UDavid Swanson's Imfazwe Lixoki (Charlottesville, VA, 2010) inokuba yeyona nkcazo yemfazwe ebanzi ekhoyo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi.
Le ncwadi iyazichasa ngokucwangcisiweyo zonke iingxoxo eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuthethelela iimfazwe, kugxilwe ngokukhethekileyo eUnited States. Ukufunda imbali yeemfazwe ezingafanelekanga zase-US kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho-olwaqala ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba uGeorge W. Bush-ayikusinceda nje ukuba sibone ngeentetho ezisemthethweni malunga neemfazwe zangoku, kodwa kubalulekile ekunqandeni ezizayo. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela izifo ezininzi kukutofa, nto leyo edla ngokubandakanya ukujongisa umzimba ngokujonga intsholongwane ukuze ukwazi ukuzikhusela kwinto yokwenyani. Ngokufanayo, uDavid Swanson uyaxoxa, "injongo yethu kufuneka ibe kukulungela imfazwe ngendlela ethile: kufuneka sikulungele ukugatya ubuxoki obunokuthi buqalise okanye bandise imfazwe" kwixesha elizayo. Ngaloo njongo engqondweni, i-Swanson idiliza "iindidi eziphambili zemfazwe yobuxoki" (iphe. 11-12). Obo buxoki buhlala buhambelana ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yanamhlanje, nokuba umhlaseli ube yi-United States okanye ezinye izizwe ezinamandla.
Uninzi lwezahluko ezilishumi elinesithathu zijolise ekuphikiseni "udidi" oluthile lobuxoki, ukuzoba kwimizekelo yembali esebenzayo nganye. Iisampulu ibandakanya:
- Iimfazwe azinakuphepheka. Olunye ukhetho loxolo okanye uthethathethwano luhlala lukhona, kodwa luhlala lukhatywa, njengoko urhulumente wase-US wenzayo neJapan ngaphambi kweWWII kunye nehlobo lika-1945, eKorea ngo-1950, nase-Afghanistan kwi-2001 (kunye ukususela). Ubuxoki obucacileyo buqhele ukwenziwa ukuze kusungulwe iimfazwe (umzekelo, i-1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution, okanye iiWMDs zaseIraq), kwaye nje ukuba iimfazwe ziqale, ubuxoki obongezelelweyo bakhelwa ukuthethelela ukuqhubeka kwabo (umzekelo, ukuba iVietnam okanye iIraqi ziya kubulalana ngaphandle kweliso lase-US. ).
- Iimfazwe azilwelwa demokrasi namalungelo abantu. Bonke oorhulumente abashushu bathi baneenjongo ezintle, kodwa abukho ubungqina obuninzi bokubuxhasa. Kwisahluko sesi-4 i-Swanson ide ithathele ingqalelo kwinkomo engcwele yeemfazwe zase-US-iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi-kwaye ibonisa ukuba imeko yamaYuda yayincinci ekubalweni kwabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo baseMelika. Ipateni ibambe ezinye iimfazwe "ezilungileyo" ngokunjalo.
- Imfazwe ayizisi unqabiseko okanye impumelelo yezoqoqosho. Ukwakhiwa kwemfazwe nezixhobo, kuquka ukwanda kwenyukliya, phantse ngokungaguquguqukiyo kukhuthaza ugonyamelo olungakumbi nomkhosi. Ngokwezoqoqosho, ukuchitha imali emfazweni nasemkhosini akusebenzi kangako kunenkcitho kwiimfuno zabantu kunye neziseko zentlalo.
- Imfazwe ibulala uninzi lwabantu abangalwi, kwaye iipesenti ziye zatsiba kwinkulungwane edlulileyo njengoko uluntu luye lwaphucula iindlela zokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi.
- Imfazwe ayibonisi intshukumisa yemvelo yomntu. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amajoni aphantsi kwama-20 ekhulwini kuqikelelwa ukuba aye adubula izixhobo zawo. I-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder mhlawumbi ibangelwa ngakumbi kwintlungu yokunyanzelwa ukuba yenzakalise abanye abantu kunokoyika ukubulawa. Njengoko i-Swanson iphawula, "Kungenxa yemeko ebukhali kwaye eyilwe kakuhle apho abantu abaninzi banokuziswa ukuba babulale" (156).
