Uphononongo luka-Anthony DiMaggio, Ukunyuka kweQela leTea: Ukunganeliseki kwezopolitiko kunye neMedia yeNkampani kwiXesha lika-Obama (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga, ngo-2011)
Ushicilelo lwase-US luqhele ukwenza iQela leTea njengendlela eyiyo yomsindo odumileyo ngokuchasene nabantu abangaphakathi eWashington. Incwadi entsha ka-Anthony DiMaggio ichitha iintsomi ezinjalo, ebonisa ukuba iQela leTea alizange libe yintshukumo yokwenyani yentlalontle okanye umntu ongaphandle kwezopolitiko kodwa ibe liqela elinolawulo oluphezulu elalinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi ukusuka ekusekweni kwayo kwiminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo. Injongo yeQela leTea ibikukunceda iQela laseRiphabhlikhi elitsala nzima kwiinzame zalo zokuqhubela phambili ukubuyisela umva umnatha wokhuseleko loluntu kunye nobutyebi obungakumbi namandla asuka kubasebenzi aye kwizityebi. Ukufaneleka kwencwadi kunabela ngaphaya kweQela leTea, nangona kunjalo. I-DiMaggio isebenzisa iqela njengesifundo sophando lokuphonononga imiba ebanzi ye-bias media corporate, utshintsho oluchanekileyo lwezopolitiko zase-US kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kunye nemiphumo yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezingezona izinto eziphathekayo ekubumbeni izimo zengqondo zabantu. Uphononongo ngokwenene iincwadi ezimbini kwelinye: uviwo olugunyazisiweyo lwesiganeko Tea Party kunye "ithiyori enkulu yoluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nemikhosi emikhulu yentlalo eyiphembelela" (iphe. 29).
Izahluko ezibini zokuqala zihlalutya ngokunzulu ukuvela kunye nokukhula kweQela leTea kwi-2009-10, ebonisa ukuba umbutho awuzange ube yintshukumo ezimeleyo okanye esekelwe ngobuninzi. UDiMaggio uyawukhaba umzobo oqhelekileyo weqela njengee-maverick agitators ezibangela iintloko ezibuhlungu kwiiDemocrats kunye namaRiphabhlikhi ngokufanayo: kwasekuqaleni iQela leTea kunye namaqela ayo adibeneyo babenobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwi-Republican Party kunye nabaxhasi beRiphabhlikhi bebhiliyoni abafana nabazalwana bakaKoch. Amabango aqhelekileyo malunga nefuthe leQela leTea kwi-Congressional Republicans nazo ziyalahlekisa. Ukutshintsha kweqela leRiphabhlikhi ukuya kwizikhundla ezigqithisileyo akunakubalelwa kwimpembelelo yeqela leQela leTea (kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo, njengoko abanye bebango, kuyo nayiphi na inguqu kwimbono yoluntu). Njengoko uDiMaggio ebona, utshintsho lwasekunene lweqela leRiphabhlikhi sele liqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Ngaphezu koko, kukho isivumelwano esinamandla phakathi kweTea Party kunye namaRiphabhlikhi "aphakathi" kwiNkongolo malunga nobuninzi bemibuzo yomgaqo-nkqubo, iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba amaQela eTea njengabaceli-mngeni ekusekweni kweRiphabhlikhi. Eyona njongo iphambili yeQela leTea ibe โkukuguqula ngokutshaโ uMbutho weRiphablikhi njengomkhosi wabantu abaninzi kunye neevoti zejelo kubagqatswa beRiphabhlikhi ngexesha apho abavoti bejonga uMbutho weRiphablikhi (nangaphezu kweQela leDemokhrasi) ngendelelo ehlala isanda.
Isahluko sesi-2, esibhalwe ngokubambisana neDiMaggio ehlala isebenzisana noPaul Street, ibonelela ngokujonga kumgangatho osezantsi kwimikhankaso yeQela leTea kwindawo enkulu yaseChicago, edla ngokuthathwa njengenqaba yeQela leTea. Aba babini baqwalasele iintlanganiso zengingqi kunye nemisitho yeQela leTea kulo lonke u-2009 no-2010. Isihloko esixhokonxayo sesahlukoโโIqela leTea alikhoโโsidlulisela imiba emibini ebalulekileyo: ukuba iQela leTea linobukho obuncinane kakhulu bendawo kwaye alizange libe lizimeleyo. itheko kodwa โumsebenzi ofihlakeleyo weRiphabhlikhiโ (iphe. 92). Uphando lweDiMaggio kunye neSitrato lufumanise ukuba uninzi lweempawu zentshukumo yentlalo yokwenyani zazingekho. Zimbalwa izahluko ebezisebenza kumgangatho wengingqi, zimbalwa ebezibamba iintlanganiso ezivulelekileyo rhoqo, kwaye bekukho ukuzinikela okuncinci okanye akukho nto phakathi kweenkokeli zezahluko ekwakheni intshukumo kunye nokuxhobisa amalungu. Iintlanganiso ezithe zenzeka zaqhutywa ngendlela enegunya eliphezulu kunye nengxoxo encinane evulelekileyo. Iinkokeli zezahluko zibandakanyeke ekufikeleleni ikakhulu ukuze kuveliswe ithuba lokuvela kwimisitho eyenzeka ngamaxesha athile ebisebenza njengeendibano zokhankaso ezigqunywe kancinci zabagqatswa baseRiphabhlikhi. Uninzi lomsebenzi wesahluko "wawulawulwa yimidla yonyulo lwamaqela" (iphe. 89). (Kule mixholo jonga nakwisifundo sikaStreet kunye neDiMaggio Ukubetha ipati yeti [IParadigm, yowama-2011], ephelelisa le ncwadi yangoku.)
Umshicileli wase-US udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni inkohliso yemvukelo enkulu yeQela leTea, njengoko uDiMaggio ebonisa kwiSahluko 3. Phakathi kowama-2011 enye inkokeli yeQela leTea yavuma ukuba "bekungekhe kubekho Iqela leTea ngaphandle kweFox" (icatshulwe. kwiphepha 224). Iindawo ezithengisa ngamaphiko asekunene njengeNdaba zeFox bezibalulekile ekukhuthazeni imisitho yeQela leTea ukonyusa isiphumo kunye nokubonelela ngothotho oluqhubekayo lokugubungela. Kodwa i-centrist kunye nemithombo yeendaba ekhululekileyo yabelana ngetyala. Naxa bebonisa ukugxekwa kwayo, bahlala beyibiza kakubi njengeyenyani. intshukumo kwaye imvukelo, ngaloo ndlela isemthethweni, ngelixa lingazihoyi iinyani ezichazwe kwiSahluko 1 kunye ne-2. Uhlalutyo lwe-DiMaggio lobungakanani bokupapashwa kweendaba lukwabonisa ukuba abeendaba baye bakhetha ngokucwangcisiweyo i-Tea Party ngaphezu kwemfazwe, i-anti-corporate, kunye noqhanqalazo lwamalungelo abasetyhini, ngokungafaniyo ne-Tea Party emele. iintshukumo zokwenyani zengca. Le pateni yoshicilelo iqinisekisa uqikelelo luka-Edward Herman kunye noNoam Chomsky "kwimodeli yepropaganda" malunga nokuphathwa kwabeendaba "abafanelekileyo" ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi "abangafanelekanga".
Esinye isahluko malunga nosasazo lweendaba sigxile kwi-Tea Party's obsession ngo-2009 nasekuqaleni kuka-2010, ingxoxo yohlaziyo lwezempilo. I-DiMaggio ifumanisa ukuba iingxelo zeendaba malunga nalo mbandela zivakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo imixholo ye-propaganda ye-right-wing-ingagxininise kwiindleko ezithiwayo, amatyala, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluza kuvela kwiziphakamiso zokuguqulwa kweDemokhrasi-ngelixa behluleka ukuvuma izizathu zokwenyani zokuchaswa kwephiko lasekunene. Isindululo sohlaziyo esithobekileyo "sokhetho lukawonke-wonke" safumana ingqalelo encinci yemithombo yeendaba, ngakumbi emva kokuba iiDemocratic Democrats ziyekile ukuyithethelela. Ingxoxo yomhlawuli-mnye okanye ukhathalelo lwempilo jikelele, okwangoku, belungekho ngokuphandle kwiingxelo zeendaba.
