Encwadini yakhe edabukisayo ka-1971, Umbuthano wokuvala, U-Barry Commoner uphakamise imithetho emine ye-ecology: Konke kuxhumene nakho konke okunye; Konke kufanele kuye ndawana thize; Imvelo yazi kangcono; Ayikho into efana nesidlo sasemini samahhala. Sithambekele ekukhohlweni ukuthi noma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe obuklanyelwe ukwenza ukuphila kube ngcono bufika nezindleko—hhayi nje izindleko zemali kodwa nezindleko zempilo, ingqondo, indawo ezungezile, noma izindinganiso zomphakathi.
Khumbula zonke izithembiso zamandla enuzi? Zonke izinzuzo futhi akukho (okumenyezelwe) izindleko. Kunjalo manje ngezimoto zikagesi njengekhambi lenkinga yesimo sezulu.
Ama-EV adinga ukufakwa kwamaminerali okuphindwe kasithupha kwemoto evamile. Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yebhethri ye-lithium esindayo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV kukhipha cishe amaphesenti angama-70 ngaphezulu greenhouse gesi kunalezo ezikhiqizwa emshinini ojwayelekile wemoto.
I-lithium nezinye izingxenye zebhethri zamaminerali zidinga ukumbiwa okubanzi. Ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe okukhulayo mayelana nokutholakala kwalezi zimbiwa akulethi ingcebo kubasebenzi basezimayini nabanikazi bomhlaba, kuphela. nomonakalo yezindawo zendawo, izinkinga zezempilo nokuphepha kwabavukuzi, kanye nenzuzo engavamile yezinkampani zomhlaba kanye nohulumeni abengamele izimayini.
Ngaphandle kwe-lithium, i-cobalt, i-bauxite, ne-nickel nakho kubalulekile kumabhethri; zimbiwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-Afrika naseLatin America. Ngakho-ke isiphithiphithi samazwe ngamazwe, indaba evamile eye yadlalwa ngezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ezikhishwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Afrika, nase-Asia Ephakathi, ukuze kuzuze izinkampani zikawoyela kanye nohulumeni bengcindezelo ababamemile.
Amacala Amathathu
IGuinea empumalanga ye-Afrika, inothile ngamaminerali kodwa impofu. IGuinea inezinqolobane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ze-bauxite, esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-aluminium ngamabhethri. Amahektha angu-200,000 ezindawo zokulima kanye namahektha ayizigidi ezingu-1.1 wendawo yokuhlala yemvelo azocekelwa phansi yizimayini ze-bauxite, kube nesinxephezelo esincane esivela kubatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe. Amafemu amathathu aphesheya aphethe izimayini eGuinea: I-Alcoa ephethwe yi-US, i-Rio Tinto ephethwe yiBrithani, kanye ne-United Company RUSAL ephethwe yiRussia. Izinkampani zaseShayina naseNorway nazo ziyabandakanyeka.
Noma thatha i-nickel, egxile e-Indonesia, lapho ubuchwepheshe obusha baseShayina bokucubungula i-nickel bukhiqiza izigidi zamathani imfucumfucu enobuthi okumele balahlwe emhlabeni. Kuqhutshwa amalahle izitshalo zinikeza amandla okucubungula, zengeze ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni enhlekeleleni yemvelo. Kuhulumeni wase-Indonesia, nokho, ukucubungula i-nickel eluhlaza ezweni kuyinzuzo enkulu, futhi i-China ibambe iqhaza.
EDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC). impi yamazwe ngamazwe ingaphezu kwe-cobalt. I-China ihamba phambili e-DRC; Izinkampani zase-US zizama ukubuyela emdlalweni. Njengoba ngike ngabhala phambilini, i-DRC iphethe izimayini eziningi ze-cobalt emhlabeni. Lokho kusho ingcebo engazelelwe ezinkampanini zezimayini nakwezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, kodwa futhi kusho ukusebenza okubi kakhulu izimo kubavukuzi, ukuxhashazwa kwezingane, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ukuze kuvuleke izimayini indawo.
I-China ihola phambili
Njenge New York Times imibukiso yezithombe, China ibusa uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka kuzo zonke izigaba zama-EV—kusuka ezimayini nasekucubunguleni amaminerali abalulekile kuye ekuhlanganiseni amaseli ebhethri nokukhiqiza izimoto. I-China inentshisekelo yokulawula, cishe amaphesenti angu-80, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-lithium, i-manganese, i-cobalt, i-nickel, ne-graphite, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye zebhethri.
Ukuthi ungadlula kanjani ekubambeni kweChina ezimbiweni kuyisihloko sezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe eziqhubekayo ezibandakanya i-US, i-European Union, i-Japan, i-Canada, ne-Australia. NgoMeyi, emihlanganweni yakamuva ye-G7 e-Hiroshima, amalungu avuma ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqala zokubambisana ekwehliseni ukuthembela ezintweni zaseChina.
Izivumelwano ngeke kube lula ukuxoxisana noma ukuzisebenzisa, nokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili okungenani. Ukwenza ukuthengwa kwempahla kuvikeleke kakhulu - okusho ukuthi kuvikeleke kakhulu kusuka eChina - kuzodinga futhi ukuthi izinkampani ezivame ukuncintisana kufanele zabelane ngezinto. Ngokwepolitiki, isithiyo esikhulu ngamalungelo abantu kanye nezinqubomgomo zemvelo zamazwe aphethe. Ukusebenzisana eduze nalabo hulumeni kuzovusa ukugxekwa (futhi kufanele) kubangele ukugxekwa, ngendlela efanayo naleyo yokuthi ukulala nohulumeni baseMpumalanga Ephakathi kube yimpikiswano.
Ukwakha “ikilabhu yezokumbiwa phansi,” esinye seziphakamiso ezimbalwa ezicutshungulwa yi-US, EU, namanye amazwe, kushiya imibuzo ngemithetho yeqembu uma kukhulunywa ngezabasebenzi nezemvelo. Amazinga. Njengoba sibonile ezivumelwaneni ezihlukahlukene zokuhweba, njenge-NAFTA, ukubeka lezo zindinganiso kuphakamisa izinkinga zezombangazwe ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamaqembu.
Ngokuqondene namazwe akhiqizayo, njenge-Indonesia, isidingo esikhulu samazwe ngamazwe siyisimemo sokwakha inqola yesitayela se-OPEC ukuze sizuze imali enkulu ezinkampanini ezitshala imali. Lawo mazwe anazo zonke izikhuthazo, njengoba amazwe e-OPEC ebonisile, ekwehliseni amalungelo abantu. Njengenkampani, i-OPEC inamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu kanye nokukhathazeka kwezemvelo akulokothi kubonakale ezivumelwaneni zokupompa nokumaketha nezinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela.
Uma kungewona ama-EV, ini?
Ngokusobala ama-EV azohlala isikhathi eside. Abathengi bakhulumile; nomaphi lapho ujika khona, ama-EV ahlanganisa ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha yokuthengiswa kwezimoto. Ohulumeni bakhuphula uxhaso kanye nekhefu lentela kubakhiqizi nabathengi.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwebhethri le-lithium namandla okukhiqiza nawo akhula kakhulu. Nokho wonke lowo mzamo uzophela ngaphambi kwesikhathi eside. Yilapho amabhethri e-solid state eshintsha amabhethri e-lithium futhi i-hydrogen iba uphethiloli okhethwayo. Okwamanje, izimoto ezihamba ngegesi zihlala zisemgwaqweni, ziziningi kakhulu kunama-EV futhi zingcolisa umoya njengakuqala.
Mhlawumbe isu lemoto elilungile ngokwepolitiki nangokwezemvelo ukugcina imoto onayo isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma ingeyakamuva kakhulu, kufanele ihlale amashumi eminyaka ngokunakekelwa okufanele. Ngaleyo ndlela, wehlisa izindleko, ezifihliwe futhi ezaziwa kakhulu, zokukhiqizwa kwemoto entsha kanye nokulahlwa kwemoto endala.
Noma uhamba ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele: izimoto zikagesi ezinamasondo amabili nantathu. “Emhlabeni wonke,” kubhala uDavid Wallace-Wells kuyiNew York Times, “kunezikuta zikagesi, ama-moped nezithuthuthu emgwaqweni ngokuphindwe ka-10 kunezimoto zikagesi zangempela, kakade ezibalelwa cishe ingxenye yazo zonke izinto ezidayiswayo zalezo zimoto futhi sezinesibopho kakade. ukuze kuqedwe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okwengeziwe kunawo wonke ama-EV angamasondo amane omhlaba.”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Sigwema udaba lwangempela kanye nesidingo sezithuthi zomphakathi ezinhle, amadolobha aklanywe kabusha, imiphakathi, nokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuhamba ngamabhayisikili, njll. Kuze kube manje, okubaluleke ngempela inzuzo kanye nokubuswa kwabanye isifiso namandla abanye.