I-Swanson ayibhali abantu abaqhelekileyo abaxhasa imfazwe njengama-dupes alula. Endaweni yoko, njengoko esenza kucace kuyo yonke le ncwadi, inkxaso yoluntu kwiimfazwe zase-US kufuneka zenziwe ngamaphulo osasazo azinikeleyo: umzekelo, iKomidi yeXesha le-WWI yoLwazi loLuntu, imizobo yemithombo yeendaba yase-US yobuhlanga ngexesha le-WWII, kunye okufanayo. Amajelo eendaba asoloko ethetha ukuba ubukho bangoku base-US e-Afghanistan bukhusela amalungelo abantu basetyhini (ukubambana ngomdla koshicilelo lweshishini e-US kushushu kufumaneke eyakhe isimangalo kwisahluko se-10). Eyona nto iphambili kumaphulo okusasaza anjalo ayingobuxoki nje kuphela, kodwa kwanokuhlanganiswa kwesisa sabantu kunye neenjongo ezintle. "Imfazwe ivelisa okona kubi kakhulu," ihlanganisa "iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zobuntu ukuze bakhonze ezona njongo zimbi" (138-39).
Ubuqhetseba kunye nokubambisana kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni uqeqesho emkhosini. USwanson akoyiki ukujongana nomcimbi onameva ngamanye amaxesha wamajoni ase-US kunye nendima yawo kwiimfazwe zase-US (izahluko 5, 7). Ubonisa ngengqiqo ecacileyo kunye nobungqina bokuba i-Orwellian igqabaza njani xa abachasi bemfazwe bebizwa ngokuba "bachasene nejoni" ngelixa abo babathumela ekufeni kwabo bangabaxhasi babo abakhulu. USwanson, ngokufanelekileyo ngokokubona kwam, akancomi okanye anyelise amajoni ase-US, eqonda ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi angamaxhoba okubawa kunye namabhongo aphezulu: โIsisombululoโฆ kufuneka bayeke ukuvelisa ngaphezulu kwabo "(161). Eyona nto ndiyifumene iluncedo kakhulu kwingxoxo yakhe ngamajoni yayingumahluko phakathi sibindi kwaye ubugorha. Uyabuvuma ubugorha bakhe nabani na onokuncama ubomi bakhe ngenxa yesizathu esithile, kodwa uyakubona oko
ubukroti obungenangqondo abunamsebenzi okanye bubi ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abubobuqhawe. Into esiyifunayo yinto efana nembeko. Umntu wethu ongumzekelo kunye nomntu ofanelekileyo ufanele abe ngumntu okulungeleyo ukuzibeka emngciphekweni xa efunwa oko azimisele ngokucokisekileyo ukuba abe yindlela efanelekileyo yokufikelela kwisigqibo esihle. (138)
Ukwakha umbutho oyimpumelelo wokulwa imfazwe, kunye nenkcubeko ehlala ixesha elide yokuchasa umkhosi, kufuna ukuba sikhuthaze enye ingcamango yobugorha. USwanson ucaphula intetho yabucala kaJohn F. Kennedy ethi โimfazwe iya kubakho kude kube yimini ekude xa [umchasi wemfazwe] esonwabela isidima newonga elifana nelo lemfazwe namhlanjeโ (iphe. 133). I-JFK yayisoyika ukuba kunokwenzeka, kodwa umsebenzi wethu kukuyenza ibe yinyani.
Enye inkxalabo encinci endandinayo phambi ukufunda le ncwadi yayikukuba ugqaliselo lwayo kubuxoki bukarhulumente yayimxinwa kakhulu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokusasaza azikho โubuxoki,โ ngokungqongqo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuzixakekisa okungephi ngobuxoki bukarhulumente kunye nehlazo lezopolitiko ngamanye amaxesha lifihla ubudlelwane obusisiseko kwaye lithintele inkqubo yokugxeka umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Ugxininiso kubuxoki bezopolitiko okanye urhulumente ngokubanzi kuye kwaba luphawu lwengqondo yengqondo emva kweentshukumo ezininzi ze-right-wing populist, ezithi, ukuba zibonakalise. ezinye iimpembelelo eziphilileyo, zihlala zingahoywa amandla equmrhu, ukungalingani kwesakhiwo, kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu bangaphandle ngelixa beqinisa ubuzwe base-US kunye nokuchaswa kwamaqumrhu asemthethweni ehlabathi njenge-UN kunye neNkundla yeHlabathi. Njengoko uJerry Lembcke enzile lumkisa, kukho ingozi yokudlala kolu tyekelo kunye nokutyeshela imiba emikhulu ye-causation yesakhiwo, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: umzekelo, ukugxininiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kulawulo lukaBush lobuxoki lokuhlasela i-Iraq luqhuba umngcipheko wokufihla izizathu ezinzulu kunye nemiphumo, kunye nokubonisa ukuba i-Iraq ayenayo babene-WMDs ke uhlaselo lwase-US ngandlela thile beluya kulunga.
Kodwa uDavid Swanson uyayiphepha yonke le migibe. Kwisicatshulwa ngokwaso, ileyibhile ethi "ubuxoki" yi-shorthand yoluhlu olubanzi lweepropaganda: ukushiywa, ukugqwesa, ukuzukisa, iingcamango ze-xenophobic, kunye nokufihla iinjongo, ngaphezu kobuxoki obucacileyo. Kwaye iSwanson inikela kwisahluko sesi-6 kwingxoxo yeenjongo zabafudumezi (ubukhulu becala ngamagama abo), apho athi ahlalutye ezinye zeziseko zeemfazwe zase-US kunye nomkhosi. Iinjongo zoqoqosho emva kweemfazwe zase-US zibandakanya umnqweno wabaphezulu kwizixhobo zokusebenza zaphesheya kunye neemarike kunye nomdla weekontraka zasemkhosini zasekhaya ekwakheni umkhosi omkhulu wase-US. Iinjongo ze Geopolitical zibandakanya ukudityaniswa kolawulo kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana noMbindi Mpuma, uMzantsi-mpuma Asia, kunye neLatin America. I-Swanson ikwabonelela ngemizekelo emangalisayo yendlela inkcubeko yezopolitiko ye-chauvinist eWashington ikhokelele ekubandezelekeni okumangalisayo koluntu, njengoko abezopolitiko bezimisele ukungqina ubudoda babo kunye nobudoda be-United States kwinqanaba lehlabathi baye bagweba ngokungakhathali amakhulu amawaka. kwabantu abamsulwa ukufa nokubandezeleka. Loo machismo-ngokukodwa, umnqweno wokuphepha "ukuthotywa" kuzo zonke iindleko-yayibalulekile ekuqhubekeni kweMfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye, nangona iSwanson ingenzi ikhonkco, mhlawumbi yinxalenye yesizathu sokunyuka kuka-Obama e-Afghanistan.
Le ncwadi inegalelo elincomekayo kwaye ifanele ukufundwa ngabaphulaphuli abaninzi kangangoko. Nangona okuqatshelweyo kumbalwa kwencwadi kulutsha ngokobuchwepheshe, isicatshulwa yinkqubo ebhalwe kakuhle yeengxoxo ezichasene nemfazwe ezisekelwe ngokuqinileyo kumava embali. Njengemibhalo yeenkcuba-buchopho zikawonke-wonke ezifana noHoward Zinn okanye uNoam Chomsky, le ncwadi ayenzelwanga abaphengululi, kodwa ilungiselelwe abantu abaqhelekileyo. Iya kuba luncedo kakhulu njengembali efundeka lula kumalungu oluntu athe, ngembeko yezikolo namajelo eendaba, abe nokufikelela kuphela kwimfundiso esemthethweni ngendima yase-US ehlabathini. Kunzima ukubona ukuba nawuphi na umntu onengqondo evulekileyo ongenzi nzuzo ngokuthe ngqo kwiimfazwe zase-US anokuxhasa ezo mfazwe emva kokufunda le ncwadi.
Le ncwadi iya kuba luncedo kubafundi abanengqondo yenkululeko abathi, ngeenjongo ezilungileyo nangona kunjalo, baswele isiseko esiqinileyo sembali kunye nokuhambelana okusengqiqweni okuya kubanyanzela ukuba baphuhlise ukugxeka okucwangcisiweyo kweemfazwe zase-US kunye nemfazwe. Okokugqibela, le ncwadi kufuneka isebenze njengeseti yeengongoma zokuthetha ezineenkcukacha zabaququzeleli bemfazwe kunye "nabasele beguquliwe," imodeli yengxoxo esebenzayo kunye nokuqulunqa imiba.
Imfazwe Lixoki idibanisa umsindo wobulungisa wokuziphatha kunye nengqiqo ecacileyo, nengqiqo ecacileyo. Yifunde, uyixubushe, uyicaphule, yifotokopi, uyinike njengesipho, unikele ngayo ezikolweni nakwimizi yogcino-zincwadi, uze usebenzise iingxoxo zayo nemizekelo engokwembali kwiingxoxo nabahlobo, intsapho, abantu ongabaziyo nabachasi. 'Yabona www.WarIsALIe.org ngolwazi malunga nendlela yokwenza iiodolo ezininzi.
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