I-DiMaggio ihamba ngaphaya kwezifundo ezininzi zokugubungela imidiya ngokulinganisa iziphumo yepropaganda kunye namanye amandla kwizimo zengqondo zoluntu. Kwizahluko ze-4 kunye ne-6 usebenzisa iziphumo zokuvota ukuhlalutya ukubaluleka kwezinto ezisithoba ezahlukeneyo, zombini izinto kunye "ezingabonakaliyo," ekubumbeni izimo zengqondo zabantu malunga neQela leTea kunye nohlaziyo lwezempilo ngexesha lophando. Izinto eziphathekayo ezifana nobuhlanga kunye nomvuzo zidlala indima ephambili, kunye nabamhlophe kunye nabatyebileyo banokuxhasa i-Tea Party kunye nokuchasa ukulungiswa kwezempilo. Nangona kunjalo uDiMaggio ugqiba kwelokuba amandla angabonakaliyo afana nokuvezwa kumajelo eendaba kunye nokuzibandakanya kwamaqela abaluleke kakhulu ekugqibeleni ekumiseleni izimvo zabantu. Abavoti baseRiphabhlikhi, abo babukele iFox News, kunye nabo balandela iingxelo zeendaba ezinxulumene neWashington ngokusondeleyo babenokuxhasa iQela leTea kunye nokuchasa uhlaziyo lwezempilo.
Omnye weyona mibuzo icinezelayo malunga nesenzeko seQela leTea kukuba kutheni abantu abaninzi abangabasebenzi bevakalise inkxaso kuyo. Ngo-2010 eli qela liye lakhula ekuthandeni kuninzi lwamacandelo oluntu, hayi nje kubantu abazizityebi. Ngo-Agasti 2010 ngaphezulu isiqingatha soluntu lwase-US uvakalise โuvelwanoโ kunye neQela leTea. I-DiMaggio iyaqaphela ukwahlula phakathi kweenjongo zobunkokeli obuphezulu be-Tea Party kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo abasebenzayo abaye bakhangwa kuyo. I-Tea Party inokuba "ngumkhosi wobuxoki," kodwa "iqela belingayi kuba liphumelele ukuba belingekho ngenxa yezikhalazo ezisemthethweni kunye nomsindo woluntu jikelele" (iphe. 31). Ukuwa kwemivuzo yokwenyani, ukunyuka kokungalingani, kunye norhulumente ongaphenduliyo konke kuphembelele ukuthandwa kweQela leTea, nokuba izisombululo zalo zobuxoki ziya kuzenza mandundu ngabom ezo ngxaki. Ngaphezu koko, abaninzi abantu abaye babonisa inkxaso kwi-Tea Party ngokwenene babambe ixabiso eliqhubekayo. Enye inkcazo iDiMaggio inikezela ngale ngqungquthela kukuba ukungazi kakuhle (ubukhulu becala kudalwa yi-media coverage) kubangela ukwahlukana phakathi kwemilinganiselo yabantu kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo ethile, kwelinye icala, kunye nezimvo zabo zezopolitiko, amaziko, kunye neengcamango ezingabonakaliyo ezifana "nokuguqulwa kwezempilo, โ kwelinye. Umzekelo, abantu banokuxhasa ngamandla iinkqubo zentlalontle ezifana neMedicare okanye uKhuseleko lweNtlalo-njengoko uninzi loluntu lusenza-kodwa bachasa "intlalontle" ngenxa yocalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo lobuxoki olunyuswe ngokuchasene nombono ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970s.
Kukhangeleka ngathi indlela efanayo isebenza kwiimbono zoluntu kwimibandela emininzi. Uninzi loluntu ucinga abasebenzi kufuneka babe ingeniso kunye namandla, kodwa ngaphezulu engafaniyo ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango yemibutho. Uluntu isekela isivumelwano esibophelelayo ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha Abavoti bakaBush ngo-2004 babephantsi kwengcamango ephosakeleyo yokuba uBush wayexhasa iProtocol yaseKyoto. Ukuthatha umzekelo wamva nje, uluntu ivuma kakhulu ngeenjongo zentshukumo ye-Occupy Wall Street yokunciphisa ukungalingani, ukurhafisa izityebi ukuxhasa iinkqubo zentlalontle, kunye nokuphelisa ulawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente, kodwa inkxaso echaziweyo yombutho we-Occupy ngokwayo isezantsi (nangona iseninzi). Ingxoxo kaDiMaggio malunga nendlela i-elites kunye neendaba ezisasazwayo "zokuvelisa ukuchasana" ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo enokuthi yonwabele inkxaso exhaphakileyo inceda ukucacisa i-paradox enjalo, nangona uphando olongezelelweyo-ingakumbi kwinqanaba le-ethnographic-kuya kufuneka ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo izizathu zenkxaso yeklasi yabasebenzi. kwiQela leTea kunye neminye imikhosi yamandla asekunene (ubuhlanga bodidi lwabasebenzi, ubuhlanga, kunye nobuzwe ngokuqinisekileyo zibalulekile apha).
Ngelo xesha, i-DiMaggio iphinda ilumkise ukuba i-cooption okanye "ulwazi lobuxoki" lwabasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo aluxhaphakanga njengabahlalutyi abanjengoThomas Frank (umbhali we Yintoni ingxaki ngeKansas?) zichaze. Inkxaso yamaRiphabhlikhi phakathi kwabasebenzi abamhlophe ikude kwindalo yonke, kwaye abantu abaqhelekileyo bahlala bebona ngepropaganda ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo umceli mngeni kwingxoxo kaFrank uyinxenye kuphela: UDiMaggio uyaqonda โukuba abo bangathathi ntweni basetyenziswa rhoqo ekuxhaseni imigaqo-nkqubo echasene ngqo nezinto abazithandayoโ (iphe. 179). Ukukhohlisa okuyimpumelelo akuqhelekanga njengoko abanye abantu benkululeko kunye nabasekhohlo bacebisa.
Iingcamango zam zencwadi zimbalwa kwaye zincinci. Nangona ingelophoso lombhali, le ncwadi yabhalwa kwangoko kakhulu (ngoNovemba ka-2010) ukuba ithathele ingqalelo izinto ezenzekayo ezinomdla ezifana nokwehla kweqela leTea ekuthandeni abantu ngo-2011 okanye ukuvela kwakhona kwentshukumo eqhubekayo e-United States njengoko iqulathwe kuqhanqalazo lwe-Occupy lokuwa. (isiphelo sencwadi, esibhalwe ngo-Agasti ka-2011, sithetha ngoqhanqalazo lomanyano lwangoFebruwari eWisconsin).
Mhlawumbi ugxeko olubaluleke ngakumbi lubandakanya ukunqongophala kwengqalelo kwindima yeeDemokhrasi ekuphembeleleni ukunganeliseki kwezopolitiko apho iQela leTea lizenzele khona imali. Ngokomzekelo, ndicinga ukuba inkcazo ethi "amaRiphabhlikhi athathe ngempumelelo ukhathalelo lwempilo jikelele kunye nokhetho lukawonke-wonke kwi-ajenda" (iphe. 192) ibonisa amandla amaninzi ekunene; Iidemokhrasi ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ziye zayikhaba imbono yokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele kwaye yayingabaxhasi abantliziyo zilungileyo bokhetho loluntu. Nangaphambi kokuphela konyaka ka-2009, xa izindululo zeDemokhrasi zisabandakanya ukhetho loluntu, kwakungacacanga nangayiphi na indlela ukuba imiba eqhubekayo yowiso-mthetho iyakodlula le mibi. Ukuchaswa koluntu kuhlaziyo lwezempilo lweDemokhrasi kubonakala ngathi akuvelanga nje kwipropaganda yaphiko lasekunene kodwa nakwimo ehambelana nenkampani kwizindululo zohlaziyo. KwiNdaba ye-CBS kaJanuwari ka-2010 poll, ama-43 ekhulwini abantu abaphendulayo bathi โuhlaziyo alwenzi ngokwaneleyoโ ukunqanda iinkampani zeinshorensi zabucala (ngama-27 ekhulwini kuphela athi โziya kudeโ). UDiMaggio uyaqaphela ukuba izindululo zeDemokhrasi zinike izipho ezikhulu kwiinkampani zeinshorensi nokuba imigaqo-nkqubo yephiko lasekunene leDemokhrasi โibe negalelo ekuthandeni iQela leTeaโ ngokwahlula uluntu (iphe. 126), kodwa ingqalelo engakumbi kule ntshukumo inokuba nayo ngakumbi. lutyebise uhlalutyo. Uphando olongezelelweyo kwixesha elizayo lunokunceda ekukhanyiseni inkqubo apho abaxhasi be-right-wing populists babhenela abasebenzi abadangele ukungafuni kweDemocrats okanye ukungakwazi ukulandela uhlaziyo olunentsingiselo.
Ukunyuka kweQela leTea lolona fundo lunokuqonda kwisihloko ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (ecaleni kwesitalato kunye neDiMaggio's Ukubetha ipati yeti), kwaye ibeka ngokufanelekileyo isenzeko seTea Party phakathi kohlalutyo olubanzi loluvo loluntu, amajelo eendaba eshishini, kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US. Kubalulekile ukufunda kuye nabani na onqwenela ukuqonda imbali yamva nje yezopolitiko yase-US kunye namandla amakhulu olawulo kunye ne-hegemony e-United States.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela