Ngokusekelwe kuMatshi 18, 2011, intetho kwiYunivesithi yaseStony Brook Nkomfa โUkuchaza ikamva leMfundo ePhakamileyo yoLuntuโ
Kwilizwe jikelele, elona candelo lizizityebi loluntu lixhaphaza iingxaki zezimali zombuso ukuze kuncitshiswe inkxaso-mali yeenkonzo zentlalo-ntle ezifana nezemfundo kunye nokujongela phantsi amandla amancinane aseleyo ezopolitiko abasebenzi. Ndineenjongo ezintathu apha: ukubonisa ukusebenza kwengcamango kaNaomi Klein ethi โShock Doctrineโ kumlo wangoku waseNew York State (kwaye ngokwandisa, amanye amazwe amaninzi), ukuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi olusisiseko ukubanceda ukuba bachaze a counter-intetho, kunye nokuphakamisa iingongoma ezintlanu zokuthetha ezithile endicinga ukuba kufuneka sizigxininise ukuya phambili.
Enye yeengxabano zam eziphambili kukuba ngaphandle kwephulo elikhulu le-bipartisan propaganda ngokuchasene nemibutho kunye nedemokhrasi yoluntu, uluntu lwase-US "lulungele" umyalezo onzima. Ukuvota kwezimvo zoluntu kwiinyanga zamva nje-kunye novoto olubuyela emva kumashumi eminyaka amaninzi-lucebisa ukuba iphulo lemfundo elenza ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngendlela echazwe kwicandelo lesibini elingezantsi liya kudibana nempendulo entle phakathi koluntu ngokubanzi. Enyanisweni, ixesha langoku lezopolitiko mhlawumbi lithuba elihle lokuququzelela intshukumo yenkqubela phambili kunalo naliphi na ixesha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
Imfundiso yokothuka iza eNew York
UMilton Friedman, igorha lezityebi ehlabathini lonke, wakha wathi โyintlekele kuphela, yokwenene okanye ecingelwayo, evelisa utshintsho lokwenene. Xa kusenzeka loo ntlekele, amanyathelo athathiweyo axhomekeke kwiingcamango ezileleyo.โ UFriedman wayengoyena vulindlela uphambili koko uNaomi Klein akubiza ngokuba โyimfundiso yokothuka.โ Incwadi ka-Klein yowama-2007 ilanda imbali yobukrelekrele bohlengahlengiso lwe-neoliberal kwiLizwe leSithathu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ebonisa indlela amazwe azizityebi, amaziko emali ezizwe ngezizwe afana neBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF, kunye ne-Third World elites ziye zaxhaphaza ngayo iingxaki zoqoqosho, โzokwenyani okanye eziqondwayo,โ ukuze zinyanzelise. iinkqubo ezirhabaxa โzohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwoโ kwihlabathi leSithathu, ukuqala eChile ngo-1975. Ezo nkqubo ziye zathengisa izinto zabucala, zayicutha inkcitho karhulumente yezentlalo, zavulela iimarike zalapha ekhaya ukuba zithengwe kumazwe angaphandle ngexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye zawacima amashishini amakhulu kunye nemali. Loo manyathelo achasene ngokupheleleyo nemigaqo-nkqubo esetyenziswa ngamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino ukuze aphuhlise uqoqosho lwawo, kodwa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho aluyonjongo eneneni yaye lwenzeka ngamabona-ndenzile kuphela ukuba oko kwenzeka; abaxhamli abanokuxelwa kwangaphambili ngabatyali-zimali bangaphandle kunye namaqumrhu kunye ne-cap encinci ye-elites yasekhaya [1].
Abantu abaninzi ababukeleyo baye baqaphela indlela efanayo apha eUnited States ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970s: ngelixa imivuzo yokwenyani imile okanye iwile kwaye oorhulumente abalandelelanayo kuwo onke amanqanaba baye bawucima umnatha wokhuseleko loluntu, inkcitho yasemkhosini kunye nengeniso yenkampani iye yanda, ivelisa ukwanda okumangalisayo ukungalingani kwezentlalo noqoqosho. IUnited States kudala yazimanya neqhalo elithi โugqatso ukuya ezantsi,โ umjikelo okhohlakeleyo apho iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi โziyakhuphisanaโ ukuze zibonelele ngemozulu entle kutyalo-mali lweshishini [2]. Nangona lonke ulawulo kunye neNkongolo ukusukela ngoo-1970s ibe negalelo kule meko, amaxesha okucingelwa ukuba yingxaki yezemali anika amathuba alungileyo kwabo banqwenela ukuyibuyisela umva idemokhrasi yentlalo ngakumbi. Abantu baseRiphabhlikhi kunye neeDemokhrasi bobabini babe ngoogqirha abothusayo. Emva kokuba iReaganites ikhuphe intsilelo yokuqala yomanyano ukusukela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngokunika ikhefu elikhulu kwirhafu kwizityebi kunye nokunyusa inkcitho yePentagon, iClintonites ijolise kwinkqubo yentlalontle njengomthombo ophambili wentsilelo kwaye yasebenza ukuphelisa โintlalontle njengoko sisazi. โ Emva kokuba uClinton- kunye noBush-era deregulation, impi, kunye nokunciphisa irhafu kwizityebi kuvelise ingxaki yangoku, ulawulo luka-Obama ngoku lujoyina iCongress ngokubeka ityala "ngaphandle kolawulo" lwenkcitho yentlalo-ngelixa ifuna ukunyusa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-Pentagon nge-3. -5 ekhulwini ukuya kwirekhodi entsha-phezulu kunye nokwandisa ukucuthwa kwerhafu ngexesha laseBush eliya kuxabisa amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeerandi [3]. Ukuba indlela ka-Obama yezemali ingaphantsi kancinci kwaye iyasabela kuneeRiphabhlikhi ayibuphikisi ubukho bemvumelwano esisiseko ye-bipartisan.
Isicwangciso esicacileyo silula kakhulu, kwaye sibonisa oko oosoqoqosho u-Edward Herman kunye noRobin Hahnel bakubiza ngokufanelekileyo "iqhinga lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali": ukunika ikhefu lerhafu eninzi kunye nokuxhaswa kwelona candelo licebileyo loluntu kunye nokuchitha isiqingatha sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwiimfazwe nasemkhosini. , emva koko utyhola ukusilela okubangelwa yimfundo yoluntu, iMedicaid, iMedicare, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, imibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente, uncedo kwiintsapho ezifumana umvuzo ophantsi, kunye nokunye okunjalo, begxininisa ukuba zonke ezi mva kufuneka "zigxininiswe" kwintshisekelo yesizwe. ukusinda. (Le mpikiswano ingenangqondo ihamba kunye nenye: uluvo lokuba ukunciphisa intsilelo kufuneka kube yinto ephambili engxamisekileyo. Njengoko izazinzulu ezininzi zezoqoqosho ziye zalumkisa, kwaye njengoko uKudodobala Okukhulu kudala kubonakalisile, kuphela inkcitho yokuvuselela i-federal enesibindi-enesibindi kakhulu kune-Obama's. Uvuselelo luka-2009โluya kunceda uqoqosho lube ngcono.Ukongeza kwintsilelo kwixesha elifutshane kunyanzelekile, kwaye akunakuba yingozi kangako njengoko iingcali ezininzi zityhola ngokuba urhulumente wase-US unokufikelela kumazinga aphantsi ngokwembali [jonga icandelo elilandelayo, inqaku. #4[4].)
Oorhulumente bamazwe kwilizwe liphela bafuna ukuphumeza ezabo iinguqulelo zeMfundiso eyothusayo. Kwikholamu yamva nje enomxholo othi โShock Doctrine, USA,โ ingcali yezoqoqosho ephumelele iNobel uPaul Krugman. uyabona ukuba izenzo zeRiphabhlikhi eWisconsin "kukuhluthwa kwamandla-inzame zokusebenzisa ingxaki yezemali ukutshabalalisa i-counterweight yokugqibela kumandla ezopolitiko eenkampani kunye nezityebi." Ngaphezu koko, u-Krugman uthi, "ukuhluthwa kwamandla kudlula ngaphaya kokunyanzelwa kweemanyano": umthetho ukwavumela iRhuluneli kunye nabo baqeshwe nguye ukuba banciphise iinkonzo zempilo ezizimeleyo kwiintsapho ezifumana umvuzo ophantsi kwaye bathengise izinto eziluncedo zoluntu ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zokungabhidi [5].
Nangona abagxeki bohlaselo lwangoku kwicandelo likarhulumente rhoqo kuthetha ukuba "iirhuluneli zeRiphabhlikhi" zizo kuphela ezinecala [6], iiDemokhrasi ezininzi zilandela i-ajenda esisiseko efanayo. Akukho ndawo intsebenziswano yeDemokhrasi ibonakala ngakumbi kunaseNew York, apho iRhuluneli entsha u-Andrew Cuomo ifuna ukuthotywa okukhulu kwimfundo yoluntu, iinkonzo zokhathalelo lwempilo yoluntu, kunye nemivuzo yemibutho yoluntu ngelixa ethembisa ukucutha irhafu kwezona zityebi iipesenti ezintlanu zaseNew York. . UCuomo ufuna ukusika imfundo ephakamileyo yoluntu (I-SUNY kunye ne-CUNY) ngaphezulu kwe-305 yezigidi zeedola, eziphambili kunye nesekondari uncedo lwesikolo nge-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, i-Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) nge $200 yezigidi, kunye ne Uxilongo apho abantwana aba-4 kwabalishumi baxhomekeke kwi-$10 yezigidi kwiminyaka emibini [7.4]. Kwaye ukwenza oko ngokuqaqadekileyo, ngaphandle kokuxolisa: ngoNovemba i ENew York Times umbiko ukuba uCuomo โwade wakhuthaza iinkokeli zoshishino ukuba zisebenze njengabachasi abakhulu kwimibutho yabasebenzi, ebakhuthaza ukuba, kuzo zonke izinto, baqeshe abaxhasi abangakumbiโ [8]. Usodolophu weSixeko saseNew York uMichael Bloomberg ulandela i-ajenda efanayo, esoyikisa phantse ama-4,700 ootitshala abadendwayo kunye nokunciphisa okukhulu ukukhathalela abantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabangenamakhaya [9]. Njengoko abakhi-mkhanyo abanolwazi baye babonisa, olu hlaselo kwimibutho yabasebenzi kunye necandelo likarhulumente libonisa ukhetho lwezopolitiko ngamabomu kunokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho (jonga ngezantsi).
Ulungelelwaniso lukwaqhelekile, kwaye luhambelana ngokusondeleyo noMilton Friedman: diatribes ngokuchasene "izinto ezikhethekileyo" (ithetha ubukhulu becala abasebenzi, abantwana besikolo abafumana umvuzo ophantsi, abafumana iMedicaid, njl. njl.), intetho ebekekileyo โumbingelelo okwabelwana ngawo,โ izikhalazo ezinomsindo malunga nendlela imibutho yabasebenzi eyidla ngayo ingxowa-mali karhulumente, njalo njaloโkonke oku kukhokelela kwisigqibo esilusizi kodwa esingenakuphepheka sokuba โakukho ndlela yimbiโ kubungqongqo beneoliberal. Ukoyisa le propaganda kunye nokuphumelela idabi lezimvo kufuna ukuhlengahlengiswa kwengxoxo-mpikiswano ngabo banqwenela ukumisa uCuomo, abezomthetho, kunye nabaxhasi babo abazizityebi kunye nabaxhamli ekuqhubeni iNew York ibuyela kwi-dystopia yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
Ukuhlengahlengisa iNgxoxo-mpikiswano: Iimpikiswano eziPhambili eziCetyisiweyo
Ndifuna ukucebisa iingongoma ezintlanu zokuthetha ezibambekayo endikholelwa ukuba kufuneka zibe sembindini kumzamo wethu wokukhuthaza omnye umbono weNew York kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi. Le ngxoxo-mpikiswano akufuneki ibe, kwaye akufanele, ikhuseleke ngokupheleleyo kwithoni kunye nomlingiswa; nangona sikhusela uhlaselo olukhawulezileyo kwicandelo likarhulumente, kufuneka sichaze umbono obambekayo wendlela izinto. kufanele kuba.
Ukulandela isakhelo ngasinye ndichaza iinyani ezisisiseko kunye neenkcukacha-manani abanokuthi abafundi bazisebenzise ukuyixhasa.
- Pha is imali, kwaye apho are ezinye iindlela; kuba abona bantu bazizityebi baseNew York banemali, ukujolisa kwicandelo likarhulumente kunezityebi lukhetho lwezopolitiko nokuziphatha.
- Ukunciphisa iinkonzo ukuze kuncitshiswe irhafu kwizityebi ngumbulali-msebenzi; ukurhafisa izityebi ukuxhasa inkcitho karhulumente yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokudala imisebenzi kunye nokuvuselela uqoqosho kunokunciphisa irhafu kwizityebi.
- Umkhosi wase-US uthintele kakhulu ukuvuseleleka koqoqosho kunye nentlalontle yoluntu.
- Isenzo sikarhulumente sisodwa asanelanga; inkcitho ye-deficit federal enesibindi iyafuneka ukuququzelela ukubuyiswa koqoqosho.
- Uhlaselo lwecandelo likarhulumente luhlaselo kwidemokhrasi kunye nomthetho-siseko wokulingana kwamathuba
#1:
IKHO imali, kwaye zininzi iindlela ezizezinye zokunciphisa inkcitho yentlalontle; kujoliswe kubasebenzi, abafundi, kunye necandelo likarhulumente kunokuba zizityebi lukhetho lwezopolitiko nokuziphatha
Iingcamango zokuba โiLizwe laseNew York laphukileโ okanye โakukho mali kwaphelaโ azinasihlahla. INew York izele yimali kunye nenkunzi, kodwa kunjalo igxilwe ukusa kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe ukususela kwiXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Abona bantu bazizityebi abahlanu bafumana ama-49 epesenti yayo yonke ingeniso, ukusuka kuma-31 ekhulwini kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye kwanaloo 49 pesenti igxile kakhulu kwizandla zabona bazizityebi Nye ekhulwini, abafumana ama-35 ekhulwini ayo yonke ingeniso, benyuka ukusuka kwi-17 ekhulwini ngowe-1990 nakwi-10 ekhulwini ngowe-1980. Kwelinye icala, abangaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini bafumana nje isi-9 ekhulwini somvuzo weli lizwe, ukusuka kwi-14 ekhulwini ngowe-1990. imeko engalinganiyo esizweni, kunye neSixeko saseNew York esona sixeko singalinganiyo kakhulu [10].
Uninzi lootitshala kunye nabanye abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente abanyeliswa ngeentetho zeShock Doctrine bangaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini; umvuzo wokuqala womfundisi-ntsapho oqhelekileyo eUnited States kuphela $39,000. Kwaye eWisconsin, apho "ipenshoni efakwe ngegolide" yabasebenzi bakarhulumente kutyholwa ukuba babekek' ityala ngengxaki yemali karhulumente, ipenshoni ephakathi iyinyani. ngaphantsi kwe- $ 23,000. Uphononongo oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba imivuzo kunye neenzuzo zabasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente azikho ngcono kunezabasebenzi becandelo labucala [11]. Kodwa enokuba abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente kwezinye iimeko baxhamla kuncedo okanye izibonelelo ezingadityaniswanga nabalingane babo becandelo labucala, isisombululo asikokuthatha imali kubasebenzi bangaphambili kodwa kukudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa aba bamva (imali kunye nezibonelelo ezithatyathwe kubasebenzi abamanyeneyo ngokuqhelekileyo. buyela kwizityebi, nakanjani na).
Umgaqo-nkqubo worhulumente welizwe uye womeleza lo mkhwa ukuya kugxininiso olukhulu lwengeniso kunye nobutyebi. Kwiphondo laseNew York, njengakwezinye iindawo, irhafu kunye nolwabiwo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lubonisa indlela engaguqukiyo apho izityebi kunye nabantu abanempembelelo enkulu befumana izipho zikawonke-wonke ngelixa amagosa karhulumente ecutha iinkonzo kubasebenzi, abafundi kunye nabemi ngokubanzi. Irhafu eNew York ihlehla kakhulu, okuthetha ukuba โabona bantu bazizityebi 1% amakhaya ahlawula isabelo esincinane kakhulu somvuzo wabo kwirhafu karhulumente neyengingqi kunabo bonke abanye abantu baseNew York, nkqu nokonyuka kwerhafu okwethutyanaโ kwadlula ngowama-2009. Ipesenti enye ephezulu isahlawula kuphela isi-8.4 ekhulwini. yengeniso yabo, inani eliya kuhla ukuya kwi-7.2 ekhulwini ukuba uCuomo uvumelekile ukuba avumele ukunyuka kwerhafu okwethutyana kuphelelwe lixesha. Amakhaya enza phakathi kweedola ezingama-33,000 kunye needola ezingama-56,000 ahlawula ipesenti enkulu yomvuzo wawo kunaye nawuphi na omnye umntu kurhulumente (i-11.6 ekhulwini). Kwabona bangamahlwempu kakhulu abantu baseNew Yorkโabona bantu babini basezantsi ngokweentlupheko, abo benza ngaphantsi kweedola ezingama-33,000โbahlawula isabelo esiphakamileyo somvuzo wabo kwiirhafu (i-9.6 ne-10 ekhulwini) kuneyona pesenti ityebileyo [12].
Urhulumente weLizwana laseNew York ukwabonelela ngeenkxaso-mali ezithe ngqo kwiinkampani nakubantu abazizityebiโnto leyo abanye abaye bayibiza ngokuba โnjengobutyebiโโngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Omnye umzekelo oqaqambileyo ngoworhulumente Inkqubo yokucoca iBrownfield, leyo ngokutsho kweAlbany Times-Union "kukhokelele kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ezibalekayo kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu ezinexabiso eliphantsi kunye nococeko oluncinci" kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo. Abaxhamli ngabaphuhlisi abakhulu babucala, abathatha ithuba leekhredithi zerhafu karhulumente ngelixa bechitha (ukusukela ngo-2009) kuphela malunga nama-20 epesenti yenkxaso yokucoca. Ngo-2008 uMlawuli welizwe u-Tom DiNapoli waqikelela ukuba ixabiso lilonke lenkqubo linokuba ngaphezu kwe-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngokoqikelelo lweFiscal Policy Institute, urhulumente angalula ugcine malunga nama-300 ezigidi zeerandi ngokuguqula inkqubo; ukuya phambili, nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso-mali karhulumente isetyenziselwa ukucoca kuphela, ingasindisa amakhulu ezigidi ngaphezulu [13].
Abona bantu bazizityebi baseNew York, ingakumbi abagcini bebhanki baseWall Street kunye nabaphathi beenkampani, baxhamla iingeniso ezirekhodiweyo ngeendleko zabantu abaqhelekileyo; banako kwaye bafanele bathwale iindleko zokubuyisela. Uluhlu olubanzi lwamanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo wemali luyafumaneka kwinqanaba likarhulumente. Ezona migaqo-nkqubo zimbini ziqhelekileyo ziya kuba 1) ukongezwa kwentlawulo yerhafu yengeniso yethutyana (โiRhafu yeMillionaireโ) eyapasiswa ngo-2009 kwaye ngenxa yokuphelelwa ekupheleni kwalo nyaka (uCuomo wenze isifungo sokuyiyeka iphelelwe), kwaye 2) ukuphunyezwa kwerhafu ye-stock-transfer. Eyokuqala isebenza kwabo bantu banemivuzo engaphezulu kwe-200,000 yeedola kunye neentsapho ezenza ngaphezulu kwe-300,000 yeedola-malunga nesihlanu ekhulwini sabemi baseNew York. Ukuyandisa nje iminyaka emibini kuya kuphakamisa $ 6 billion kwingeniso eyongezelelweyo-malunga nama-60 ekhulwini kwintsilelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente, kwaye ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu isixa Cuomo wayeza kunqunyulwa kwimfundo yoluntu kumabanga aphantsi, eziziisekondari, kunye post-sesekondari [14]. Irhafu ethobekileyo kwiintengiselwano zesitokhwe kunye nokuqikelelwa-isisombululo cetyiswa ngoosoqoqosho bakaNobel abanjengoPaul Krugman nabanye abaninzi abangafane bafanelekele ukuba ngabanxaxhi basekhohloโbabengayi kuphumelela. kuvelisa I-3.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola [15].
Ezinye iindlela ezongezelelekileyo zininzi. Ukusebenzisa i-NY State's bargaining power ukuthetha-thethana amaxabiso aphantsi amayeza amayeza, ukuvala izithuba zerhafu yenkampani, ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali kwiinkampani ezinkulu, ukubuyisela ubunewunewu kunye neeakhawunti zeendleko zabaqulunqi bomthetho eAlbany: amanyathelo anjalo anganyusa ingeniso karhulumente ngamakhulu ezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngamnye [16]. ].
#2:
Ukunciphisa inkcitho yentlalontle ngelixa unciphisa irhafu kwizityebi kubulala imisebenzi; ukurhafisa izityebi ukuxhasa inkcitho kawonke-wonke yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokudala imisebenzi kunye nokuvuselela uqoqosho kunokunciphisa irhafu kwizityebi.
Impendulo kaGqirha owothukileyo kwingxoxo ethi masirhafise izityebi kukuba ukwenza oko kuthintela uphuhliso loqoqosho nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi; Bagxininisa ukuba kuphela ngokunciphisa irhafu kwiinkampani kunye nezityebi ngokugqithiseleyo, singakwazi ukulwa nentswela-ngqesho kwaye sibuyisele uqoqosho endleleni. Le ntsomi iqulethe inyanisoโukuncitshiswa kwerhafu kwizityebi ngeke kukhokelela ekudalweni kwe ezinye imisebenzi. Kodwa umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ngaba baya kudala Kaninzi imisebenzi kunezinye iindlela ezifana nokunyusa izibonelelo zokungaphangeli, ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yezikolo zikarhulumente, okanye ukucutha irhafu yabasebenzayo nabaphakathi ngesixa esilinganayo. Impendulo yalo mbuzo, esekwe kwaye yaqinisekiswa luninzi lwezifundo zoqoqosho kule minyaka idlulileyo, ngu-HAYI ovakalayo. Esona sizathu sikukuba abantu abasebenzayo bangenisa inxalenye enkulu yengeniso yabo kuqoqosho, ngaloo ndlela bevuselela imfuno kunye nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi ukuya kutsho kumkhamo omkhulu kunabo bazizityebi, abadla ngokugcina okanye baqwebele isahlulo esikhulu semali yabo. Ngaloo ndlela i-800 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi eziqikelelwayo ukuba ukwandiswa kokunciphisa irhafu ngexesha likaBush kuya kuxabisa urhulumente wobumbano kuya kudala imisebenzi emininzi ngakumbi ukuba ichithwa kwiinkqubo zentlalo; ngokunjalo kurhulumente nakwinqanaba lengingqi.
Esi sigqibo kudala sayeka ukuba sitsha okanye impikiswano phakathi kosoqoqosho abawongwe ngewonga likaNobel njengoJoseph Stiglitz kunye noPaul Krugman, abathe ngokungananaziyo ekuvakaliseni into ekhoyo ngoku phakathi koosoqoqosho abazimeleyo: ukuba ukurhafisa izityebi ukuze kuxhaswe utyalo-mali lwentlalo yeyona nto ilungileyo. iindlela zokuququzelela ukubuyiswa koqoqosho ngokubanzi (ukongeza kukhetho lokuziphatha). Stiglitz nkqu wabhala ileta yobuqu eya kumagosa aseNew York State ebabongoza ukuba baxhase ukunyuswa kwerhafu ngo-2009 kwabo bazizityebi ngeepesenti ezintlanu baseNew York njengesona sicwangciso โsikhethwa ngokwezoqoqoshoโ. NgoDisemba 2008, ngaphezu kwe-100 yezoqoqosho eNew York baye batyikitya a ileta owayesakuba yiRhuluneli uPatterson owavakalisa uvakalelo olufanayo: โPhakamisa iRhafu yeNgeniso ePhezulu ukuze uncede ukuvala iMisantsa yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-maliโ [17].
Oko oosoqoqosho bezopolitiko bakubiza ngokuba โkukukhuliswa okukhokelwa ngumvuzoโโukunyusa imivuzo yabasebenzi ukukhuthaza uqoqoshoโakukokuphela nje kobulungisa, kodwa yindlela esebenza ngakumbi yokuvelisa ukukhula kunohlobo lwemigaqo-nkqubo eyehlayo eye yalawula kakhulu iminyaka edlulileyo 35 [18]. Ukuqhubekeka kwangoku komgaqo-nkqubo wezimali obuyela umva, okwehlayo kulindeleke ukuba uvelise ukukhula koqoqosho olungcono kuphela, ngenxa yezi zizathu.
#3:
Umkhosi wase-US uthintela kakhulu ukuchacha kwezoqoqosho nentlalontle apha ekhaya, ukongeza ekwenzakalisa abantu kwihlabathi liphela
Izixhobo zase-US zibulala abantu basemzini mihla le-e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan, ePalestine, eKholombiya, eMexico, e-Egypt, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi anandipha uncedo olukhulu lomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zokulwa ne-United States. Esi sizathu sesona sizathu singxamisekileyo sokuba kutheni kufuneka sonke sizabalazele ukuphelisa impi yase-US.
Kodwa impi yase-US ikwathintela ukuvuseleleka koqoqosho kunye nentlalontle yoluntu apha ekhaya. Phantse isiqingatha (ngoku 48 ekhulwini) yenkcitho ye-US yonyaka, okanye i-1.37 yeetriliyoni zeedola, iya emfazweni nasemkhosini [19]. Ngokwabelwa ngokutsha loo nkcitho kwezinye iindawo ezinceda iimfuno zoluntu, urhulumente unokubonelela ngokulula ngezidingo ezisisiseko zentlalo yomntu wonke wase-United States (kwaye abe nentsalela eninzi yoncedo loluntu lwangaphandle). Ukubeka inani ngokwembono yendawo, isixa semali urhulumente wase-US ayichitha emkhosini umzuzwana ngamnye iya kuhlawula izifundo ze-SUNY zabafundi abasixhenxe. A nje iiyure ezilishumi elinesithoba yenkcitho yasemkhosini inokubonelela bonke abafundi be-SUNY abangama-465,000 ngemfundo yasimahla.
Ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwemali kuya kusombulula ingxaki yentswela-ngqesho kwaye kuncede ukubeka i-United States kwindlela eya kwikamva loqoqosho oluzinzileyo. Njengokuthotywa kwerhafu kwizityebi, inkcitho yasemkhosini yindlela engasebenzi kakuhle yokuvuselela ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kunye nokukhula koqoqosho xa ithelekiswa notyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke kwiziseko ezingundoqo, imfundo yoluntu kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Iingcali zezoQoqosho uRobert Pollin kunye noHeidi Garrett-Peltier weZiko loPhando loQoqosho lwezoPolitiko baye bafunda ngokusondeleyo imiphumo yengqesho yokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo wemali, fumana ukuba
ibhiliyoni nganye yeedola zenkcitho karhulumente eyabelwa ukucuthwa kwerhafu kusetyenziso lomntu ivelisa malunga ne-15,000 yemisebenzi. Ukutyala imali efanayo emkhosini kudala imisebenzi engama-12,000. Kungenjalo, ukutyala imali eyibhiliyoni kukhathalelo lwempilo kuvelisa imisebenzi engama-18,000; kwezemfundo malunga 25,000 imisebenzi; kuhambo olukhulu, imisebenzi engama-27,700; kunye nolwakhiwo lwemozulu yasekhaya kunye neziseko zophuhliso, imisebenzi engama-18,000. Ke ngoko, inani eliphindwe kabini lemisebenzi idalwe yinkcitho elinganayo kwimfundo kunye nokuhamba ngobuninzi njengasemkhosini. [20]
Ngezizathu zoqoqosho kuphela, ke, iUnited States ayinakukwazi ukuchitha isiqingatha sebhajethi yayo yonyaka emkhosini kwaye isabonelela ngezidingo ezisisiseko zabemi bayo. Le ngxoxo iyodwa ibeka umngcipheko wokubonisa ukuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwenzakaliswa kweminqweno yethu yodwa zezona ngxaki zomkhosi wase-US, xa enyanisweni amashumi ezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela enzakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo ngulo mkhosi, kwaye iibhiliyoni ngaphezulu yenzakaliswe ngokungangqalanga. Kwanokuba ukulwa emkhosini bekuya kuba bubulumko ngokwezoqoqosho, bekuya kuba netyala lokuziphatha. Kodwa ukuzisa umkhosi wase-US kwingxoxo kunika ithuba lokugxeka ukuziphatha okubi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwemikhosi yase-US: njengomgaqo-nkqubo wemali obuyiselayo, umkhosi yi abaziphethe kakubi nabangasebenziyo. Abo bangayamkeliyo impikiswano ngokuziphatha bafanele ubuncinane bashukunyiswe yingxoxo yokuzingcaโkodwa ukuphakamisa imibandela yokuziphatha neyomthetho ubuncinane kuya kubanyanzela abo bantu ukuba bacinge ngayo.
Umbutho wabasebenzi wase-US, oye waxhasa ngokwembali i-militarism yase-US kunye ne-imperialism (ukuxhasa "izibhamu" ngokutshintshiselana "ibhotela"), inoxanduva olungxamisekileyo lokugweba impi ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuziphatha okubi. Amacandelo amancinci abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo-ingakumbi, uMsebenzi wase-US ngokuchasene neMfazwe-kudala besenza njalo, kodwa ubunkokeli obuphambili babasebenzi bohlulekile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukubajoyina.
#4:
Isenzo sikarhulumente sisodwa asanelanga; inkcitho ye-deficit federal enesibindi iyafuneka ukuququzelela ukubuyiswa koqoqosho
Isenzo sikarhulumente sisodwa asanelanga. Urhulumente wobumbano unemithombo yemali ekhoyo ukuba urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekhaya abanalo. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, inokuboleka imali eninzi kwaye ayifuni kudlula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulungeleleneyo ngonyaka. Ngamaxesha okudodobala koqoqosho, kunyanzelekile ukuba urhulumente wobumbano azibandakanye kwinkcitho yovuselelo ebukhali, kubandakanya nokubonelela ngesiqabu semali koorhulumente bamazwe, ukuze uqoqosho lubuyele endleleni. Ugxininiso lwangoku lwabezobupolitika neengcali zenzululwazi ngemfuneko โyokunqunyulwa intsileloโโkwaye intsingiselo yokuba ukwenjenjalo ngandlelโ ithile kuya kukhokelela ekuphucukeni koqoqoshoโkukunganyaniseki kwangabom kwaphela, yaye kusenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba kunganyaniseki ngabom. Ibhili yokuvuselela ka-Obama ka-2009 ngokuqinisekileyo yanciphisa iziphumo zokudodobala koqoqosho, kodwa njengoJoseph Stiglitz. bonisa, yayincinane kakhulu ukuba ingaqinisekisa ukuchacha kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko uPaul Krugman phawula kutshanje:
Urhulumente wobumbano akanangxaki yokunyusa imali, kwaye ixabiso laloo mali-izinga lenzala ekubolekeni komdibaniso-liphantsi kakhulu ngokwemigangatho yembali. Ke akukho mfuneko yakungxamela ukucutha inkcitho ngoku ngoku; singakwazi kwaye kufuneka sizimisele ukuchitha ngoku ukuba kuya kuvelisa ukugcinwa kwexesha elide.
Ezinye iingcali ngezoqoqosho ziyavumelana noko. Ngoku ka URobin Hahnel, "Ekuphela kwendlela yokunciphisa intswela-ngqesho ngoku kukuba urhulumente wobumbano akhuphe inkuthazo enkulu yezemali. Oku kuthetha intsilelo enkulu yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kule minyaka mibini izayoโ (ukufumana ingcaciso emfutshane nefikelelekayo yeengcambu zengxaki ekhoyo, bona iHahnelโs 3-part. udliwanondlebe ngeProjekthi eNtsha yaKhohlo ngo-2010) [21]. Lo myalezo usisiseko-wokuba kufuneka sinyuse intsilelo kwi-federal ngexesha elifutshane okanye umngcipheko umema ukudakumba okunzulu ngakumbi-kufuneka uhambe kunye neefowuni zamanyathelo aqhubekayo emali njengokurhafisa izityebi.
#5:
Uhlaselo lwecandelo likarhulumente luhlaselo kwidemokhrasi kunye nomthetho-siseko wokulingana kwamathuba
Abahlalutyi abahlukeneyo baye ngokufanelekileyo ikhonjwe ngaphandle ukuba uhlaselo lwangoku, olugcweleyo kwimibutho yabasebenzi, inkcitho yentlalontle, kunye namalungelo abasebenzi luhlaselo kwidemokhrasi ngokwayo [22]. Ukuba idemokhrasi ithetha okungaphezu nje kokuvunyelwa ukuvota rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, ukuba oko kuthetha ukuba abantu banethuba lokuzalisekisa iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko nokuba nezwi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela umsebenzi wabo nobomi babo bemihla ngemihla, ngoko ke idabi loluntu. icandelo ngokuqinisekileyo lidabi ledemokhrasi. Abantu abasuka e-Egypt ukuya eWisconsin babonakala beluqonda olu nxulumano, lubonakala kwiingxelo ezimangalisayo zomanyano lwabasebenzi baseWisconsin abavela. Egypt, Afghanistani , nakwezinye iiveki zamva nje [23].
Ingcinga yokuba bonke abantu abasebenza nzima baxhamla amathuba alinganayo okuphila ubomi obutofotofo nobunempumelelo ingundoqo kwintsomi yethu yesizwe, nangona amanani ukungalingani kwaye ukuhamba kweklasi (kwaye eneneni, ingqiqo yemarike ngokwayo) iyayiphikisa ngokulula. Ukususela kwi-1960 okanye i-1970 ukungalingani kuye kwanda ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa ukuhamba kweklasi yezizukulwana kuye kwehla [24]. Ngaphezu koko, izibalo zomvuzo kunye nobutyebi bubonke buyaqhubeka nokubonisa umahluko omkhulu ngokobuhlanga nesini. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2010 umbiko yiInsight Centre for Community Economic Development yafumanisa ukuba โubutyebi obuphakathi kubafazi abantsundu abangatshatanga yi-R100 kuphela; kubafazi abangatshatanga baseSpanishi, i-$ 120. Oku kuthelekisa ngaphaya nje kweedola ezingama-41,000 kubafazi abamhlophe abangatshatangaโ [25].
Kodwa nangona kunjalo kukho ukuvumelana okuqinileyo phakathi koluntu ukuba kukho kufuneke ku โithuba elilinganayoโ kumntu wonke okwidemokhrasi ekhululekileyo. Ukubonisa indlela inkqubo yethu yangoku yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye nokulawulwa kweenkampani ngokungaphumeleli ngokucwangcisiweyo ukuzalisekisa esi sithembiso sisisiseko sentsomi yesizwe sinokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokubhenela abantu abaqhelekileyo bayo yonke imivimbo yezopolitiko abasabambelele kwingcamango ethi "American Dream". Ukucuthwa kukarhulumente kweenkonzo zoluntu ezifana nemfundo nokhathalelo lwempilo akuncedisi nje kuphela ubutyebi obuninzi kwicandelo elityebileyo loluntu, kodwa kuthoba ngakumbi isithembiso samathuba alinganayo.
(Ukufumana isishwankathelo esinamaphepha ama-2 sezi ngongoma kuthethwa ngazo ngasentla ezinokuhanjiswa njenge-handout, bona https://znetwork.org/fighting-back-and-looking-forward-by-organization-for-a-free-society).
Uluntu Olulwamkelayo
Ukuze siphumelele idabi elisemthethweni, kufuneka sichaze le miyalezo ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo de ibe yintliziyo eqhubekayo kwintetho kawonkewonke, ukuya kwindawo apho ibe yingqiqo phakathi koluntu jikelele. Ngethamsanqa, sinenzuzo enkulu yoluntu oluyintando yesininzi ngokubanzi kwaye lukholelwa ukuba izinto ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, isondlo, kunye nezindlu zonke ngamalungelo oluntu kwaye kufuneka zifumane kuqala kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Okokuqala, uluntu aluhlanganyeli nge-hysteria ngenxa yentsilelo edla uninzi lwezopolitiko kumanqanaba e-federal kunye nelizwe. Kulo Oktobha uphelileyo, emva kokuhlalutya uluhlu olubanzi lovoto, uChristopher Howard kunye noRick Valelly bafumanisa "ukuba uluntu luxhalabele ngokuyintloko ukuhlaziywa koqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi. Ukunciphisa intsilelo eneneni kusezantsi phakathi kwezinto ezixhalabisayo. โ Ipateni iyinyani ngeCBS/ENew York Times poll kuqhutywe phakathi kuJanuwari, apho abaphenduli bathanda kakhulu iCongress egxile ekudaleni imisebenzi kunokunciphisa intsilelo [26]. Olu luvo lubambe naphakathi kwabaninzi abachonga iQela leTea. Umzekelo, uHoward noValelly bachaza ukuba i-CBS/Maxesha poll ukususela ngo-Epreli odlulileyo "wafumanisa ukuba naphakathi Tea Party abalandeli, egxininisa kuqoqosho / imisebenzi (44 ekhulwini) yayibaluleke kakhulu kunokuba kugxininiswe intsilelo okanye ityala (10 ekhulwini)" [27].
Omnye wakutshanje poll yiWorldPublicOpinion.org ehlonitshwayo icebisa ukuba abo bavelana neTea Partyโmalunga nesiqingatha sabemi base-USโabakwenzi oko kuba besoyika โurhulumente omkhulu,โ kodwa ngenxa yokuba bevakalelwa kukuba urhulumente โakayilandeli intando yabantuโ (i-WorldPublicOpinion.org) i astronomical 81 pesenti yoluntu US ucinga ukuba urhulumente wabo "intle kakhulu iqhutywa umdla ezimbalwa ezinkulu") [28] .Past ukuvota baye babonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi boyika โurhulumente omkhuluโ kuphela xa loo rhulumente esebenza ngokuchasene neminqweno yabo. Ngokomzekelo, abantu baxhasa ngamandla miselo kumashishini amakhulu xa kukho imfuneko yokuthintela ukonakaliswa kwendalo okanye ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, kwaye bacinge ukuba urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukufikelela kwabantu bonke iimfuno ezisisiseko njengokhathalelo lwempilo, ukutya, kunye nemfundo [29].
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abantu bacinga ukuba iinkampani nezityebi azifanele zibe nempembelelo encinane kurhulumente. Bachasa "urhulumente omkhulu" othanda amacandelo anengeniso ephezulu ngeendleko zakhe wonke umntu. Ezimbini zezona ndlela zibalulekileyo urhulumente wase-US axhasa ngazo izityebiโinkcitho enkulu yePentagon kwaye amazinga erhafu aphantsi-bakhuphe umsindo woluntu nangona befumana ukugwetywa okuncinci (kwaye bahlala benconywa) kushicilelo oluxhaswa ngemali yinkampani kunye ne-punditry [30].
Ubungqina bokuchaswa koluntu ngamanye amaxesha buvela, nangona kunjalo, nakumaphepha-ndaba amashishini. Xa kutsha nje poll by 60 Imizuzu kwaye into evanithi ngokuthambile wanika abaphenduli uluhlu lweendlela zokunciphisa ukusilela, uninzi lwathi luya kuqala "ukunyusa irhafu kwizityebi" (i-61 ekhulwini) okanye "inkcitho yokukhusela" (i-20 ekhulwini) njengenyathelo lokuqala; nje 4 ekhulwini wayeza kugawula Medicare, kwaye 3 ekhulwini wayeza kugawula Social Security [31]. Ezinye ezininzi, ii-polls ezineenkcukacha ezininzi ziqinisekisile le mvakalelo isisiseko: a poll yiNkqubo yoNxibelelwano loLuntu kunye neeNethiwekhi zoLwazi olukhutshwe ngoFebruwari odlulileyo lufumene ukuba abaphenduli baya kunciphisa inkcitho yonyaka kwiimfazwe kunye "nokuzikhusela" ngomyinge we-122 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo eziphezulu apho abaphenduli baya kwandisa inkcitho ibe luqeqesho lomsebenzi, imfundo ephakamileyo, ulondolozo kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo, kunye nenkxaso-mali yezikolo eziziiprayimari nezesekondari [32].
Uvoto lwakutsha nje olujolise kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente kunye neemanyano zamacandelo oluntu zifumene iziphumo ezifanayo. A ENew York TimesIindaba ze-CBS poll kwinyanga ephelileyo bafumanise ukuba "ezo zinyulwe irhafu zikhethwayo ngaphezu kokuthotywa kwezibonelelo kubasebenzi bakarhulumente phantse kabini ukuya komnye." Xa benikwa uludwe lwezinto onokukhetha kuzo ukuze banciphise ukushota koqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, โama-40 ekhulwini athi ayeza kunyusa irhafuโ (olona khetho luthandwayo), ngoxa nje โisi-3 ekhulwini sathi siya kuyinciphisa imali yemfundo.โ Kwaye "ipesenti ezingama-61 zabo bavotelwa-kubandakanywa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seRiphabhlikhi-bathi bacinga ukuba imivuzo kunye neenzuzo zabasebenzi abaninzi baseburhulumenteni mhlawumbi 'malunga nokulungileyo' okanye 'phantsi kakhulu' ngomsebenzi abawenzayo" [33]. Abaphenduli kwilizwe lonke inkxaso iimanyano Wisconsin phezu iRhuluneli Walker, kunye Walker imvume yokukala ngaphakathi Wisconsin uye ehlile kakhulu kwinyanga edlulileyo, ukuba 43 ekhulwini [34]. Izimo zengqondo zabemi baseNew York zidla ngokubonisa izinto eziphambili ezifanayo. Abaphenduli kuvoto lwelizwe lonke ngamandla zixhaswe iRhafu kaMillionaire xa yayipasiswa ngo-2009, kwaye malunga ezimbini zesithathu xhasa uhlaziyo lwayo kulo nyaka [35].
Zonke ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziphawuleka ngokwenene xa kujongwa uthotho oluthe gqolo oluchasene nomanyano, oluchasene necandelo likarhulumente, iShock-Doctrine propaganda apho abaphenduli bovoto abafunda amaphepha okanye ababukele umabonwakude baqhutywa mihla le. Uluvo loluntu eNew York, olunje ngokubanzi, alukho ngaphandle kokuchasana, kwaye luqulethe iintlobo ngeentlobo zeengqondo ezinengxaki ekufuneka intshukumo yenkqubela phambili kufuneka ilwe (umzekelo, ubuhlanga, ucalucalulo ngokwesini, ubuzwe, kunye novelwano ngokubanzi kwiRhuluneli uCuomo ngaphandle kokungavisisani okubukhali kwakhe. ukhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo wemali [36]). Nangona kunjalo, kubonakala kukho isiseko esiluqilima samaxabiso ekunokwakhelwa phezu kwawo.
amanqaku:
[1] Klein, Imfundiso eyothusayo: Ukunyuka kobungxowankulu beNtlekele (ENew York: Metropolitan, 2007), 6 (isicatshulwa sikaFriedman); eChile, bona iphepha 70-87, kunye noGreg Grandin, Iworkshop yoBukhosi: eLatin America, eUnited States, kunye nokuPhakamisa kwe-Imperialism eNtsha (ENew York: Metropolitan, 2006), 163-75. Kwimbali yokuthembela kwezizwe ezihambele phambili kwezoshishino ngongenelelo lukarhulumente, bona iHa-Joon Chang, AmaSamariya amabi: Intsomi yoRhwebo olungaKhululwa kunye neMbali eyiMfihlo yoBungxowankulu (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), kunye Ukukhaba iLeli: Isicwangciso soPhuhliso kwimbono yeMbali (London: Anthem Press, 2002), kunye noNoam Chomsky, Unyaka wama-501: Uloyiso luyaqhubeka (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 99-117.
[2] UJack Rasmus, Imfazwe eKhaya: I-Corporate Offensive esuka kuRonald Reagan ukuya eGeorge W. Bush (San Ramon, CA: Kyklos, 2006); UJames Parrott, "Njengoko iGap yeNgeniso isanda, iNew York ikhula ngokwahlukeneyo," Gotham Gazette (UJanuwari 2011).
[3] I-United States ichitha i-48 yepesenti yazo zonke iimali zomdibaniso kwiimfazwe kunye nomkhosi, ngokumalunga nehlabathi lonke lidityanisiwe: bona i "Pie Chart" exabisekileyo eveliswa minyaka le yi-War Resisters League, e-United States. www.warresisters.org/federalpiechart. Inguqulelo yamva nje, ekhutshwe ngoFebruwari 2011, isekwe kwisiphakamiso sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali luka-Obama lwe-FY 2012. Izigxeko zabagqabantshintshi abaphambili โzikarhulumente omkhuluโ zihlala zikhetha kakhulu; kuphela xa ungenelelo lukarhulumente lunceda abantu abaphakathi lubangela ukugwetywa. Ungenelelo olubanzi lukarhulumente egameni lezityebi nabanamandla ngendlela yokuqhawulwa kwerhafu, iinkxaso-mali, izivumelwano zorhwebo zamazwe angaphandle ezikhethekileyo, ulawulo lokufuduka, kunye nenkitha yeminye imilinganiselo idlula ngaphandle kokuphawula.
[4] Njengoko uHahnel ephawula, "Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulungelelanisa abezopolitiko abavela kwiRiphabhlikhi kunye namaQela eDemokhrasi ngoku bazisonge kwibhena yokuthanda ilizwe yokunciphisa intsilelo." Hahnel, Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko: Indlela yangoku (London: Pluto, 2002), 155, ebhekisa kwinqaku likaEdward S. Herman kaFebruwari 1996 Z Magazine; cf. Herman, "uQoqosho lweZityebi," Z Magazine (Julayi 1997).
Ukutyhola ingxaki ekhoyo ngoku kwinkcitho yentlalontle kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi bakarhulumente ayinyanisekanga kuba iingcambu zale ngxaki zaziwa kakhulu: zincediswa kukungalawuleki kukarhulumente kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kunye noo-1990, iibhanki zenze izigidi zemali-mboleko esemngciphekweni. inzuzo yexesha elifutshane-ingakumbi kwicandelo lezindlu, ekhokelela "kwiqamza" lamaxabiso asekhaya awenziweyo aqhamuke ngo-2008, athumela amaxabiso ekhaya ehla. Xa iibhanki zijongene nokuwa, uninzi lwaye lwakhutshwa ngemali yabarhafi (ngelixa abanini-zindlu abavalelweyo babengenathamsanqa kangako).
Iingcambu zexesha elide zengxaki ziquka ukunyuka okumangalisayo kokungalingani, okukhokelele ekwehleni kwemfuno yabathengi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje (bona uRobin Hahnel udliwano-ndlebe ngu-Alex Dougherty, โIsiKhokelo kwiNgxaki yezoQoqoshoโ (Icandelo 1), iProjekthi eNtsha yaKhohlo, ngoFebruwari 16, 2010). Njengoko uHahnel esitsho, โAbona nobangela baphambili โbesaqhwithi soqoqosho esigqibeleleyoโ esaqhambuka ekwindla lowama-2008 (1) kukunyuka okumangalisayo kokungalingani kwezoqoqosho okwenze inkqubo yazinza yaza yangabikho ubulungisa, kunye (2) nokungakhathali. ukurhoxiswa kolawulo lwecandelo lezemali. Zombini ezi ndlela zaqala ngokunyanisekileyo kunye noMongameli uReagan ngo-1980, zaqhubeka phantsi kukaBush I noClinton, kwaye zakhawuleza ngexesha likaBush II. Le mikhwa ibe sisiphumo sokunyuka okuthe chu kumandla eenkampani, kunye namandla eenkampani ezinkulu zezemali ngokukodwa, kunye nokwehla okumangalisayo kwamandla abasebenzi, abathengi kunye noorhulumente. Cf. iinxalenye 2 kunye ne-3 zodliwano-ndlebe lwe-Hahnel, "Ingxaki yoQoqosho kunye nokungaphumeleli kuka-Obama" (Februwari 23, 2010) kunye โIngxaki yoQoqosho kunye neNxeleโ (Matshi 1, 2010).
[5] ENew York Times, ngoFebruwari 25, 2011, A27.
[6] Bona uhlalutyo (ngolunye olulungileyo) lukaJohn Nichols kwi-"Rhuluneli yaseWisconsin isungula uhlaselo lwabaSebenzi beCandelo loLuntu kunye neeManyano; Isoyikiso sokuthumela uMkhosi weSizwe ukuba aphelise uqhanqalazo lwabasebenzi, โIntando yeninzi Ngoku!, ngoFebruwari 15, 2011, okanye Krugman, โShock Doctrine, USAโ
[7] "Inkcazo evela kwiZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo weFiscal malunga noHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluPhezulu olucetywayo: Ubuncinci beBhajethi abuyi kubabuyisela abantu baseNew York eMsebenzini," ngoFebruwari 1, 2011; UTeri Weaver, "Kuqala jonga kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olucetywayo lukaCuomo olubonisa ukucuthwa, ukudityaniswa," I-Post-Standard (eSyracuse), ngoFebruwari 1, 2011; UMichael Gormley, "Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lukaCuomo luphakamisa ukuSika okubuhlungu, ukuchithwa kwe-10,000," IHotff Post, ngoFebruwari 1, 2011; AP, "KwiiKholeji ze-SUNY, Akukho Ukunyuka kweSifundo, Iintlungu ezithile," ngoFebruwari 2, 2011; "I-Medicaid kunye noHlahlo Lwabiwo-mali lweNY: Ukusikwa okunengqondo, kunye neFlak encinci yezopolitiko" (umhleli), ENew York Times, kaMatshi 13, 2011, WK9; UFrank Mauro kunye noJames Parrott, "I-Budget yeCuomo's Austerity izakubulala imisebenzi yaseNY: Kutheni ungarhafi i-5% ephezulu endaweni yokuSlashing Services?" Daily News (eNew York), ngoFebruwari 24, 2011.
[8] UMichael Barbaro, โuCuomo kwiKhosi yokuNxulumana kunye neManyano,โ ngoNovemba 3, 2010, P10.
[9] uJavier C. Hernรกndez, โuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lukaBloomberg lokuquka ukugxothwa kooTitshala,โ NGOKU, ngoFebruwari 17, 2011, A26; Hernรกndez, "IBloomberg ibonelela 'ngeendaba ezilungileyo' kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwaseNew York," NGOKU, ngoFebruwari 18, 2011, A1.
[10] UJames Parrott kunye noFrank Mauro, "I-FPI iphendula kwiNtsebenziswano yesiXeko saseNew York: Ngaba iNew York inokuxhomekeka 'kwiRhafu yeMillionaire' ukuSombulula ingxaki yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali?" (I-Fiscal Policy Institute, uxwebhu oluhlaziywe ngoFebruwari 14, 2011), 3. Amanani engeniso akhoyo asukela ku-2007; amanani erhafu angezantsi asuka ku-2009, kwaye abonisa ifuthe lentlawulo yerhafu yengeniso yethutyana (โiRhafu yeMillionaireโ) eyapasiswa ngo-2009. Ngo-1980 umzobo kunye nothelekiso lweNew York kwisizwe siphela jonga iParrott, โNjengoMvuzo I-Gap Widens, iNew York iyahlukana. "
[11] Uninzi lwemivuzo yecandelo likarhulumente iphezulu ngokobugcisa, kodwa xa uthelekiso lolawulo lwenqanaba lemfundo kukho ukulingana okurhabaxa: bona uTom Juravich, โUkuBuyiselwa kwe-US kungaDinga iManyano yeCandelo loLuntu,โ Iveki yo shishino, ngoFebruwari 27, 2011. Inani lomvuzo wootitshala elicatshulwe kwincwadi ethi Nicholas D. Kristof, ethi, โBahlawule Ootitshala Ngakumbi,โ NGOKU, kaMatshi 12, 2011, WK10.
[12] Parrott and Mauro, โFPI Responds,โ 4. E-Wisconsin, ngaphambi nje kokuba iRhuluneli uScott Walker akhuphe isindululo sakhe sokuchasana nomanyano, watyhala nge-117 yezigidi zeedola. ukucuthwa kwerhafu yenkampaniโebonisa indlela u-Walker anyaniseke ngayo kunye ne-ilk yakhe malunga ne-fiscal solvency. Jonga uJuravich, "Ukubuyiswa kwe-US kunokufuna iManyano yeCandelo loLuntu."
[13] UBrian Nearing, "Ilizwe 'Lungisa' Ukulahlekelwa Kwetyala," Times-Union, ngoFebruwari 7, 2011; I-Fiscal Policy Institute, โUkhetho lokunyuswa kweNgeniso kunye noKonga iindleko,โ NgoFebruwari 22, 2010, iphe. 1.
[14] Parrott kunye noMauro, "I-FPI iyaphendula," i-2.
[15] Krugman, "Ukurhafisa abaHlalutyi," NGOKU, Novemba 26, 2009. Irhafu yokudluliselwa kwestokhwe ibikho ezincwadini ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1900, kodwa ukususela ngowe-1981 iye yatshitshiswa ngesaphulelo esithe ngqo se-100 ekhulwini kubahlawuli bayo. Inani le-3.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola lisekelwe ekunciphiseni (okuncinci kakhulu) kwesaphulelo ukuya kwi-80 ekhulwini (i-FPI, "Iinketho zokunyuswa kweNgeniso kunye neNdleko," i-2).
[16] Kuluhlu olude lweendlela ezizezinye ezihlanganiswe kulo nyaka uphelileyo jonga iFPI, โIinketho zokunyuswa kweNgeniso kunye nezoGcino-ndleko.โ
[17] Stiglitz ku-Gov. David Patterson, iNkokheli yesininzi seSenethi uJoseph Bruno, kunye noSomlomo weNdibano uSheldon Silver, ngoMatshi 27, 2008. Ileta ehlangeneyo esuka kuDisemba 13, 2008. Cf. UPeter Orszag kunye noJoseph Stiglitz ophumelele iBhaso leNobel, "Ukucuthwa koHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kweRhafu kwiNqanaba likarhulumente: Ngaba enye i-Counter-Productive kunenye ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho?" Iziko kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye nezinto eziphambili kuMgaqo-nkqubo, ngoNovemba 6, 2001. Bona kwakhona malunga nayo nayiphi na iKrugman yakutshanje. ENew York Times imihlathi: umz., โUkushiya Abantwana Ngasemva,โ kaFebruwari 27, 2011; โIndlela Yokubulala Abantu Abachachayo,โ kaMatshi 3, 2011; kunye nethi โDumbing Deficits Down,โ kaMatshi 10, 2011.
[18] Khangela uHahnel, Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, 142-47, 152-59, 231-41.
[19] Jonga inqaku lesi-3 ngasentla.
[20] "Impembelelo yeNgqesho yoKhetho lwenkcitho yaseKhaya yase-US emkhosini," Ukhuseleko lwenkcitho yokuqala Iphepha leNkcazo #10 (2009), esekelwe kwiphepha labo elithi "Iimpembelelo zeNgqesho zase-US zezinto eziphambili zoMkhosi kunye neKhaya," Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeeNkonzo zeMpilo 39, akukho. 3 (2009): 443-60.
[21] UJoseph Stiglitz udliwanondlebe "kwiNgcali yezoQoqosho kaNobel uJoseph Stiglitz kwiSicwangciso sokuVuselela kuka-Obama, iTyala, uTshintsho lweMozulu, kunye 'neFreefall: iMelika, iiMarike eziSimahla, kunye nokuSika koQoqosho lweHlabathi,'"Intando yeninzi Ngoku! ngoFebruwari 18, 2010; Krugman, "Iintsilelo zokuLawula phantsi"; Hahnel, โI-Redux yoNyulo: Ukufunda kuNyulo lwaMaphakathi ka-2010, iCandelo lesi-2: Izifundo zaKhohlo,โ ZNet, Novemba 8, 2010; cf. UMark Weisbrot, "Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza isivuseleli esikhulu yaba yimpazamo enkulu," I-Sacramento Bee, Novemba 4, 2010. Jonga udliwano-ndlebe oluneenxalenye ezi-3 lukaHahnel olukhankanywe ngasentla, inqaku lesi-4.
[22] Umzekelo, uNoam Chomsky, "uQhagamshelwano lwaseCairo-Madison," Thunti, Matshi 9, 2011.
[23]'Sima Nawe Njengokuba Umi Nathi': Ingxelo kubasebenzi baseWisconsin nguKamal Abbas weZiko laseYiputa leMibutho yaBasebenzi kunye neeNkonzo zaBasebenzi.,โ ngoFebruwari 20, 2011;Amavolontiya oXolo loLutsha lwase-Afghan, โThina ma-Afghan Sonke singamaBouazizi,โ ngoFebruwari 24, 2011.
[24] Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, kunye noJae Song, "Ukutyhila iphupha laseMelika: ukungalingani kunye nokuhamba kwiDatha yoKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo ukususela ngo-1937," ngoSeptemba 15, 2007 (ithunyelwe kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia website); "Imiqobo yokuHamba kweNtlalo yenza buthathaka amathuba alinganayo kunye nokukhula koQoqosho, ithi i-OECD Study,"Umbutho weNtsebenziswano kwezoQoqosho noPhuhliso, ngoFebruwari 10, 2010; 2005 ENew York Times series "Izinto zeKlasi," iququzelelwa nguDavid Leonhardt; I-Ofisi yoHlahlo lwabiwo-mali yeCongressional, "Iindlela zokwahluka kwemivuzo kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo," ngoAprili 17, 2007; G. William Domhoff, โNgubani Olawula IMelika? Ubutyebi, uMvuzo, namandlaโ (ISebe leSociology, UC-Santa Cruz, Septemba 2005 [ihlaziywe ngoJanuwari 2011]); Rasmus, Imfazwe Yasekhaya. Kutheni ingqiqo yentengiso ihlala ikhokelela ekungalinganini bona iHahnel, Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, 45-70.
[25] Icatshulwe kwintshayelelo yodliwano-ndlebe noMariko Lin Chang kunye noC. Nicole Mason, "Isifundo: Ubutyebi beMedi kubafazi abaMnyama abangatshatanga: i-$ 100, i-Hispanic Women eyodwa: i-$ 120, abasetyhini abaMhlophe abangatshatanga: i-$ 41,000," Intando yeninzi Ngoku!Matshi 12, 2010.
[26] UMegan Thee Brenan, "I-Poll: Eyona nto iNgqongileyo yeNkongolo kufuneka ibe kukuDala imisebenzi," NGOKU (iblogi), ngoJanuwari 20, 2011.
[27] "Ingxaki yokuNikela ingqalelo kwiNtsilelo: Yintoni ngokwenene abaMvoti abayiyicingayo malunga neentsilelo, amatyala, kunye nokuBuyiselwa kwakhona kwezoqoqosho," Ithemba laseMelika (Okthobha 11, 2010).
[28] uStephen Kull, โUrhulumente Omkhulu Akayongxaki,โ WorldPublicOpinion.org, Agasti 19, 2010.
[29] Bona ingqokelela yeziphumo zokuvota ezicatshulwe kum "'Ukukhulisa 'iNyucleus esempilweni': Iingcamango zeNdlela yokuZibandakanya neKlasi yabaSebenzi abaMhlophe," Z blog, Januwari 22, 2010.
[30] Ibid.
[31] UStephanie Condon, "I-Poll: Ukunciphisa iDeficit, Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bathi iRhafu eSityebi ngakumbi," Iindaba ze-CBS (kwi-intanethi), nge-3 kaJanuwari ngo-2011.
[32] USteven Kull, uClay Ramsay, uEvan Lewis, kunye noStefan Subias, Uluntu lwaseMelika lunokujongana njani nentsilelo yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, kaFebruwari 3, 2011, iphepha 7-8. Ukufumana ingxoxo eluncedo malunga nendlela amagama kunye nomxholo wovoto lwamva nje oluchaphazela iziphumo, bona uCarl Conetta kunye noCharles Knight, "Ngaba Sikulungele Ukuyinciphisa Inkcitho Yokhuseleko? Zithini iiPolls,โ IHotff Post, ngoFebruwari 8, 2011. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ngaba abaphenduli baziswa okanye baxelelwe ukuba yimalini urhulumente wase-US ayichitha emkhosini ngaphambi kokuba baphendule (ngokumangalisayo bajongela phantsi inani lokwenyani). Cf. Iingxelo zikaRasmussen, "Abavoti abajongeli phantsi ukuba i-US ichitha malini kwezoKhuselo," NgoFebruwari 1, 2011.
[33] UMichael Cooper kunye noMegan Thee-Brenan, "Uninzi kwi-Poll Back Abasebenzi kwiMibutho yeCandelo loLuntu," NGOKU, Matshi 1, 2011, A1.
[34] Iziko loPhando lwePew, "Icala elingakumbi kunye neWisconsin Unions kuneRhuluneli," ngoFebruwari 28, 2011; Iingxelo zeRasmussen, "I-Wisconsin iRhuluneli i-Walker: i-43% yokuVunywa kweReyithi," ngoMatshi 4, i-2011.
[35] I-Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, "uRhulumente waseNew York uPaterson Ukhwela iNgxaki yeBhajethi, i-Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Abavoti Babuyisela iRhafu kaMillionaire 4-1,โ Agasti 6, 2008; Bobby Cuza, โUvoto lufumana uninzi lwabemi baseNew York baxhasa iRhafu yeMillionaire, iRhuluneli,โ NY1, ngoFebruwari 1, 2011 [esekelwe kwi-NY1/i-Marist poll].
[36] Bona i-Cuza, "Uvoto lufumana uninzi lwabemi baseNew York abaxhasa 'iRhafu yeMillionaire's, iRhuluneli." Umahluko usenokuba ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi lukawonke-wonke malunga neyona ajenda yeRhuluneli okanye iindlela ezizezinye ezikhoyo kuye, ngakumbi njengoko uvoto lwenziwe ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwesiphakamiso sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali nge-1 kaFebruwari.
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