Phakathi kwezithembiso ezininzi zomkhankaso wonyulo luka-Barack Obama ngo-2008 yayiluhlengahlengiso olucokisekileyo lwezempilo zase-US. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo ekhoyo kwakucacile: nangona iindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kumntu ngamnye zaziphindwe kabini kunakwamanye amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, ubuncinane abantu abazizigidi ezingama-46 basangenayo i-inshurensi yezempilo kunye ne-45,000 ngonyaka ngenxa yoko [1].
I-2010 yoKhuseleko lweSigulane kunye noMthetho woNonophelo oZifikelelekayo ("Obamacare") awuyi kusombulula ezi ngxaki. Uhlaziyo luqulethe izinto ezintle, ngakumbi izibonelelo zalo kubantu abafumana umvuzo ophantsi, ukwandiswa kwe-inshurensi yabantwana ukuya kwiminyaka engama-26 (ecinga ukuba abazali babo sele be-inshurensi), kunye nokuvalwa kweenkampani ze-inshorensi ezinqabela ukuhlawulelwa ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zangaphambili. Kodwa olu phuculo lufakwe kulwakhiwo olugcina kwaye ludibanise inkqubo eneziphene elawulwa ngamaqumrhu e-inshorensi yabucala kwaye ihlaliswe ngababoneleli bengeniso abangalawulwayo.
Undoqo wohlaziyo โligunya lomntu ngamnyeโ elifuna ukuba wonke umntu athenge i-inshorensi kwiinkampani zabucala okanye ahlawule isohlwayo, imodeli ekude lee kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo lwehlabathi jikelele apho irhafu eqhubekayo ixhasa ngemali i-inshurensi elawulwa ngurhulumente, yombhatali omnye. isicwangciso. Olu khetho lokugqibela, oluhlala lubizwa ngokuba yi "Medicare for All," ayizange iphinde iqwalaselwe yiCongress okanye ulawulo, nangona isebenza kakhulu kwaye inobuntu kunezinye iindlela [2]. Kwanenkqubo ye-inshurensi eqhutywa ngurhulumente enganyanzelekanga (โukhetho lukawonke-wonkeโ) ayizange yonwatyiswe ngokunzulu kwiSenethi.
Apha sihlalutya uhlaziyo lwenkathalo yezempilo njengomzekeliso wokuzinziswa kweenkampani ezinkulu ekwenziweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yaseU.S. Amashishini achaphazelekayo aye abandakanyeka kwinkqubeko ukususela ekuqaleni, eqinisekisa ukuba umdla wabo uya kufumana kuqala, ngelixa uluvo loluntu kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwakungabalulekanga kangako. Ukuyilwa kwe-Obamacare kunika ilensi yokuqonda ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni urhulumente amkela umdla wodidi lwabaphezulu beshishini [3]. Ukanti urhulumente ayisosixhobo nje sokulawula; ikwayindawo yomzabalazo. Emva kokuphonononga inkqubo yohlaziyo, sinikezela ngeziphakamiso ezicwangcisiweyo zeMedicare for All movement.
Uluvo loluntu
Uninzi lwamajelo eendaba e-Obamacare lucebise ukungqubana okunzulu phakathi koluntu lwase-US. Ukanti abahlalutyi baye bathande ukungayihoyi le izizathu ngenxa yokungabi namdla koluntu. Kwi-poll kaJanuwari ka-2010 ye-CBS, umzekelo, i-54 pesenti ayizange ivume "ukuphatha ukunakekelwa kwezempilo" kuka-Obama, kodwa uninzi lwabantu abaninzi bathi umthetho awuzange uhambe "kude ngokwaneleyo" "ukugubungela abantu baseMelika" (35 pesenti), "ukulawula iindleko. โ (iipesenti ezingama-39), kunye โnokulawula iinkampani zeinshorensi yezempiloโ (ipesenti ezingama-43). Abambalwa kakhulu (ama-32, ama-24, kunye nama-27 ekhulwini, ngokulandelanayo) bacinga ukuba uhlaziyo luhambe "kude kakhulu." Amanqaku okuvunywa kweCongressional Republicans, abangazange bafihle ukudelela kwabo abantu abasebenzayo kunye nabangakhuselwanga, babengaphantsi kunoObama kunye neDemocrats [4].
Abantu abaninzi ababewulumkele umthetho ka-Obama bebeya kuxhasa umhlawuli omnye, inkqubo ye-inshurensi yezempilo, ngakumbi ukuba ibithiwe thaca njenge "Medicare for All." Kuvoto oluthatha amashumi eminyaka, uninzi loluntu lwase-US luthe gqolo lubonakalisa ukukhetha olu hlobo lwenkqubo, enkulu uninzi luvuma ukuba urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukufikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo kuye wonke umntu elizweni [5]. Kuhlolisiso olwenziwa ngaphambi nje konyulo lowama-2008, ama-77 ekhulwini abo bonke abantu (kwakunye nama-57 ekhulwini abo babeceba ukuvotela iRiphabhlikhi uJohn McCain) bavuma ukuba urhulumente โkufanele abe noxanduva lokuqinisekisaโ ukuba wonke umntu โeyona mfuno isisiseko yokhathalelo lwempiloโ ikho. wadibana [6]. Ngamanye amazwi, uninzi loluntu lwaluqhubela phambili kakhulu kuneqela leRiphabhlikhi kunye neqela eliphambili leDemocratic Party.
La manani ayayikhaba into yokuba uluntu luya kuqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokhathalelo lwempilo [7]. Ngelixa uluvo loluntu lunokuba ludlale indima ethile ekufumaneni uhlaziyo lwenkathalo yezempilo kumgaqo-nkqubo ajenda, yayinomda kwinkqubo yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ngokwayo [8].
UkuBunjwa koHlaziyo
Izinto ezininzi ezinokuthi zibe negalelo kwisigqibo solawulo luka-Obama sokulandela uhlaziyo lwezempilo ekuqaleni kuka-2009: inkxalabo yamacandelo oshishino malunga neendleko zezempilo ezihlala zinyuka, uloyiko lweinshurensi yezempilo malunga nengxaki yemali ebanzi, inkxalabo enkulu yoluntu malunga nokhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nomnqweno ka-Obama wokuba. enze isithembiso sephulo elingundoqo (kwaye ngoko aqinise amathuba akhe onyulo kwakhona kunye nelifa) [9]. Ubunzima obuchanekileyo bezinto nganye kwezi kwisigqibo sokuqala solawulo akucaci ngokupheleleyo.
Inkqubo eyalandelayo apho uhlaziyo lwenziwayo icace ngakumbi: ulawulo lwamema abona baphathi bamandla abaphambili kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwasekuqaleni. Ngokwamazwi omlawuli wonxibelelwano we-White House uDan Pfeiffer, iqhinga lika-Obama โyayikukuzisa wonke umntu ochaphazelekayo etafileniโ [10]. Umchola-choli weendaba uRyan Lizza wenza kucace ukuba โumntu ochaphazelekayoโ ubhekisele kwizilangazelelo zobukapitali hayi uluntu ngokubanzi, ephawula, ngokomzekelo, ukuba u-Obama โwathumela abona basebenzi bakhe bangqongqo kwezobupolitikaโnjengoRahm Emanuel noJim Messinaโukuze banciphise izivumelwano neshishini loxubo-mayeza nezibhedleleโ [11].
Esinye isivumelwano esikhulu esavela kule nkqubo yothethathethwano sathembisa ishishini le-inshorensi yezempilo amashumi ezigidi zabathengi abatsha, abaya kunyanzelwa ngumthetho ukuba bathenge izicwangciso kwiinkampani zabucala. Utshintshiselwano, ishishini livumile ukubonelela ngenkxaso kwizigulane ezineemeko esele zikhona [12]. Kolunye uthethathethwano oluphambili, amagosa olawulo kunye noSenator weDemokhrasi uMax Baucus (uSihlalo weKomiti yezeMali yeSenethi) bafumene imvume kuPhando lwezoPhando lwezoPhando kunye nabavelisi baseMelika (PhRMA) kumthetho ocetywayo ngokulahla igunya likarhulumente lokuthethathethana ngamaxabiso amachiza kunye nokungenisa aphantsi- amayeza exabiso [13].
Imveliso yokugqibela yayithathwa ngokuba "yinto elungileyo" ngabangaphakathi kwishishini (uluvo losekela mongameli omkhulu we-PhRMA, othe wathenga iintengiso ezixhasa umthetho oyilwayo) [14]. Ngaphandle kwee-inshurensi ezintlanu ezinkulu zabucala (i-Aetna, i-Cigna, i-Humana, i-UnitedHealth, kunye ne-WellPoint), abaninzi abadlali abakhulu kwishishini lezempilo baxhasa ukuguqulwa okanye ubuncinci abazange bachase ngokusebenzayo. Le mvume evela kushishino-ukuguqulwa kwamashumi eminyaka yenkcaso enamandla-ibangele ukubunjwa kohlaziyo lube luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwentlalontle yenkampani: "inaliti enkulu yenkxaso-mali yoluntu ukwandisa ubukhulu bemarike yezempilo yase-US," njengoko. i Financial Times kuphawuliwe [15].
Inkalo yentlalontle yenkampani ye-bill ingabonwa ngokucacileyo kwiingxoxo kunye ne-American Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), intlangano ye-inshurensi yezempilo ephambili yokucela. Nangona i-AHIP ingazange iwuvume ngokusesikweni umthetho oyilwayo, iye yavumelana nesiseko esisisiseko kwaye ayizange ihlanganise ubunzima bayo bomthetho ngokuchasene nayo. Icandelo eliphambili lomthetho-igunya lomntu ngokutshintshiselana "nokungabikho kwimeko ekhoyo ngaphambili" - yayiyiloo nto i-AHIP kunye ne-right-wing Heritage Foundation yayicetywayo ngaphambili, kwaye yayiwiswe (ngemvume yabo) eMassachusetts phantsi kweRhuluneli yaseRiphabhlikhi. Mitt Romney [16]. Eli lungiselelo, lihambelana nenkxaso karhulumente kubathengi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi, liya kuqinisekisa ukunyuswa okukhulu kwengeniso kwishishini le-inshorensi yezempilo, ngakumbi kuba abathengi bebengakhange banikwe โinketho yoluntuโ eqinileyo. Ukutshintsha ukhetho loluntu, kodwa enye inkxaso karhulumente yongezwa kumthetho: ukudalwa kotshintshiselwano lwemali karhulumente eyalathisa abathengi kwi-inshurensi yabucala, ngaphandle kwee-inshurensi ezihlawula inkonzo [17].
Ishishini le-inshorensi likwayile iinkcukacha ezininzi ezongezelelweyo zalo mthetho. Besebenzisa iimpembelelo zabo ngaphakathi kweKomiti yezeMali yeSenethi, i-inshurensi yanciphisa kakhulu isabelo seendleko zonyango ebekuya kufuneka ukuba basihlawule phantsi kwezindululo zangaphambili [18]. Uphawu lokugqibela lwe-Obamacare ekuxoxiswene ngalo ne-AHIP yayikukulahlwa ngokwenyani kulawulo lwezinga likarhulumente, oludla ngokudityaniswa neenkonzo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Imimiselo yexabiso elixekekileyo kumthetho wokugqibela-ukuthintela iindleko kuya kuba yinto "yokuzithandela" -yayiyenye isiphumo senkqubo yokuzisa "wonke umntu ochaphazelekayo [wenkampani] etafileni" [19].
Ngokuthintelwa kweendleko zokwenyani kulahliwe, ingxabano ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho yafika embindini malunga nokuba ngubani oza kuhlawulela ukonyuka kweendleko (okukuthi ubukhulu becala inzuzo ukwanda kweshishini lezempilo). Kwakulo mxholo apho u-Obama wolawulo lwezopolitiko wayefuna ukuphendula ibango labaqeshi abakhulu bolawulo lwe-inshurensi yezempilo. Imiba emibini kumthetho yayiyilwe ukudlulisela iindleko zabaqeshi kubasebenzi babo. Okokuqala, i-inshurensi engenzi nzuzo, izicwangciso ze-inshurensi yabaqeshi abaninzi okwangoku zibandakanya i-20 yezigidi zabasebenzi babasebenzi (uninzi lwabo lwexeshana okanye lwexesha lonyaka) luya kwalelwa ukufikelela kwiinkxaso-mali ezifumanekayo kubaqeshi abangengawo umanyano kutshintshiselwano olutsha lwezempilo; I-Obamacare ngokwenza oko idala inkuthazo kubaqeshi ukuba barhoxe kwezi zicwangciso zingenzi nzuzo kwaye banyanzelise abasebenzi babo kwizicwangciso zokwenza inzuzo eziqhutywa ziinkampani zeinshorensi zabucala, ezibonelela ngazo. are ekhoyo. Izicwangciso ezingenzi nzuzo ezinokuthi zandisiwe ukugubungela lonke uluntu zijongelwa phantsi yi-Obamacare [20]. Okwesibini, umthetho uya kuhlawulisa irhafu ekhethekileyo kwi-premium-premium (kwaye ngokufuthi ekumgangatho ophezulu) izicwangciso ze-inshurensi ezibhengezwa njengezicwangciso ze-"Cadillac" ngabapolitiki. Ukuqala ngo-2018, irhafu eyonyusiweyo iya kunika abaqeshi isizathu sokuba "bancitshiswe [kwi-inshorensi] ababefuna ukuyiphumeza nangona kunjalo" kunye nenkuthazo enamandla "yokulahla iindleko ezingaphezulu kubasebenzi ngokunikezela nge-premium ephantsi, i-high-deductible" (kunye ephezulu co-pay) izicwangciso, ubhala intatheli yezabasebenzi Jenny Brown [21]. U-Obama ungenelele ngokwakhe ukugcina le rhafu ngoJanuwari 2010, eyibona njengenye indlela yokunyusa irhafu kwizityebi [22].
Kulo lonke ukwakhiwa komthetho, ulawulo luka-Obama kunye neenkokheli zeCongressional zafuna ukwakha umthetho ophendule iimfuno "zabachaphazelekayo" abaphambili, oku kuthetha ukuba umdla wenkampani obandakanyekayo okanye ochaphazelekayo ngononophelo lwezempilo. Ejongene nongquzulwano olukhulu phakathi kwee-inshurensi zempilo, amayeza, izibhedlele, amashishini angeyiwo ezempilo, kunye nabanye abadlali abaphambili, ulawulo luka-Obama luzame ukuphendula iinkxalabo ezicinezelayo zomntu ngamnye, ofike, ekugqibeleni, kunye nomthetho osebenze umdla odibeneyo wongxowankulu. iklasi.
Ukuphunyezwa njengoMzabalazo weKlasi
Isigaba sokuphunyezwa kokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo sisoloko sibaluleke kanye njengesigaba sowiso-mthetho. Ukhetho lwesebe leSigqeba (kwaye kwezinye iimeko iCongress) iya kugqiba ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni komthetho kwaye incede isigqibo sokuba ngubani oza kuhlawula iindleko ezikhulayo zonyango. Ukusukela ngo-2010 ilizwe leshishini likwazile ukusebenzisa ukuzinziswa kwalo ngaphakathi kurhulumente ukuze liphumelele uninzi lwala madabi [23]. Cinga, umzekelo, ukusilela kokuphembelela abasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo kunye namanye amatsha ntliziyo ukuba axole okwexeshana kwizohlwayo ze-Obamacare, ezichasa kabukhali kunye nokuma okuvumayo ngakumbi kwizibongozo zabaphezulu beshishini. Imizekelo ephawulekayo yolu tyekelo lweklasi lubandakanya ukunikezelwa kokulibaziseka konyaka omnye kubaqeshi abakhulu ukuba baqinisekise bonke abasebenzi babo-umnyinyiva oxabisa i-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumaqumrhu achaphazelekayo-kunye nokulibaziseka kweminyaka emibini ngaphambi kokuba ichiza le-dialysis iSensipar lixhomekeke kwi-Medicare. ulawulo lwamaxabiso, oluya kudlulisela malunga ne-500 yezigidi zeedola kwi-biotechnology giant Amgen [24].
Le patheni yendawo yokuhlala igxininisa ukubaluleka kwesigaba sokuphunyezwa kokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo njengebala lomzabalazo wodidi olungapheliyo, kunye "nabathathi-nxaxheba" abanamandla abadla ngokuphumelela amadabi ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho epasiswe yiNkongolo. Abo bachaphazelekayo badla ngokuba ngabaphezulu bequmrhu, kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo banokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba nabo-inqaku esibuyela kulo ngezantsi.
Iinkqubo zempembelelo yeShishini
Umzekelo wohlaziyo lwezempilo umngeni kwiithiyori ezigxininisa ukuphendula kwelizwe lase-US kubemi bayo [25] kunye neengxoxo ezibuza ukukwazi ukusebenza ngokubambisana ukuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo [26]. Inkqubo inika ukukhanya kwiindlela abathathi-nxaxheba abanamandla ababumba umgaqo-nkqubo wombuso. Iimpembelelo zeshishini zivela kwiindlela ezininzi, uninzi lwazo ziqhelekileyo:
- Imali yephulo: Abadlali abaphambili ekwenziweni kwe-Obamacare babexhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkampani zoshishino lwezempilo ukuze kunyulwe kunye nonyulo kwakhona. U-Barack Obama wafumana i-22.4 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2008, kwaye icandelo lezempilo lalingumthombo wakhe wesithathu ngowona ubalulekileyo wabanikeli benkampani (iminikelo yoshishino lwezempilo iyodwa yayinkulu ngokuphindwe ngama-32 zonke iminikelo yeemanyano zabasebenzi ku-Obama). Amalungu angama-23 eKomiti yezeMali yeSenate (SFC) afumene phantse i-16 yezigidi zeedola kwi-2008 kunye ne-$ 20 yezigidi kwi-2010. Ukususela ngo-2003 uSihlalo weKomiti, uMax Baucus, wayefumene i-$ 3.4 yezigidi, okanye i-23 yepesenti yeminikelo yakhe yomkhankaso; inkokeli encinane, Republican Charles Grassley, wayefumene $2 million. Ukuchasa kwamalungu ekomiti โkukhetho lukawonke-wonkeโ oluza kukhuphisana neinshorensi zabucala luthande ukunxulumana neminikelo evela kushishino lwezempilo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo [27]. Ubume benkqubo yonyulo ngaloo ndlela buqinisekisa ubukho beshishini lezempilo abathembekileyo kwiiofisi eziphambili zeCongressional.
- Ukuphembelela: Ishishini lezempilo lichitha imali eninzi kwi-lobbying kunayo nayiphi na enye, kubandakanywa phantse isigidi seedola ngosuku kwi-lobbying kunye neminikelo yephulo ngexesha lengxoxo ka-2009 [28]. Izinto ezininzi zowiso-mthetho zabhalwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabaxhasi.
- Ukugcinwa kwesitokhwe koosopolitiki: Ngokwengxelo ka-2009, "Phantse ama-30 abenzi bomthetho abaphambili" ababandakanyekayo ekuyileni lo mthetho "banezabelo zemali kwishishini, bebonke baxabisa malunga ne-11 yezigidi zeerandi zotyalo-mali lomntu." Emva koko-ilungu le-SFC uJohn Kerry (D-MA) kunye nomfazi wakhe babambe "ubuncinci i-$ 5.2 yezigidi kwiinkampani ezifana noMerck no-Eli Lilly" [29]. Umdla wobuqu wabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo ongundoqo ke ngoko ulele ekukhuseleni nasekunyuseni iingeniso zamaqumrhu okhathalelo lwempilo.
- Udluliselo lwabasebenzi: I-SFC, kunye neofisi ka-Max Baucus ngokukodwa, ingumzekelo wokutshintshwa kwabasebenzi okanye "umnyango ojikelezayo" phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noshishino (Itheyibhile 1). Umzekelo ocacileyo kakhulu ngu-Elizabeth Fowler-ngubani, njengoMcebisi oMkhulu kwiKomiti, wayeyingcali ephambili echaphazelekayo kwicala likarhulumente. UFowler ngaphambili wayenguSekela Mongameli eWellPoint, enye yeenkampani ezinkulu zeinshurensi yezempilo yabucala. Emva kokuba uhlaziyo lube ngumthetho, wonyulwa nguMongameli Obama ukuba ajonge ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Umsebenzi kaFowler-kunye nabanye abadlali abaphambili-babandakanya ukuhamba emva naphambili phakathi kwenkonzo karhulumente kunye neshishini lezempilo.
Ukongeza kwezi ndlela ziqhelekileyo zempembelelo yequmrhu, kukwakho nokuthethwa kancinci ngako Ulwakhiwo isizathu sokuthobela kukarhulumente iimfuno zongxowankulu. Impembelelo yenkampani ayisoloko ifuna ukulawulwa ngokuthe ngqo kurhulumente okanye izinyobo ezicacileyo njengeminikelo yephulo; ongxowankulu nabo basebenzisa amandla ngenxa yolawulo lwabo lwesakhiwo kuqoqosho oluxhomekeke kulo urhulumente nangemithintelo yesakhiwo ebekwe ngamaziko karhulumente ngokwawo, ethe yabunjwa yimpembelelo yangaphambili yeshishini ngeendlela ezinciphisa inkululeko yosopolitiki ngamnye. Ibandakanya i-18 yepesenti ye-GDP yesizwe, kwaye idityaniswe namanye amashishini amaninzi ngokunxibelelana kweebhodi zabalawuli kunye nobunye ubudlelwane, iinkampani zoshishino lwezempilo zinegalelo elikhulu kwisiseko serhafu apho urhulumente athembele kwingeniso yakhe. Bakwaqeshe inani elikhulu labavoti kwaye baqokelele irhafu kubasebenzi babo egameni likarhulumente. Ngokwenyani, ke, urhulumente uxhomekeke kuwo omabini amanqanaba engeniso nakwindlela yoqoqosho lwelizwe loshishino. Abezobupolitika kufuneka balandele imigaqo-nkqubo eqinisekisa ingeniso, nokuba loo migaqo-nkqubo ijongela phantsi impilo-ntle yabantu ngokubanzi okanye uqoqosho luphela. Iifemu zezempilo zase-US zisebenzisa amandla amangalisayo ngaphandle kweendlela ezibonakalayo zempembelelo ezichongwe ngasentla [30].
Zonke ezi zinto zibe negalelo kwindlela yokufumana indawo yokuhlala (kwimidla yenkampani) yolawulo luka-Obama kunye neCongressional Democrats. Abezopolitiko banengqiqo yomntu ngamnye kunye nentlanganisela, kwaye kudla ngokuba yimidla kunye nokuzinikela kwabo okukhokelela ekuthandeni iimfuno zongxowankulu. Naxa bezinikele buqu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yenkqubela phambili okanye echaseneyo, nangona kunjalo, ubume bezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo inokuwathintela amanyathelo anjalo. Ukuba nezopolitiko ezahlukeneyo kwiCongress okanye ukuba nomongameli onoburhalarhume, oqhubela phambili ngakumbi kwi-White House kunokwenza umahluko, kodwa noRalph Nader ngewayephantsi kwemiqobo emininzi efanayo.
I-Medicare yabo bonke: iya kuthatha ntoni?
Ubungakanani bokuzinziswa kwenkampani kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kuneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwisicwangciso sokunyakaza. Kuba abezopolitiko bengengabo ababhali abaphambili bomgaqo-nkqubo, ukujolisa kwezopolitiko akunakuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokutshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Endaweni yoko sicebisa ukuba, xa kujongwe amandla ezopolitiko eenkampani, esona sicwangciso sisebenzayo sokuphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kukugrogrisa loo maqumrhu ngokuthe ngqo. Ukwenza oko kunokunciphisa inkcaso yabo kuhlaziyo, okanye nokuba-ukuba isoyikiso sikhulu ngokwaneleyo-banyanzele ukuba basixhase [31].
Iziphumo ezingathandekiyo zohlaziyo lwezempilo zibonisa ukuba yonke inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokusetyenziswa kwayo ifuna uhlengahlengiso olukhulu. Kodwa xa lungekho olo tshintsho kulwakhiwo, amacandelo amakhulu eenkokeli zeshishini kuya kufuneka eze kumbono womhlawuli omnye ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke. Kwimeko yangoku yase-US, nayiphi na inguqu eqhubekayo emele ichaphazele kakubi abachaphazelekayo abaphambili bezoshishino iya kuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba abaxhasi bayo banokufumana indlela yokunyanzelisa inkxaso yokuguqulwa phakathi kwamacandelo amakhulu e-corporate elite, mhlawumbi kumashishini achaphazelekayo okanye kwenye indawo. Ngokombono wethu, amandla entshukumo ke ngoko asetyenziswe ngcono ekujoliseni hayi abezopolitiko kodwa abona baphathi bamandla kwinkqubo yezopolitiko: abaphezulu bequmrhu, okanye-ngokubanzi-inqanaba longxowankulu. Injongo yentshukumo yomhlawuli omnye kufuneka ibe kukunyusa uxinzelelo lwezemali kwiinkampani ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba baye kwabezopolitiko kwaye. imfuneko umhlawuli omnye.
Le ndlela ingangqalanga yokutshintsha komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ibibalulekile kweminye imizabalazo ebalulekileyo yohlaziyo kwimbali yase-US. Umthetho we-Wagner ka-1935 oqinisekisa abasebenzi becandelo labucala ilungelo lomanyano waphunyezwa kuphela emva kokuba isiphithiphithi sabasebenzi sagrogrisa abaqeshi kangangokuba bamkela ukumelwa kweemanyano โnjengobubi obungephiโ xa kuthelekiswa nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini. Ngokunjalo, umonakalo wezoqoqosho owenziwe ngamatsha ntliziyo amnyama kumashishini acaluliweyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo wawuyimfuneko yokumiselwa nokuphunyezwa kohlaziyo lwamalungelo oluntu ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, amatshantliziyo atshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe hayi kakhulu ngokujolisa abezopolitiko kodwa ngokujolisa kubaphathi bamandla kwezoqoqosho, abathe bavuma ngokuthandabuza utshintsho olunqwenelwa ngabaphembeleli njengokhetho olubi oluncinci, kwaye bayalela abameli babo bezopolitiko ukuba benze okufanayo [32].
Ngokubhekiselele kukhathalelo lwempilo asinalo iqhinga lokunikezela ngembumbulu yomlingo, kodwa singacebisa ukuba intshukumo yomhlawuli omnye igxile ekwakheni umanyano lwabasebenzi noluntu olunokuthi lunyanzelise amaqumrhu ukuba athathe ngaphezulu kweendleko zonyango. Ukuba banyanzeliswa ukuba bathwale ezi ndleko, abaqeshi abangaphandle kweshishini lezempilo banokugqiba ukusebenzisa impembelelo yabo yezopolitiko egameni lombhatali omnye. Kukho naliphi na inani lezizathu zokuba kutheni ii-CEO ezingekho kwishishini lezempilo zingekammkeli umhlawuli omnye: amaqhina abo kushishino lwezempilo, umnqweno wokugcina i-bargaining chip enamandla kubasebenzi babo, umnqweno wokufumana amandla ngaphezulu kwabangasebenziyo. , kwaye mhlawumbi kwezinye iimeko ukungazi okanye ukungabikho kombono wexesha elide. Kodwa ngaxa lithile abaqeshi-ukuba iindleko zabo zokhathalelo lwempilo ziyaqhubeka zinyuka-banokugqiba ekubeni izibonelelo zomhlawuli omnye zodlula iindleko. Abaqeshi namhlanje baya bexhalabile malunga namaxabiso okhathalelo lwempilo, oku kuthetha ukuba intshukumo ebambekayo ebanyanzela ukuba bathwale ngaphezulu kwezo ndleko inokunceda ukucebisa izikali zabo zeendleko ngokubhekiselele kukhetho lomhlawuli omnye [33]. Abasebenzi ngaphakathi kwishishini lezempilo-elisenamazinga aphezulu omanyano-banokuba nendima ebalulekileyo. Ngokutshintshela iindleko ezongezelelekileyo kubaqeshi babo (izibhedlele, iikliniki, amakhaya abantu abalupheleyo, njl.njl.), banokukwazi ukujikisa la macandelo eshishini ngokuchasene ne-inshurensi yezempilo.
Ngokomlando kukho ulungelelwaniso oluqinileyo phakathi kwamandla omsebenzi kwilizwe elinikeziweyo kunye nokusekwa kwelizwe le-inshurensi yezempilo yelizwe kunye nezinye iindlela zentlalontle [34]. Nangona ibuthathaka kunamazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, imibutho yabasebenzi yaseU.S. ibe ngamandla aphambili ekuhambiseleni phambili izilangazelelo zabo bonke abasebenzi, kungekuphela nje amalungu azo. Ngamanye amaxesha bancedisa abasebenzi ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuzama, ngokunyusa imivuzo kunye neenzuzo kuqoqosho lonke kwaye banyanzelise abaqeshi ukuba bamkele iinkqubo zentlalo karhulumente. Baye basebenza kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, xa baye balwela ngabom egameni labasebenzi ngokubanzi kunye nabanye abantu abacinezelweyo [35].
Amakhulu emibutho yasekuhlaleni yase-US, amashumi amabini anesibini kumazwe ngamazwe, kunye ne-AFL-CIO baye bavuma umhlawuli omnye. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba lokuzibophelela kwisizathu lihluka ngokubanzi phakathi kwabo, kwaye uninzi lwezo manyano zabasebenzi babe ngabakhuthazi abanomdla womthetho we-Obamacare [36]. Olu qhawulo-mtshato lubonisa ukunganyaniseki kombono, okomelezwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziimanyano ezininzi zokuqhelana nezicwangciso zempilo ezisekelwe kumqeshi. Ikwabonisa uninzi lweemanyano eziqhubeka zincamathela kwisicwangciso sokwakha ubudlelwane nabezopolitiko beDemokhrasi kunye nokuphepha ukujongana nabaqeshi. Kodwa iimanyano zingatshintsha, zombini ngokuvuselela kwangaphakathi kunye nangempembelelo ephilileyo yezinye iintshukumo ezininzi [37]. Imibutho engeyiyo yomanyano, imibutho esekwe kuluntu inokudlala indima ephambili kulo mzabalazo ngokuququzelela abasebenzi abangekho kwimanyano kunye nokucacisa i-ajenda enesibindi, eqhubekayo etsala imibutho ngasekhohlo. Amaqela adlamkileyo asezantsi njengeZiko laBasebenzi laseVermont kunye neHealthcare-NGOKU! bebeziinkokeli kulo mba, ngakumbi eVermont kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.
Ukongeza ekwandiseni uxinzelelo lwezemali kubaqeshi, intshukumo yabasebenzi evuselelweyo inokunceda ngaxeshanye ukuhlanganisa uluntu ngokubanzi malunga ne-ajenda yomhlawuli omnye. Iimanyano ezifana neNurses yeSizwe eManyeneyo kunye nemibutho yobuchwephesha efana nooGqirha beNkqubo yeSizwe yeMpilo bebehamba phambili kwintshukumo yomhlawuli omnye, benceda ukufundisa abasebenzi bomanyano kunye nabangengawo umanyano ngokufanayo malunga neenzuzo zombhatali omnye. Ingxelo eqhubekayo eqhubekayo echaseneyo kunye nomanyano lwabasebenzi kunye noluntu zibalulekile zombini, kuba ekujoliswe kuko kwisiphithiphithi sokuphazamiseka ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kusabela kuxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lwemali ngokugxeka abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu kunye nokuzama ukukhahlela abo bangengomanyano kunye nomanyano.
Isicwangciso esiyimpumelelo kule meko sixhomekeke ekwakhiweni kwamandla aphantsi ngelixa sixhaphaza ubuthathaka kunye nezahlulo zangaphakathi ze-elite ye-corporate. Intshukumo yokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo eyakhiwe malunga nomanyano lwabasebenzi noluntu kwaye ijolise kwiimfuno zabo bonke abasebenzi (kwisizwe nakwihlabathi jikelele) inokukhawulezisa kakhulu ukunikelwa kweendleko zeendleko zenzuzo yeenkokeli zeshishini kunye, ukongezelela, ukufezekiswa kwenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo oluphucukileyo.
U-Kevin Young usandul 'ukugqiba i-Ph.D yakhe. kwimbali kwiYunivesithi yaseStony Brook. Usebenze njengomququzeleli wezopolitiko kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa umsebenzi kunye neentshukumo zomhlawuli omnye.
UMichael Schwartz ungunjingalwazi wezentlalontle kwiYunivesithi yaseStony Brook. I-scholarship yakhe igxile kwiintshukumo zentlalo, iinkqubo zezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje, Imfazwe Engapheleliyo, ihlalutye ifuthe leminyaka eli-10 yokuhlala e-Iraq e-US kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, nezentlalo iinkqubo kuluntu lwase-Iraqi, kunye nokutshintsha kweenguqu zokuchasa abantu bomthonyama.
Nceda uthumele imbalelwano ku [imeyile ikhuselwe].
amanqaku:
[1] Andrew P. Wilper, Steffie Woolhandler, Karen E. Lasser, Danny McCormick, David H. Bohr, kunye noDavid U. Himmelstein, "I-Inshurensi yezeMpilo kunye nokuFa kwabantu abadala base-US," I-American Journal yeMpilo kaRhulumente 99, hayi. I-12 (2009): 2289-95. Ngeendleko jonga iZiko lezoQoqosho kunye noPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo loKhathalelo lweMpilo lweBhajethi yesibali sokubala ku http://www.cepr.net/calculators/hc/hc-calculator.html.
[2] Steffie Woolhandler, et al., "Iindleko zoLawulo lwezeMpilo eUnited States naseKhanada," I-New England Journal of Medicine 349, akukho. 8 (2003): 768-75.
[3] Umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente ukwaphenjelelwa zezinye iingqiqo zokulawula (ubuhlanga, i-heterosexism, njl.), njengoko imbali yomgaqo-nkqubo wezentlalo wase-US icacisa ngokucacileyo. Ugxininiso lwethu apha lukwimpembelelo yeklasi yongxowankulu, kodwa uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwe-Obamacare kuya kufuneka luvavanye iindlela ezithi ezinye, iingqiqo ezidlulayo zincede ekumiseleni umgaqo-nkqubo kunye neziphumo kubemi. Ngokubaluleka kwembali yobuhlanga kunye nesini ekuqulunqeni umgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo wase-US kunye neengxoxo jonga uColin Gordon, Ukufa ekufikeni: iPolitiko yezoNonophelo lwezeMpilo kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini eMelika (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), esp. 78-82, 153-57, 172-209.
[4] Iindaba ze-CBS, "uMongameli, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nobunqolobi," kaJanuwari 11, 2010, ekhoyo http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/poll_obama_011110.pdf?tag=contentMain;contentBody.
[5] Bona http://www.wpasinglepayer.org/PollResults.html; UBenjamin I. Page kunye noLawrence R. Jacobs, Imfazwe yeklasi? Yintoni ngokwenene abantu baseMelika abacinga ngayo malunga nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho (Chicago: IYunivesithi yaseChicago Press, 2009), 65-67, 83.
[6] WorldPublicOpinion.org, โU-Obama, uMcCain abaXhasi baVumelana noRhulumente onoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ngeMpilo, uKutya, kunye neeMfuno zeMfundo,โ ngo-Oktobha 13, 2008, efumaneka apha http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brunitedstatescanadara/553.php?lb=brusc&pnt=553&nid=&id=.
[7] Enye intatheli ngokungacacisiyo ithi "imfanelo kubantu abangakhuselwanga nabangenakukhuseleka ayizange ivote kakuhle" -kodwa "yayinzima ku-Obama" (uJonathan Alter, Isithembiso: UMongameli Obama, uNyaka wokuqala [ENew York: uSimon & Schuster, 2010], 247). Jonga kwakhona uPaul Starr, Ulungiso kunye nokuPhendula: Umzabalazo ongaqhelekanga waseMelika phezu koHlengahlengiso lwezeMpilo (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 1-24, 177, 180-81, 220.
[8] Unyulo lwalubalulekile ikakhulu kuba luncede abezopolitiko ukuba bathengise imigaqo-nkqubo abayikhethileyo kwiindawo zabo. Umongameli oyintloko ka-Obama uJoel Benenson wachaza kakhulu kwingxelo ka-2009 kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yezempilo, esithi "okukhona sisazi malunga [nezimo] ezisisiseko kunye nezimo zengqondo" zoluntu, "ngokukhona sinokulungisa umyalezo" (ucatshulwe. kuMichael D. Shear, "Ukuvota kuNcedisa u-Obama iSakhelo soMyalezo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yezempilo," Washington Post, Julayi 31, 2009: A10). Bona kwanoLawrence R. Jacobs noRobert Y. Shapiro, AbezoPolitiko mabangaphangi: Ukuqhatha kwezopolitiko kunye noLahleko lokuphendula kweDemokhrasi (EChicago: kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago Press, ngo-2000).
[9] U-Obama uxelelwe ukuba udelele abanye abacebisi ekulandeleni uhlaziyo lwezempilo kwangoko kulawulo lwakhe (Starr, Isicombululo neSabelo, 196-201).
[10] Icatshulwe kuPeter Baker, "U-Obama Utyhalwe yi-Drug Lobby, i-E-mails Sugges," ENew York Times, NgoJuni 9, 2012: A1.
[11] โNjengokuba Ihlabathi Litsha,โ INew Yorker (Okthobha 11, 2010): 76. Bona kwakhona Starr, Isicombululo neSabelo, 174-238.
[12] Njengoko siphawula ngezantsi, eli lungiselelo lokugqibela, enye yezinto ezilungileyo kwi-Obamacare, ayizange inyanzeliswe kubanini-inshurensi; babecebise ngokwabo. Ukuba bebengavumanga ukwamkela izigulane ezineemeko ebezikho ngaphambili, umthetho bekuya kufuneka ubandakanye โukhetho lukawonke-wonkeโ ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ezo zigulana zinokufikelela kwi-inshorensi yezempilo, ngaloo ndlela kudala ukhuphiswano lukawonke-wonke oluya kunika ubuncinci abanye abathengi ithuba lokungena kwi-inshurensi yezempilo. ukhetho lwe-inshurensi yabucala. Ukuba ngaba ukhetho lukawonke-wonke lunokwenza enye indlela enentsingiselo ekhuphisana neenkampani zabucala bekuya kuxhomekeka ngokuyinxenye kwiinkcukacha zoyilo lwayo; ngokuqinisekileyo kuyenzeka ukuba isebenze njengendawo yee-inshorensi zabucala zokulahla abathengi abagulayo, oko kusenza ukuba kubize kakhulu kwaye kungazinzisi (ingakumbi ukuba abo sele befakwe kwi-inshurensi bebenganikwanga ukhetho lukawonke-wonke, njengoko kubonakala kunokwenzeka). Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ngokuqinisekileyo bekuya kuba ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yokuhlawula omnye. Jonga ooGqirha beNkqubo yeSizwe yezeMpilo, โUkhetho lweSicwangciso soLuntuโ; Iintsomi kunye neeNyaniso,โ ifumaneka apha http://www.pnhp.org/change/Public_Option_Myths_and_Facts.pdf.
[13] U-Edward Luce, "Iiglavu zivaliwe kwidabi loHlaziyo lwezeMpilo," Financial Times, ngo-Oktobha 13, 2009: 7; Nkwenkwezi, Isicombululo neSabelo, 14, 187, 204-05, 218-19.
[14] Icatshulwe kwi-Baker, "U-Obama Utyhalwe yi-Lobby Lobby." Bona kwakhona โiNgxelo ye-PhRMA ngoHlengahlengiso lwezeMpilo,โ Matshi 25, 2010, efumanekayo http://www.phrma.org/media/releases/phrma-statement-health-care-reform-1.
[15] Luce, "Iiglavu zicimile kwidabi loHlaziyo lwezeMpilo." Ngengxelo yembali yendima yecandelo lezempilo ekuthinteleni i-inshurensi yezempilo yesizwe bona uGordon, Ifile kwi-Ukufika.
[16] AHIP Ibhodi yabaLawuli, Ngoku lixesha loHlengahlengiso lwezeMpilo: iSindululo sokuPhumelela ukuFikelela kwiNdawo yonke, ukufikeleleka, ukuPhuculwa koMgangatho kunye noHlengahlengiso lweMarike. (Disemba 2008), 6, ekhoyo http://www.ahip.org/nowisthetime-hcr.
[17] Utshintshiselwano lwalukwaluphawu lwezindululo zangaphambili zeRiphabhlikhi, ekuqaleni zaziyilwe njengenye yeshishini elinobuhlobo kumbhatala omnye "I-Medicare for All." Bona iNkwenkwezi, Isicombululo neSabelo, 202-03.
[18] uChad Terhune kunye noKeith Epstein, "Kutheni ii-inshurensi zezempilo ziphumelela," Shishini (Agasti 17, 2009): 39.
[19] URobert Pear, "Ishishini lokhathalelo lwempilo kuthiwa lithembisa ukubamba iindleko ngokuzithandela," ENew York Times, ngoMeyi 11, 2009: A12; Baker, "U-Obama utyhalwe yi-Drug Lobby." Ukwamkelwa kwesi sindululo sokugqibela se-AHIP siqinisekise ukonyuka kweendleko eziqhubekayo kwicandelo lokhathalelo lwempilo lingaphezulu komyinge wexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso lilonke, okubonisa ukulahlwa kwenjongo yokuthotyelwa kweendleko ebekucingelwa ukuba yinkuthazo enkulu emva kohlaziyo. Ikwabonakalise ukumiliselwa okungaphaya kweshishini le-inshurensi kulawulo nolawulo lwezixhobo zokhathalelo lwempilo lwase-US. Enyanisweni, iinkampani zeinshorensi are abalawuli, kuba bagcina amandla othethathethwano nababoneleli-nkonzo kwaye, nangona kukho imiqobo emitsha emitsha, amandla okumisela amaxabiso.
[20] UMax Fraser, "Uhlaselo olufikelelekayo lwenkathalo," IForam eNtsha yaBasebenzi 23, hayi. I-1 (2014): 96-98; UJames McGee, "IziCwangciso zezeMpilo zeManyano ziya kubandezeleka phantsi kwe-Obamacare," Amanqaku abasebenzi (Matshi 2013): 14-15.
[21] UJenny Brown, "U-Obamacare Uvula ishishini, Uvala Umsebenzi," Amanqaku abasebenzi (Agasti 2013): 3-4; Reed Abelson, "IziCwangciso zezeMpilo eziPhezulu zibuyela umva ukuze uthintele 'iRhafu yeCadillac,'" ENew York Times, ngoMeyi 28, 2013: B1.
[22] UDavid M. Herszenhorn, "U-Obama Ubongoza iRhafu yeRhafu kwi-Inshurensi eXabiso eliPhezulu," ENew York Times, NgoJanuwari 7, 2010: A21; Nkwenkwezi, Isicombululo neSabelo, 223.
[23] Ipatheni efanayo ibonakalise ukuphunyezwa kohlaziyo lwezezimali lweDodd-Frank ukuza kuthi ga ngoku; bona uRobert Pollin, "Ukulwela iWall Street Regulation: Ngubani Othe Kwakulula?" IForam eNtsha yaBasebenzi 22, akukho. 2 (2013): 88-91.
[24] UBrown, โObamacare Uvula ishishini,โ 1; U-Eric Lipton kunye noKevin Sack, "Umbhalo osemazantsi wemali: Isipho esikhulu seSenethi kuMenzi weziyobisi," ENew York Times, NgoJanuwari 20, 2013: A1.
[25] Umzekelo uClem Brooks noJeff Manza, "Ukuphendula koMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo kwiiDemokhrasi eziPhuhliweyo," Review American Sociological Review 71, akukho. 3 (2006): 474-94.
[26] Umzekelo, uFred Block, "Iqela eliLawulayo aliLawuli: Amanqaku kwiNgcaciso yeMarxist kaRhulumente," Inguquko yobuSoshiyali 33 (Meyi-Juni 1977): 6-28; UMark S. Mizruchi, Ukuqhekeka kwe-American Corporate Elite (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013). UMizruchi uyabuqonda ubuchule obukhulu bokuhlangana thintela iinguqu, nangona kunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo nokuqhubela phambili ezabo.
[27] Iziko lezoPolitiko eziphendulayo, http://www.opensecrets.org; UDaniel Ward, "Imali yeTaboo kuHlaziyo lweMpilo," Yongezelelweyo! (Novemba 2009): 7-8.
[28] Ward, "I-Taboo yeMali," 7.
[29] UPaul Kane, "Abenzi bomthetho batyhila uTyalo-mali lwezempilo: Abadlali abaphambili banendima kuShishino," Washington Post, NgoJuni 13, 2009: A1.
[30] Block, โIqela Elilawulayo aliLawuliโ; UMichael Schwartz, umhleli, Ubume baMandla eMelika: I-Corporate Elite njengeKlasi eLawulayo (ENew York: Holmes & Meier, 1987).
[31] Siphuhlisa le ngxoxo yethiyori kuKevin Young kunye noMichael Schwartz, "Indlela engahoywanga yempembelelo yezoPolitiko yeNtlalo: Indima yoMbhikisho ochasene neZiko kunye noTshintsho lweZiko ekuTshintshweni koMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente," Ukukhuthaza (izayo, i-2014).
[32] Ukuze ufumane ingxubusho ethe kratya yale mizekelo mibini jonga uYoung noSchwartz, โA Neglected Mechanism.โ
[33] Isicwangciso sethu siye sazanywa ngaphambili, ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II xa i-United Auto Workers (UAW) yatyhalela ukhathalelo lwezempilo olusekelwe kumqeshi, ecinga ukuba i-auto industry iya kusabela kwiindleko ezikhulayo ngokutyhala umhlawuli omnye. Isicwangciso asiphumelelanga ngoko, kwaye ukuzibophelela komanyano kumhlawuli omnye kunye namanye amanyathelo entlalontle yesizwe emva koko "kwaqala ukufola" (uNelson Lichtenstein, Oyena Mntu Uyingozi kakhulu eDetroit: uWalter Reuther kunye neFate yabasebenzi baseMelika [ENew York: Iincwadi ezisisiseko, 1995], 297). Kodwa ixesha lokunyuka kweendleko zokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nokhuphiswano olwandisiweyo lwehlabathi belingekaqali, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iinkampani zinokudlula ngokulula iindleko kubathengi. Icalculus yeshishini kusenokwenzeka ukuba yahlukile namhlanje.
[34] Vicente Navarro, IPolitiko yoMgaqo-nkqubo wezeMpilo: Uhlaziyo lwase-US, i-1980-1994 ( Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 135-93.
[35] Iimanyano ezikhokelwa ngasekhohlo zithande ukuphumelela ezona zivumelwano zingcono ngelixa ikwayeyona ibandakanyileyo kunye nedemokhrasi. Jonga uJudith Stepan-Norris kunye noMaurice Zeitlin, Ekhohlo Ngaphandle: IiReds kunye neManyano yeShishini yaseMelika (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
[36] Kubaxhasi babone iiwebhusayithi zePhulo labaSebenzi kuMhlawuli omnye (http://www.laborforsinglepayer.org/) kunye neManyano yoNonophelo lweMpilo lwabaMhlawuli omnye (http://unionsforsinglepayer.org/). U-Alan Derickson uphawula ukuba kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe inkxaso yemanyano yase-U.S yomhlawuli omnye ibisasazeke ngokubanzi kodwa isoloko ingekho nzulu; ngowe-1950 imibutho emininzi โyanika i-inshurensi yezempilo yesizwe kuphela ngemilebeโ (โHealth Security for All? Social Unionism and Universal Health Insurance, 1935-1958,โ Ijenali yeMbali yaseMelika 80, hayi. 4 [1994]: 1351).
[37] UKim Voss kunye noRachel Sherman, "Ukwaphula uMthetho we-Iron we-Oligarchy: Ukuvuselelwa kweManyano kwi-American Labor Movement," I-American Journal of Sociology 106, hayi. 2 (2000): 303-49; ULarry Isaac kunye noLars Christiansen, "Indlela uMbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu owavuselela ngayo iMpilo yabaSebenzi," Review American Sociological Review 67, akukho. 5 (2002): 722-46.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela