kubundlobongela basekunene, kwaye ngokungafaniyo nobundlobongela basekunene. iphantse yajoliswa ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ekujoliswe kuzo zomkhosi (mhlawumbi ngaphandle kolunye olukhulu—iSendero Luminoso yasePeru ngeminyaka yee-1980). EGuatemala, iKhomishini yeNyaniso ye-UN emva kwezivumelwano zoxolo zika-1996 fu maneka ukuba i-93 yepesenti yazo zonke "izenzo zobundlobongela" ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya zenziwe ngurhulumente wasemkhosini oxhaswa yi-US, ngokuchasene ne-3 ekhulwini ngabavukeli bephiko lasekhohlo.
[18] A ENew York Times isiqwenga seendaba ukusuka ngoMeyi 17, 2013, emva kwexesha kodwa ngokuncomekayo kugxininise kwindima yase-US eGuatemala (uElisabeth Malkin, "Ityala leMfazwe yaseGuatemala yokufa kwemfazwe kushiya into: Indima yase-US," i-A10). Kukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, isigqebelo esinzulu kwi-a Maxesha ingxelo egxeka ukushiywa kwendima yase-US kwi trial (Jonga isihloko) ngelixa ungathethi ngendlela enye eshiyiweyo kwingxelo yeendaba Maxesha kunye nezinye iivenkile. Kwaye le ngxelo isajongela phantsi inqanaba lenkxaso ethe ngqo yase-US kuRíos Montt kunye nomkhosi waseGuatemala, icaphula imithombo ebonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-US wanceda ekudaleni umkhosi kodwa kamva waphulukana nolawulo kuwo: omnye uthi umkhosi oqeqeshwe yi-US "yaqhubeka ukwenza imbubhiso” (kugxininiswa ngakumbi); omnye uthi umkhosi “wawunjengesilo esikhulu esasidala esasingenamandla kangako phezu kwawo.” Isicatshulwa sokuqala siyayityeshela inkxaso ethe ngqo yase-US, kunye nolwazi lwembubhiso njengoko yayisenzeka, ngelixa elesibini lithetha ngempazamo ukuba ulawulo lweReagan lufuna ngokunyanisekileyo ukumisa urhulumente ekuxheleleni abantu. Nangona kunjalo, ibali le-17 kaMeyi lenza uphuculo olukhulu kunesiqhelo Maxesha ukugubungela inkohlakalo yaseGuatemala. Ukongeza, ubuncinci "Igumbi leNgxoxo" Maxesha iiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi zikhankanye inkxaso yase-US kulawulo lwaseGuatemala, kwaye zibandakanya ezinye imbono ezazilugxeka kabukhali ulawulo lukaReagan.
[19] UHerman kunye noChomsky, Imvume yokuThengisa: Uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwi-Media Media, uhlelo lwesibini (Pantheon, 2002); UKevin Young, "iColombia kunye neVenezuela: Ukuvavanya iModeli yePropaganda," Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 41, hayi. 6 (2008): 50-52; Andrew Kennis, "Umzekelo wokuXhomekeka kweMedia: Uhlalutyo lweNtsebenzo kunye noLwakhiwo lwe-US kunye ne-Global News" (i-Ph.D. diss., iYunivesithi yase-Illinois, i-2010).
[20] Abathetheleli bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US basoloko betyhola abagxeki ngokucinga ukuba izenzo zase-US zimisela ikhondo lembali ngokuzimeleyo, besithi abayihoyanga eminye imithombo yogonyamelo nokubandezeleka okanye imbono yabo “ayiguquguqukiyo.” Ukanti kusengqiqweni kuphela yaye kukuziphatha okuhle kubemi belizwe—kunye namajelo eendaba alo—ukujolisa ingqalelo enkulu kwindima yorhulumente wabo ekwenzeni ugonyamelo nokungekho sikweni, ekubeni iyile ndima abathi ngokwethiyori banamandla okuphembelela. Bambalwa kakhulu abagxeki bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US abayityeshelayo into yokuba ubundlobongela kunye nokubandezeleka kukwabangelwa ngabadlali abangengabo abase-US, njengoko nolona fundo luncinane lwemithombo yolwazi kunye neentatheli ezikhankanyiweyo kumanqaku angaphambili luya kungqina.
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