I-Washington Consensus
Isikweletu samazwe asathuthuka sisemazingeni “ezinhlekelele,” kusho iBhange Lomhlaba. Ukusekela lowo mbono kuyinto Indaba ye-New York Times UDisemba 16 enesihloko esithi “Inkinga Yezikweletu Mkhulu, Futhi Uhlelo Lokukulungisa Luphukile.”
Lesi sihloko siqhubeka sichaza: “Umbono oyisisekelo - kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi 'Isivumelwano saseWashington' - wawubambe ukuthi ukuchuma kuncike ekuhwebeni okungavinjelwanga, ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kanye nokubaluleka kokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese. Cishe eminyakeni engu-80 kamuva, ukwakheka kwezimali emhlabeni wonke kuphelelwe yisikhathi, akusebenzi futhi akunabulungisa.”
Ngempela, umhlaba ugcwele izikweletu zikahulumeni, eziholwa yi-US, Japan, neChina, ezihlanganisa cishe ingxenye yengqikithi. Kodwa amandla amakhulu anezinketho eziningi zokuphatha izikweletu. Amazwe amancane, abuthaka ngokwezomnotho awakwenzi lokho.
Yikuphi Times Amacebo e-akhawunti, kodwa awalokothi abhekane ngqo, amandla agxilile e-Washington Consensus. Kubonisa ukubusa komnotho waseMelika nowaseYurophu—hhayi nje ukuvumelana kobuholi beBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF), lapho i-US ibilokhu inamandla okuvotela kuphela, kodwa futhi noMnyango Wezezimali wase-US kanye nenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezikhungo zezimali. kusukela eNew York naseChicago kuya eFrankfurt naseZurich.
I-Predominance isho ikhono lokubeka imigomo yemali mboleko. Eminyakeni eminingi, izinqumo zeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF bezihlose ukubeka izikweletu emazweni ampofu nalawo anemali ephakathi nendawo ekuvulelekeni kwawo ekutshaleni izimali ezizimele, ezohwebo lwamahhala, kanye nokwehliswa kwemithetho yezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni—imigwaqo, izitimela, amabhange, izimboni ezibalulekile.
Ukuvuleleka kuhumusha emathubeni emali yaseNtshonalanga ukuthi ingene kwezomnotho zomhlaba osathuthuka, okuvamise ukuholela ekugejisweni ngaphandle uma kungekona ukuqedwa kwebhizinisi lasendaweni elizimele nelikahulumeni.
Ababolekayo abakhulu kufanele futhi babhekane namazinga enzalo aphezulu. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiselwa kwemali, iBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF bashumayela ukuqiniswa: Ohulumeni kufanele banciphise izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ukuze bakhokhele isikweletu. Noma yimuphi umndeni ocwile ezikweletini ungasiqonda isinqumo esibi ohulumeni ababhekene naso lapha: Hlala usebenzelana kahle nabamabhange ngokususa noma ukwehlisa uxhaso lwabampofu ngokudla, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nophethiloli.
Ngenxa yalokho, António Guterres, unobhala-jikelele we-United Nations, uthi Times isihloko esithi: “Ngisho nemigomo eyisisekelo ephathelene nendlala nobumpofu iye yashintsha ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko.”
Inkinga Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu
Inkinga yezikweletu emhlabeni wonke akuyona inkinga entsha, yinye nje elokhu iqubuka futhi. Njengoba i Times uyachaza: “Ekhungethwe ubhadane lwe-Covid-19, amanani entengo yokudla namandla akhuphukayo ahlobene nempi yase-Ukraine, namazinga enzalo aphezulu, amazwe aneholo eliphansi neliphakathi acwila ezikweletini futhi abhekene nokukhula kancane.”
Kodwa i Times ishiya ngaphandle isici saseChina—izigidigidi zamaRandi ezibolekwe amazwe ampofu ezingenakukwazi ukubuyiselwa. I-Sub-Saharan Africa, enemalimboleko elinganiselwa ku-$140 billion, igqamile lapha: Kwamazwe ayi-15 aphezulu asethole Imalimboleko yaseChina, eyodwa kuphela (eBolivia) engaphandle kwaleyo ndawo.
I-China imemezela ukuthi imali ebolekiwe, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Belt and Road Initiative, iza ngaphandle kwezidingo zokunciphisa kanye nenzalo ephansi. I-BRI yamukelwe kahle emazweni amaningi.
Kodwa akukho sidlo sasemini samahhala lapha futhi—ukuhlanganisa izingathekiso—kunanyathiselwe izintambo, yingakho “kunoxhaka lwezikweletu.” Abamukeli bemali mboleko yaseShayina kungase kudingeke khokha ngokufinyelela emachwebeni kanye nolayini besitimela, ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa kanye nezinye izinsiza, ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi baseShayina, ukulimala kwemvelo, nokubambelela emibonweni yenqubomgomo yaseShayina (ngokwesibonelo) ngamalungelo abantu kanye neTaiwan.
Inkinga yezikweletu iwuphawu olulodwa lwe- ukuthuthukiswa inkinga, lapho amazwe amaningi kakhulu engenazo izimali zokusekela izimo zokuphila ezihloniphekile, kusukela kwezempilo kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla kuya ekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mazwe ngokuvamile ayizisulu zokuziphatha kwamazwe acebile, njengasendabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
As umthombo owodwa ibonisa, iphesenti elilodwa labantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni, elimelela abantu abayizigidi ezingu-80, lithatha cishe isigamu sokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-50 ampofu kakhulu, anabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.9, enza cishe amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili okukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Amamodeli aphezulu Phansi noma Phansi Phezulu?
Kusukela kudala, isixazululo esijwayelekile senkinga yezikweletu kube wukunikeza amazwe asathuthuka izihlalo etafuleni lapho kuthathwa khona izinqumo, kanye nokuguqula izikweletu zibe yizibonelelo. Isihlalo etafuleni singasiza uma abadlali abakhulu, kusukela e-US, bake bancengwa ukuba behlise amandla abo okuvota.
Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, iyona izimo mboleko—inani lemali etholakalayo, amanani enzalo aphezulu, izimfuneko zemithetho yendawo, kanye nemibandela yokukhokha—esazoncika ezenzweni ezinhle zezikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali. Futhi lezo zikhungo, ukukubeka kahle, azikholelwa ekunikeleni.
Mayelana nokuhlinzeka ngezibonelelo esikhundleni sokubolekwa imali, lolo suku seludlule kudala futhi kungaba nzima kakhulu esimweni sanamuhla sokuncintisana ukululama. Usizo lwangaphandle oluvela cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yezibonelelo eziqondile, seluneminyaka eminingi luwohloka.
The Times Umbiko ubuthakathaka kakhulu ekuhlulekeni ukubika ngezindlela ezisuka phansi ziye phezulu zentuthuko ezithakazelelwa abantu. Ukunikeza usizo noma usizo lwemalimboleko kusho ukusebenzisana ngokukhethekile nohulumeni okungenzeka ukuthi banenkohlakalo, abanezimiso ngokweqile nabangakwazi ukusebenza kahle, ababuswa amasosha, nabanegunya—kunoma isiphi salezi zimo, banikeze ukuphepha kwabantu kuqala.
Ukuthumela izimali kuma-NGO anolwazi oluyimpumelelo olukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu maningi amathuba okuba kusize kunokuhlinzeka ohulumeni abangafaneleki ngokukhululeka ezikweletini. Kunezinhlelo eziningi zokuthuthukisa abantu abasemazingeni aphansi ezisebenzayo—ngokwesibonelo, ezikhungweni zezimali ezincane.
I-Kiva ingenye: Ihlinzeka ngemalimboleko encane enenzalo ephansi kakhulu kubantu basemaphandleni, ngokuvamile abesifazane, abamagange ukuqala amabhizinisi amancane. Isinqumo sangempela sezinhlangano zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe siza kulokhu: Ingabe ufuna ukukhulula ohulumeni noma ukunika abantu amandla?
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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