URichard Seymour Abavukeli baseMelika iqaqambisa imbali etyebileyo yobutshantliziyo obuchasene nama impiriyali e-United States, umba obalulekileyo wembali yase-US eshiyiweyo ikakhulu kwiincwadi zezifundo zembali. Le ncwadi idibanisa amabali akhuthazayo enkalipho yokuziphatha kunye neseti yezifundo ezibalulekileyo kwimigudu yanamhlanje yokulungelelanisa.
USeymour ucela umngeni kwiimbono eziqhelekileyo zokuchasa imfazwe kunye neentshukumo ezichasene nama-impiriyali kwimiba emithathu: 1) Iqela leDemokhrasi alizange libonise umgaqo-siseko wokuchasa ama impiriyali, kwaye, kude nokukhokela iintshukumo ezichasene nemfazwe, ngokwembali yayingama impiriyali kanye njengeQela leRiphablikhi; 2) uluvo oluchasene nama impiriyali ludla ngokuba luqilima phakathi kwawona macandelo acinezelweyo kuluntu lwase-US, hayi phakathi kolutsha olumhlophe olukumgangatho ophakathi; kunye 3) uninzi lweentshukumo ezichasene nama-impiriyali ziye zayinto nje โyokukhetha abantu,โ namaqela amaninzi ahlakulela amakhonkco omanyano namaxhoba aphesheya komgaqo-nkqubo wase-US.
Ingxoxo nganye kwezi zintathu icebisa isifundo esibalulekileyo kulungiselelo lwangoku: 1) ukuthembela kwiDemocratic Party sisicwangciso esibi kakhulu semibutho echasene nama impiriyali, kwaye akufuneki kuthabathe indawo yomsebenzi ozimeleyo wengca; 2) Amandla amatsha ntliziyo achithwa ngokunemveliso kakhulu ekuququzeleleni abasebenzi kunye noluntu lwebala; kunye 3) nokukhulisa unxibelelwano nabantu abacinezelekileyo phesheya kunokomeleza kakhulu umbutho, ukwenza iinzame zokunxibelelana / zoqhanqalazo eUnited States zisebenze ngakumbi kwaye ziphucule umbono wabaququzeleli base-US-njengoko uSeymour exoxa, "kuxa abantu baseMelika bebaninzi bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba inkcaso yama impiriyali ibiyeyona nto ingaguqukiyo, ithanda ukulwa, kwaye inempumeleloโ (iphe. 10).
Imvumelwano yeBipartisan kunye neeNdibaniselwano ezinobungozi
Olona phawu lumangalisayo lwe-impiriyalizim yase-US, ukusukela ekusekweni kwelizwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ibiyindalo yayo engaguqukiyo. Njengoko uSeymour ephawula, โukudityaniswa kohlaziyo lwepragmatic yentlalo kunye ne-impiriyalizim yayisisiseko apho inkululeko yeMfazwe yoMthandazo yamiselwa khonaโ (iphe. 31). Enyanisweni, njengoko ababhali-mbali abaninzi bebonisile, nanjengoko uSeymour eqinisekisa, le ndibaniselwano iphinde yabonakalisa ingcamango yenkululeko yenkululeko kwangaphambi kowe-1945. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakukho imvisiswano ebonakalayo phakathi kwabaphezulu bezopolitiko ukuba iUnited States kufuneka yandise ngasentshona, ihluthe umhlaba womthonyama kwaye itshabalalisa. , ukubanjwa, okanye (kweyona siphelo sikhululekileyo) ukudibanisa abemi bomthonyama. Ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko phakathi kweenkokeli ezinjengoJohn Quincy Adams kunye no-Andrew Jackson bafihla isivumelwano esisisiseko kumalungelo karhulumente wase-US ngokunxulumene namaIndiya aseMelika. USeymour uxoxa ngelithi โumahluko phakathi kuka-Adams noJackson unokubonwa njengomahluko phakathi kwetyhefu nepistolโ (iphe. 35). Ulwando lwaphesheya lweelwandle olwaqala ngokunyanisekileyo ngeminyaka yee-1890โukuqala eHawaii, eCuba, kwiiPhilippines, ePuerto Rico, naseGuamโkwalufumene inkxaso eyomeleleyo yamaqela amabini [1]. Ukuba abezobupolitika babedla ngokungafani ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokwandisa, bambalwa ababengavumelani nengcamango esisiseko yokuba iUnited States ifanele ilwandise ulawulo lwayo kumazwe asemzini nabantu. Abakhululekileyo kunye nabahlaziyi bezentlalo abafana noWilliam Jennings uBryan kunye noWoodrow Wilson babebalulekile kulo mgaqo-nkqubo [2]. Igalelo lenkululeko kwi-impiriyalizim yexesha leMfazwe ebandayo alithandabuzi: abona bahlonitshwa kakhulu kwiinkululeko zeMfazwe ebandayo, uJohn noRobert Kennedy, baqalisa ukuqhushumba ngokungekho mthethweni kweVietnam yaseVietnam, banyusa kakhulu uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi wase-US, kwaye bafuna ukubhukuqa iNguquko yaseCuba. ngokukhulula โizothuso zomhlabaโ kubantu baseCuba (phakathi kwezinye izinto eziphunyeziweyo) [3]. Ukuzibophelela kwe-bipartisan kulawulo lwehlabathi lwase-US kuhlala kuqinile ukusukela oko kwaphela iMfazwe Yomlomo, nangona amaqhinga akhethwayo ahlukile.
Ngenxa yoko, uSeymour uyaxoxa, ukuthembela kwezopolitiko ezikhululekileyo kuye kwaba ngumgibe ophindaphindiweyo wemibutho echasene nama impiriyali. Kunyulo lukamongameli luka-1900 i-Anti-Imperialist League yagqiba ekubeni iphose inkxaso yayo ngasemva kweDemocrat kunye nomgqatswa wohlaziyo lwentlalontle uWilliam Jennings Bryan, owamkela iSivumelwano saseParis ngo-1898 enika urhulumente waseMelika ulawulo phezu kweCuba, iiPhilippines, kunye nezinye iindawo ezazisakuba yiSpain. . UBryan wayeza kuthatha inxaxheba kumaphulo ama-impiriyali kamva eHaiti, eNicaragua, naseDominican Republic njengoNobhala weLizwe phantsi kukaWoodrow Wilson. Uhlaziyo lukaWilson oluthambileyo lwentlalontle kunye nephulo lika-1916 lithembisa ukugcina ilizwe lingekho kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I nalo lakhetha uninzi lwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo kunye nasekhohlo, inkcaso yabo kwimfazwe yathotywa ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yoko (nangona kwakusekho ukuchasana okukhulu okushiyekileyo imfazwe, ifuna oko uWilson akubiza ngokuba โsisandla esiqinileyo sengcinezeloโ) [4]. Ukukholwa koongameli beDemokhrasi abalandelayo kuya kubonakala kungafanelekanga: Iidemokhrasi zakhokelela iUnited States kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iMfazwe yaseKorea, kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye yavumela ngokuthe ngqo ingcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo eNicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Greece, Haiti, Indonesia, Guatemala, Palestine, South Korea, Philippines, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Colombia, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi. USeymour uthi enye yezona ntshukumo zentlalo zibalulekileyo ze-1980s, i-anuclear movement, yafumana "i-demoralization enzima" njengesiphumo "sokuxhomekeka kwiDemocratic Party ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo ye-anuclear" (iphe. 159). Ngokubanzi, amaqhina kwi-Democratic Party abe "neziphumo ezidemobhili ngokunzulu kwiintshukumo ezichasene nemfazwe" (iphe. 62). Oku kuqonda akufuneki kuthintele abasekhohlo ekuzameni ukusebenza kunye nemikhosi engaphantsi kwamandla ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo ezifanayo, kwaye ayithethi ukuba iiDemocrats kunye namaRiphabhlikhi zoyikeka ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke imiba. Kodwa uSeymour wenza ityala eliqinisekisayo lokuba imibutho echasene nama-impiriyali kufuneka igcine ukuzimela ngokungqongqo kuwo omabini amaqela amakhulu kwaye iphephe nayiphi na inkohliso yokuba abezopolitiko bayakuzisa utshintsho lokwenyani lomgaqo-nkqubo.
Umngxunya ochaseneyo kukuthembela kubalingane abakwiphiko lasekunene. Ukongeza ekubekeni ukholo kuBryan kunye neeDemocrats, i-Anti-Imperialist League ikwamkele abantu abaphezulu be-Segregationist baseMazantsi, uninzi lwabo lwaluchasa amalinge athile obukhosi ngenxa yokudelela abantu basemzini okanye ukukhusela iminqweno yabo yezolimo. IManyano yazama ngamandla ukudala umfelandawonye ochasene nama-impiriyali owadlula iyantlukwano yamacandelo nezopolitiko, kodwa ngokwenza oko yabeka esichengeni eminye imigaqo kwaye yalahlula uninzi lwasekhohlo. USeymour uphikisa ukuba i-League iphephe ngokuqaphela "ubudlelwane obunamandla angaphezulu" njengama-socialists kunye ne-anarchists, endaweni yoko bafuna "inkxaso ye-elite yasezantsi yobuhlanga ukuze balwe amadabi ezopolitiko ngaphakathi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho" (iphe. 71). Ngaphaya koko, umanyano kunye nabacalucalulo bobuhlanga basemazantsi baphumeze kancinane kwindlela yeenzuzo zowiso-mthetho. Eli bali libonakala linika isifundo ekhohlo lanamhlanje, elilwela impendulo efanelekileyo kuRon Paul kunye nemikhosi ye-pseudo-libertarian ekunene egxeka i-imperialism yomkhosi wase-US ngelixa isamkela ubuhlanga, ubulili, amandla equmrhu, ukungalingani, kunye nobunye ububi. Njengoko i-Seymour iphawula, i-right-wing anti-imperialism inembali ende e-United States, kwaye uRon Paul kuphela ukubonakaliswa kwamva nje. Amava embali acebisa ukuba abaqhubela phambili bangcono xa beququzelela abacinezelekileyo kwaye bomeleze ukhohlo endaweni yokuziqhelanisa namaqela angathandekiyo (nangona ngokokubona kwam abantu babasebenzi ludwe kulawo mandla asekunene akufanele agxothwe ngasekhohlo, kuba banezikhalazo ezisemthethweni zoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko).
Amaqhinga aneziqhamo ezingakumbi
Enye yeengxoxo eziphambili zikaSeymour kukuba iimvakalelo ezichasene nama impiriyali ziye zavakaliswa kakhulu kumacandelo acinezelekileyo oluntu lwase-US, ngakumbi phakathi kwabantsundu kunye nabasebenzi. Ukuqaphela le mbali linyathelo lokuqala lokwakha intshukumo enamandla yokuchasana nama impiriyali, ngakumbi ngexesha apho imiqobo yodidi, uhlanga, nenkcubeko iqhubeka isahlula amatsha ntliziyo amhlophe akumgangatho ophakathi ukusuka kubasebenzi abamhlophe kunye noluntu lwebala.
Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika banembali etyebileyo yokuchasa impiriyali yase-US. USeymour uchaza inkcaso eyomeleleyo yabantsundu kwimisebenzi yaseCuba nasePhilippines, kuquka nenani elibalulekileyo lamajoni antsundu athe atshintsha amacala kwiiPhilippines. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, eyayifumana inkxaso ebanzi evela kwiinkokeli zabasebenzi zase-US kunye ne-Socialist Party, abantu abamnyama abashiya njenge-WEB DuBois "babephakathi kwezona zinto zityekele ekuchaseni imfazwe esidlangalaleni" (iphe. 121). Imfazwe yaseVietnam yadibana nenkcaso enkulu emnyama, umkhwa obonakalayo phakathi kwamawaka amajoni amnyama alahlileyo okanye angayithobeli imiyalelo ebaleni. Imibutho elwela amalungelo abantu abamnyama njenge IKomiti yokuLungelelanisa yabaFundi engenabundlobongela (SNCC) yayiphakathi kwamazwi okuqala enkcaso emiselweyo kwimfazwe. Esinye sezicatshulwa ezininzi ezikhuthazayo ezivela kuyo yonke le ncwadi yingxelo yeklasi kaMuhammad Ali yokwala uyilo, ekufanele ukucaphula ixesha elide:
Kutheni kufuneka bandicele ukuba ndinxibe iyunifomu kwaye ndihambe i-10,000 yeekhilomitha ukusuka ekhaya kwaye ndilahle iibhombu kunye neembumbulu kubantu baseBrown eVietnam ngelixa abantu ababizwa ngokuba yi-Negro eLouisville baphathwa njengezinja kwaye banqatshelwe amalungelo abantu alula? Hayi, andihambi iikhilomitha ezingama-10,000 ukusuka ekhaya ukuya kunceda ukubulala nokutshisa esinye isizwe esihlwempuzekileyo ukuze ndiqhubeke nolawulo lwabaphathi bamakhoboka amhlophe abantu abamnyama kwihlabathi liphela. Olu lusuku apho obo bubi bumele buphele. Ndiye ndalunyukiswa ukuba ukuthabatha ukuma okunjalo kuya kundixabisa izigidi zeerandi. Kodwa sendikhe ndatsho kwakanye ndizophinda nditsho. Olona tshaba lwabantu bakowethu nalu. Andiyi kuhlazisa inkolo yam, abantu bam okanye mna ngokwam ngokuba sisixhobo sokukhobokisa abo balwela ubulungisa babo, inkululeko kunye nokulingana. Ukuba bendicinga ukuba imfazwe iza kuzisa inkululeko kunye nokulingana kwi-22 yezigidi zabantu bam bekunganyanzelekanga ukuba bandiyile, bendiza kujoyina ngomso. Akukho nto indilahlekelayo ngokumela iinkolelo zam. So ndizakuya ejele, ndithini? Sekuyiminyaka engama-400 sisentolongweni. (iphepha 136)
Abasebenzi base-US bazo zonke iintlanga babenakho ukuchasa iMfazwe yaseVietnam kunabantu abaphakathi okanye abakumgangatho ophezulu, njengoko kubonisiwe ngexesha lokuvota [5]. Iintsomi eziqhelekileyo nangona kunjalo, โukuchaswa kwemfazwe akuzange kugxininiswe phakathi kwabafundi basekholeji abafumileyoโ (iphe. 141). Abafundi beklasi yokusebenza badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe, nangona kunjalo, kwaye badityaniswa namanye amacandelo abasebenzi base-US. Amajoni, awayenemvelaphi yodidi lwabasebenzi kakhulu, ayengowona mthombo unamandla wokuchasa imfazwe ngaphandle kwamaVietnam ngokwawo. Amashumi amawaka abandakanyeka kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo enkcaso ngokwala ukuthunyelwa, ukugatya imiyalelo ebaleni, ukuphambuka, kwanokuhlasela amagosa awo aphetheyo, ukongezelela ekubeni nendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni ukulwa imfazwe emva ekhaya. Kukwakho nembali ende nekhuthazayo yokuchasana kwabasebenzi kwezinye iimfazwe, rhoqo kuzo zonke iintlanga nakwiindawo ezingalindelekanga. Ngo-1917 Imvukelo yombona oluhlaza e Oklahoma, amakhulu abamhlophe, abantsundu, kunye namaIndiya bacinezelwa ngogonyamelo ngenxa yokuchasa ngokudibeneyo oko babekubiza ngokuba โyimfazwe yesityebi, umlo wamahlwempuโ [6].
USeymour ubonakala ecebisa ukuba uququzelelo oluphumeleleyo lokuchasa ama-impiriyali kufuneka lwamkele imizabalazo yasekhaya e-United States, lukhanyisela unxibelelwano phakathi kwengcinezelo ekhaya kunye nama impiriyali aphesheya. Ngamanye amaxesha ekhohlo liwadibanise kakuhle la manqanaba omzabalazo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1930, โimfazwe yokuchasana nobuhlanga yasekhohlo yayiza kuzihlanganisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisiphithiphithi esichasene nama impiriyali ejikeleze [i-US occupation] eHaitiโ (iphe. 94). I-US Civil Rights Movement yathatha inkuthazo kwiintshukumo ze-anticolonial kwi-Third World, kwaye yabeka isiseko esikhulu sentshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 kunye noo-1970 bokuqala, kunye nemibutho emininzi kunye namatshantliziyo athatha inxaxheba kuzo zombini iintshukumo. Isidingo sokuvala imizabalazo yasekhaya kunye neenzame zokuchasa ama-impiriyali nazo ziyimfuneko ngokwesicwangciso-qhinga kuba icandelo elincinci labemi base-US ngoku lisebenza emkhosini. (ngaphantsi kwepesenti enye kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo), okuthetha ukuba iintsapho ezingezomkhosi zihlala zingaboni iimfazwe zaphesheya njengeyona ngxaki icinezelayo.
USeymour ukwaxoxa ukuba uququzelelo oluyimpumelelo lokuchasa ama impiriyali lufuna amakhonkco aqinileyo omanyano โnabo bakwindlela yokubhabha yohlaselo lwase-USโ phesheya kolwandle (iphe. 207). Ukhomba umsebenzi wobumbano waseMelika oshiyekileyo, ngakumbi abaSebenzi bezoShishino beHlabathi (i-IWW), kunye nabasebenzi baseMexico ngexesha leNguquko yaseMexico yowe-1910-1917, kunye nobudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe obakhiwe ngexesha lomzabalazo owathatha amashumi eminyaka wokulwa ucalucalulo lwaseMzantsi Afrika. . Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ungaqhelekanga wolu manyano lwamazwe ngamazwe yayiyintshukumo echasene nokungenelela kwe-US kuMbindi Merika ngeminyaka yoo-1980, eyayibandakanya phakathi kwe-100,000 kunye ne-200,000 yabantu ababandakanyeka kwizenzo ezinesibindi zokuchasa uncedo lwase-US kulawulo olunoburhalarhume e-El Salvador naseGuatemala kunye nokuhlasela kwe-US ngokumelene neNicaragua. . Amawaka abemi base-US bade baya eNicaragua ukuya kuzibeka โkwindlela yokubhabhaโ yohlaselo lwase-US olunokubakho. Uninzi lwamandla ombutho luvela kunxibelelwano lomntu oluphuhliswe ngenxa yentsebenziswano yabathathi-nxaxheba kunye neembacu zaseSalvadoran naseGuatemala eUnited States kunye nentsebenziswano yabahambi kunye nabaseMbindi baseMelika. Abavangeli basemazweni kunye namavolontiya aye ahlala kuMbindi Merika ayebaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni ulwahlulo lwamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo ephawula uSeymour yipateni eqhelekileyo kwimbali yokuchasa impiriyali yase-US [7].
Le minyaka ingamashumi amabini idluleyo nayo ibone amanyathelo abalulekileyo kulo mba. Ukuqala ngo-1995, iqela elisekelwe e-US i-Voices in the Wilderness yazisa ukutya kunye namayeza kwiintlungu zase-Iraqis phantsi kolawulo olubi lwezohlwayo zase-US / UN, apho ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye ihlawuliswe liSebe lezeMali lase-US. Umlandeli wayo, Iimvo ze-Creative Unviolence, iqhubeka ikuloo moya mnye. US Work Against the War Yasekwa phambi kohlaselo lukaMatshi ka-2003 e-Iraq kwaye iye yenza unxulumano oluthe ngqo nentshukumo yabasebenzi base-Iraq; amaphulo ayo emfundo baye bazama ukubeka amazwi abasebenzi Iraq 'embindini wengxoxo-mpikiswano ngeMfazwe Iraq, kwaye umbutho uye wandisa ugxininiso lwawo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwezinye iziza zongenelelo zomkhosi US ngokunjalo. I Umsebenzi wabasetyhini base-Afghan, eyasekwa kwi-2000, iququzelela inkxaso yobuntu kunye nezopolitiko kubafazi base-Afghan, kwaye isebenza ngokusondeleyo neqela le-Afghan labasetyhini kunye neqela elichasayo le-Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (I-RAWA). Amaqela amaninzi e-anti-war ase-US nawo aye waqala ukusebenza kunye Ama-Afghans ngoxolo kunye nesandula ukusekwa Amavavolontiya eNzululwazi Yolutsha (jonga iifoto). I I-International Solidarity Movement iqokelela amavolontiya avela kwihlabathi liphela ukuba abandakanyeke ekuchaseni ngokungekho mthethweni ukusebenza kwePalestine. Amaqela ase-US athanda IFCO/Abefundisi boXolo kwaye Ingqina loxolo bebedelela umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ngokubhekiselele eCuba nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America amashumi eminyaka ngokuhlakulela ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo kunye namaxhoba.
ngasentla: USuraia Sahar wase-Afghans for Peace uthetha nesihlwele kuqhanqalazo oluchasene ne-NATO eChicago ngoMeyi 20, 2012. Abame ecaleni kweSahar nguSaba noSamira, amalungu amabini e-Afghans for Peace, noMary Kirkland, unina wejoni lase-US. abazibulalayo. Ezi ntetho zalandelwa ngu a Mthe ndeleko apho amagqala e-US angama-45 aphose iimbasa zawo zemfazwe kwicala lengqungquthela ye-NATO edibana neebhloko ezimbalwa kude.
ngasentla: Owayesakuba ligqala leMfazwe yaseLwandle kunye ne-Iraq uVincent Emanuele waseChesterton, eIndiana, uphosa iimbasa zakhe zemfazwe kwindawo yentlanganiso ye-NATO eChicago ngoMeyi 20, njengoko amalungu e-Afghans for Peace ejonge.
Le mibutho ifumana ingqwalasela encinci ngokumangalisayo kwingxoxo kaSeymour yexesha elidlulileyo. Esinye isizathu, mhlawumbi, kukuba uSeymour ucinga ukuba ukuchasana kumazwe afana ne-Iraq ne-Afghanistan ngokuyinhloko zixhobile ukuxhathisa. Uthi imikhosi ye-anti-war yase-US "ayizange ifumane indlela yokunxibelelana ne-anti-US insurgency e-Iraq" (iphe. 217), kwaye kubonakala ngathi iphakamisa (ilandela u-Alexander Cockburn) ukuba amatsha-ntliziyo kufuneka aphuhlise umanyano olukhulu kunye nokuchasana okuxhobileyo e-Iraq. . Xa iCockburn wenze le ngxoxo ngo-2007 wagxekwa ngabo bachaza ukuba i-Iraq insurgency yayiyingxubevange yamaqela, uninzi lwawo lwalune-misogynistic enzulu kunye ne-fundamentalist, kwaye abanye babo basebenzise amaqhinga obunqolobi [8]. Ukanti zombini iingxoxo kunye nokugxekwa kwayo kuthande ukungayihoyi into yokuba uxhathiso lwase-Iraq luhlala lubandakanya okungaphezulu nje ngabavukeli abaxhobileyo; iye yaquka imibutho yabasebenzi engenalugonyamelo, amaqela amabhinqa angamazwe, abantu bonqulo abangakholelwayo kubufundamentali, abefundisi, amakomanisi, nabanye abaninzi. Uninzi lwabantu baseIraq gwetywanga Ukuhlala e-US ngelixa ikwagxeka intswelo yabafazi, i-theokhrasi, kunye namahlelo uninzi lwamaqela axhobileyo. Revolution imibutho yabasetyhini kwi Iran kwaye Afghanistani bathathe izikhundla ezifanayo [9].
Ngokombono wam iinzame zamaqela anje ngeVoices in the Wilderness, US Labor Against the War, kunye ne-Afghan Womenโs Missions zinika esona sicwangciso sithembisayo, eso sihlakulela ubumbano nawona macandelo acinezelekileyo e-Iraq, Afghanistan, nakwezinye iindawo. Indlela enjalo ayifanele igwebe konke ukuchaswa kwezixhobo emsebenzini (kwaye akufanelekanga, kuba asinalo ilungelo elisemthethweni okanye lokuziphatha lokwenza oko), kodwa ibeka ingqalelo phambili amazwi abo "bacinezelekileyo", ngakumbi abafazi, abasebenzi, kunye nezizwe ezincinci [10]. Abadlali abaxhobileyo abangajongi abemi banokuthi bafanelwe yinkxaso yethu kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa kweli xesha langoku abona bangamagorha nabancomekayo (kwaye basebenza kakhulu?) Ukupapasha le mibono yobulungisa yala maqela kuneengenelo ezininzi. Kuyanceda ukwenza abantu baxhomekeke kwi-impiriyali yase-US kwaye ibonise ukuba uluntu "lwangasemva" olufana ne-Iraq, Afghanistan, kunye ne-Iran ngokwenene luzele ngabantu abacacileyo nabanengqondo ngaphezu kokukwazi ukumisela ikamva labo, kwaye bachasa ngokukrakra ungenelelo lwase-US. .
Enye ingxaki encinci ngale ncwadi kukuba kukho ingqwalasela encinci enikelwe kubaxhathisi bemfazwe ngaphakathi emkhosini waseMelika, nto leyo kum eyingxaki ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, kukho imbali ekhuthazayo yokungavisisani kwejoni efuna ingqalelo ngokwayo ngenxa yemizekelo ebalaseleyo yenkalipho yokuziphatha eyinikelayo. Ngaphezu koko, ibali lentsebenziswano yabavukeli be-GI kunye namatshantliziyo asekuhlaleni, ngakumbi ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam kodwa nakwamanye amangenelelo (kubandakanya i-Iraq ne-Afghanistan), iyayikhaba intsomi eqhelekileyo yokuba ubudlelwane bamajoni nejoni, kwaye bubutshaba phakathi 11]. Okwesibini, ukuchasana kwejoni kukwabalulekile kwimizabalazo yangoku echasene nokungenelela komkhosi wase-US. Ngenxa yezikhundla zabo eziphambili kulwakhiwo lomkhosi wase-US, amajoni anohlobo oludityanelweyo lwe-avareji enamandla kakhulu kunomtsalane wabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yemeko engaqhelekanga yenkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-US, amagqala abuyayo nawo anandipha intembeko phakathi koluntu oluninzi abangalufumaniyo abaqhankqalazi. Abezopolitiko kunye nabaphathi bomkhosi kudala beyiqonda le nyani, kwaye bathathe amanyathelo okhuseleko angaphaya ukugcina intobelo kuluhlu kunye nokuvala okanye ukugxeka amagqala achasene nemfazwe. Ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kwindlela amajoni kunye namahlakani abo asekuhlaleni abaququzelele ngempumelelo ngokuchasene neemfazwe ezidlulileyo bekuya kuba kuphucula ngakumbi oko kusasele kuluhlalutyo olunamandla.
Abavukeli baseMelika ludibaniso olumangalisayo lwembali etyebileyo kodwa esoloko ingahoywa. Inika amabali akhuthazayo ama-impiriyali angaphambili ase-US kunye neengcebiso ezibalulekileyo kubaququzeleli bale mihla. Ngexesha apho urhulumente wase-US kunye nodidi olulawulayo luhlala luzibophelele kulawulo lwehlabathi kwaye ludelela ngokukrakra umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nombono wamazwe ngamazwe, le ncwadi ifanelwe ingqalelo esondeleyo kubafundi abahlala esiswini serhamncwa lobukhosi.
amanqaku:
[1] Ngaphesheya i-impiriyali yase-US ayizange ukuqala ngeminyaka yee-1890s: umzekelo, urhulumente wase-US wathatha ulawulo lwe-Alaska ngo-1867 waza wabulala ama-103 ongenelelo ngezixhobo phesheya kolwandle phakathi ko-1798 no-1895; phakathi ko-1869 no-1897 urhulumente wase-US wathumela iinqanawa zemfazwe kumanzi aseLatin America 5,980 amaxesha. Kodwa i-1890s iye yaphawula ukuzibophelela okwandileyo kwe-elite kulwandiso lwaphesheya, kubandakanywa nokufumana iikoloni ezininzi ezisemthethweni. Amanani acatshulwe kuHoward Zinn, Imbali yaBantu yaseUnited States, ngo-1492-ngoku, umfundisi. ed. (ENew York: HarperPerennial, 1995 [1980]), 290-91; UWilliam Appleman Williams, Ubukhosi Njengendlela Yobomi (Brooklyn, NY: Ig Publishing, 2007 [1980]), 117.
[2] UWilliam Appleman Williams, Intlekele yeDiplomacy yaseMelika (Cleveland: INkampani yeHlabathi yokuPapasha, ngowe-1959); Williams, Ubukhosi Njengendlela Yobomi.
[3] Caphula kumbhali webhayolofi kaRobert F. Kennedy, uArthur Schlesinger, Omnci., echaza iqhinga elinqwenelekayo likaKennedy elibhekiselele eCuba. Jonga uSclesinger, URobert Kennedy kunye neXesha lakhe (Boston: Mariner, 2002 [1978]), 480. Esi sicatshulwa sisoloko sicatshulwa nguNoam Chomsky. Kulawulo lweKennedy jonga kwakhona uChomsky, Ukucinga kwakhona ngeCamelot: JFK, iMfazwe yaseVietnam, kunye neNkcubeko yezoPolitiko yase-US (Boston: South End Press, 1993).
[4] UWilson ucatshulwe kuThomas J. Knock, Ukuphelisa Zonke Iimfazwe: UWoodrow Wilson kunye noKufuna uMyalelo oMtsha weHlabathi (ENew York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 133. Kwingcinezelo yexesha leWWI bona kwanoWilliam Preston, Omnci., Abaphambukeli kunye nabaDissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963); Zin, Imbali Yabantu, 355-67.
[5] Bona uJames W. Loewen, Ubuxoki Utitshala wam undixelele: Yonke into ebhalwe kwincwadi yakho yeMbali yaseMelika ayilunganga (ENew York: USimon & Schuster, 1995), 302-09.
[6] USeymour akayikhankanyi iMvukelo yeGreen Corn, kodwa iyayixhasa ingxoxo yakhe. Jonga uAdam Hochschild, "Ibali leMfazwe eNgachazwayo-Ngelo xesha nangoku: Ukuya ngaphaya kweNdaba yeNkwenkwana neHashe layo," TomDispatch, ngoFebruwari 26, 2012; UJohn Womack, Omnci., noRoxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, โAmaphupha eRevolution: Oklahoma, 1917,โ Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga 62, hayi. 6 (2010): 42-56; UWilliam Cunningham, Imvukelo yombona oluhlaza (Norman: IYunivesithi yase-Oklahoma Press, 2010 [1935]).
[7] Olona phando luneenkcukacha lwentshukumo, olunika inkxaso kwezi ngongoma, nguChristian Smith, Ukuxhathisa iReagan: I-US Central America Peace Movement (EChicago: kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago Press, ngo-1996).
[8] UCockburn, "Uyixhasa imikhosi yabo?" Counterpunch.org, ngoJulayi 14-16, 2007; ukuze ufumane ukugxeka bona uKatha Pollitt, โ2,4,6,8! Oku kunqunyulwa kwentloko kuhle ngenene!โI-Nation.com, Julayi 13, 2007 (i-critique ethi, nangona ifanelekile, ihoxise ukuhlukahluka kweenjongo kunye namaqhinga ngaphakathi kwe-insurgency exhobileyo kunye nokutyeshela ukuchasana okungenalo ubundlobongela ngokupheleleyo). Uhlalutyo oluluncedo lweyantlukwano phakathi kovukelo oluxhobileyo ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2006-ingakumbi umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwabavukeli abahlasela iithagethi zomkhosi kunye nabo basebenzisa uhlaselo lwabanqolobi-jonga uMichael Schwartz, "Ukuchasana kwe-Iraqi Resistance: Imfazwe yeGuerrilla vs. Ubunqolobi," Ngokuchasene neYangoku 120 (ngoJanuwari-Februwari 2006).
[9] E-Iraq uMbutho weNkululeko yabaseTyhini e-Iraq mhlawumbi lelona qela libalaseleyo lokuchasa umsebenzi wabasetyhini; bona yabo website kwaye kutshanje udliwanondlebe kunye nomongameli wabo, uYanar Mohammed: "Itshantliziyo labaseTyhini baseIraq liyawachasa amaBango e-US e-Iraq ekhululekileyo: 'Eli ayilolizwe leDemokhrasi,'" Intando yeninzi Ngoku! Disemba 16, 2011. Bona kwakhona yakutshanje udliwanondlebe kunye nenkokeli yabasebenzi base-Iraqi ngu-Ali Issa, "Emazantsi eBasra: Udliwano-ndlebe noHashmeya Muhsin al-Saadawi," Jadaliyya, Meyi 2, 2012. Kwimigqaliselo yeqela le-Iranian feminist yomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe bona iRaha Iranian Feminist Collective, "Umanyano kunye nokunganeliseki kwayo," Jadaliyya, February 19, 2012. On Afghanistan ukubona I-RAWA Website.
[10] Ewe, ukwenza isigqibo sokuba ngubani โoyena ucinezelweyoโ ngumsebenzi okhohlisayo nonobungozi. Kodwa kumatsha ntliziyo omanyano akukho nto yokuthintela ingxaki: kuhlala kufuneka sikhethe ukuba ngabani na amazwi ekufuneka sibeke phambili.
[11] Le ntsomi ihlakulelwe ngumkhukula wepropaganda, ngakumbi ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1970. Jonga uJerry Lembcke, Umfanekiso wokutshiza: intsomi, inkumbulo, kunye nelifa laseVietnam (ENew York: I-NYU Press, i-1998). Izityholo ezichasene nabaqhankqalazi abachasene nemfazwe "ngokungaxhasi imikhosi" ngokucacileyo babuyela kwi-US ehlala kwiiPhilippines (Seymour, p. 63). Kwi-GI ephikisanayo ngexesha leVietnam bona uDavid Cortright, Amajoni kuMvukelo: Ukumelana ne-GI ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam (Chicago: Haymarket, 2005 [1975]). Kwi-Iraq / Afghanistan bona, phakathi kweminye imithombo emininzi, i-Iraq Veterans Against the War kunye no-Aaron Glantz, Ijoni lasebusika lase-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan: Iiakhawunti zokuzibonela ngawabo amehlo eMisebenzi (Chicago: Haymarket, 2008); Dahr Jamail, Intando Yokumelana: Amajoni anqwenela ukulwa e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan (Chicago: Haymarket, 2009); UBuff Whitman-Bradley, uSara Lazare, kunye noCynthia Whitman-Bradley, abahleli., Malunga nobuso: Abaxhathisi bomkhosi bajikela kwiMfazwe (Oakland: PM Press, 2011).
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