Strategic Rethinking
Cishe eminyakeni engama-50 ngemuva kweMpi YaseVietnam, kanye neminyaka engaphezu kwengama-25 selokhu i-US neVietnam zasungula ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana, la mazwe womabili angene “ebudlelwaneni obuphelele bamasu.” Lolo shintsho olungajwayelekile lubangelwa ikakhulukazi yisici esisodwa: iChina.
Njengoba uMongameli esho lapho efika eHanoi, i-US "iqinise ubudlelwano bethu nomunye umlingani obalulekile wase-Indo-Pacific. I-United States iyizwe lasePacific, futhi asiyi ndawo.” Kodwa washesha engeza: "Angifuni ukuqukatha i-China."
Kusukela impi yayo yasemngceleni neChina ngo-1978, iVietnam ibilokhu ibheka ibhalansi yengcindezi yaseChina. Izimangalo zabo ezincintisanayo eSouth China Sea (SCS) zengeze ukuphuthuma kulokho kusesha.
Manje, njengoba ukungezwani kukhuphuka ngenxa ye-SCS kanye nobudlelwano be-US-China, iVietnam inakwa ngokuphelele yiWashington. Nakuba ukubambisana kwabo kungenasu ngomqondo wokuzibophezela kwe-US kwezokuvikela, njengalokho phakathi kwe-US ne-Philippines, kuyasondela.
Imibiko bonisa ukuthi usizo lwezempi lwase-US kanye nokuvakasha kwamasosha asolwandle okwandayo kuseza. Umbuzo osele ukuthi iBiden izohamba ibanga elingakanani ukusiza iVietnam ukuvikela izimangalo zayo ku-SCS, njengokubamba izivivinyo ezihlanganyelwe zamasosha kanye nokuhlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe bokuqapha olwandle.
Kunoma ikuphi, ngokuvakasha kweBiden, iVietnam ithumela isignali eBeijing ukuthi ayincikile ezenzweni ezinhle zaseChina. Lokho kungenza ngikhumbule umugqa ophathelene nomlando weVietnam neChina okuthiwa uHo Chi Minh wawasho ngo-1946: “Ngincamela ukuhogela isiFulentshi ngamakhala. shit iminyaka emihlanu kunokudla I-Chinese Shit impilo yami yonke.”
Kodwa u-Ho kanye nalabo ababemzungezile babengamaqiniso, njengoba nje nabaholi beqembu lamaKhomanisi baseVietnam benjalo manje. Bayajabula ukuba nabantu baseMelika eduze, kodwa ababukhiphi ubudlelwano obuhle neChina—noma neRussia ngalolo daba. (IVietnam iphishekela ngasese ilungiselelo lezikhali neRussia, the Times is ukubika.)
Ukuncika kuphela ohlangothini lwase-US akuhlakaniphile noma akunakwenzeka. Futhi akukhona ukungathathi hlangothi. Njengamanye amalungu e-ASEAN, ama-Vietnamese afuna ubudlelwano obuhle nawo wonke amandla amakhulu, futhi abiyelwe nawo-asebenzise lokho okubizwa ngemibuthano ye-ASEAN. ukuncintisana kwamasu.
Ukubuka emuva
Kufanele sibuyele emuva ukuze sibonge ubukhulu balolu shintsho. Ngenkathi iChina isiza iVietnam ngezikhathi ezimbili ezihlukene-isekela inguquko kaHo yokukhulula iVietnam ebukoloniyali baseFrance, bese inqoba ukungenelela kwe-US-i-US yenza konke okusemandleni "ukuqhumisa iVietnam eNkathini Yamatshe," njengoba isisho sahamba.
Futhi kwase kusondele ukufeza lowo msebenzi owesabekayo: ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okungaphezi kweNyakatho yeVietnam ngokulingana ne-Hiroshima, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Agent Orange ukucwilisa indawo eseningizimu, ukucekela phansi nokugawula idolobhana ngalinye ngemva kwenye. Nokho, ngokumangalisayo, naphezu kwakho konke lokho kubhujiswa, naphezu kokulahlekelwa okunyantisayo kokuphila nhlangothi zonke, i-LA Times yabika ukuthi amasosha amaningi ase-US ubuyele esigcawini:
“Bangaphezu kuka-58,000 amalungu enkonzo yase-US afela empini, futhi kusukela yaphela ngo-1975, inqwaba yamasosha aseMelika abuyele eVietnam, efuna ukuqonda, ukuthethelelwa or ukubuyisana. Manje abanye beza ngenxa yezizathu ezivamile: izindlu ezingabizi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okushibhile kanye nezinga lokuphila elikhulayo.”
Akuwona amasosha kuphela abuyela eVietnam efuna ukuqonda; Izikhulu zangaphambili zase-US nazo zenza kanjalo. Izikhulu ezinjengoRobert McNamara, owayengunobhala wezokuvikela, okwathi eminyakeni eyalandela wabhala inqwaba yezincwadi ezavuma imibono eyiphutha ngempi phakathi kwalezo okuthiwa “ezinhle kakhulu nezigqama kakhulu.”
Okumangalisa ngokulinganayo umthamo we-Vietnamese wokuthethelela. Esihlokweni esinyakazayo ku Washington Post, UDavid Ignatiusubhala ngomhlangano wesidlo sakusihlwa phakathi kosopolitiki abancane baseVietnam futhi, phakathi kwabanye abantu baseMelika, uyise, owake waba yisikhulu somnyango wezokuvikela esasebenza phakathi neminyaka yempi.
Ubaba wavuma, njengoba nje noMcNamara enza, ukuthi abantu baseMelika behlulekile ukubuka impi ngeso laseVietnam. Sasimane singawuqondi umlando, isiko noma ezombangazwe zaseVietnam.
AmaVietnam esidlweni sakusihlwa ayemancane kakhulu ukuba angakhumbula okuningi ngempi, kodwa athwala nokuhlupheka kwemindeni yawo. Kodwa-ke, njengenani elikhulu labantu baseVietnam, bayabathanda abantu baseMelika futhi bafuna ukuqhubeka nempi. I-Pres. I-Biden inikeze usizo lwase-US ekutholeni izinsalela zabantu baseVietnam ababulewe esenzweni, okuyisenzo esibalulekile emgwaqeni wokubuyisana.
Ukuphulukisa
Yebo, kunolunye uhlangothi lwale ndaba yokuzizwa kahle: ingcindezelo eVietnam. Ukuvakasha kuka-Biden, ngokungafani nokwaMongameli Obama ngo-2016, akuzange kubandakanye imihlangano namalungu omphakathi waseVietnam. Futhi uBiden akashongo lutho olungakhuthaza ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abantu eVietnam.
Njengoba i Washington Post uyaphawula: “Ngokombiko we-88 Project [olandelela isiphetho sezishoshovu zaseVietnam], iVietnam ibophe abantu abacishe babe ngama-200 ngezizathu zezombangazwe, okuhlanganisa nabaningana bezwe. okuvelele kakhulu izishoshovu zesimo sezulu.” U-Biden akazange alandele iskripthi sika-Obama.
UDavid Ignatius uthi ekupheleni kwesihloko sakhe:
“Amanye amanxeba awapholi. Kepha lapho uBiden efika eHanoi, kufanele sithathe isikhashana ukukhumbula ukuthi i-United States neVietnam sebehambe ibanga elingakanani selokhu kwaba nokungqubuzana okubi. Uma lobo buhlungu bunganqotshwa, cishe noma yini engenzeka.”
Kufanele sithembe ukuthi kulokhu, thina bantu baseMelika sizokwaziswa kangcono futhi sibahloniphe kakhulu abantu baseVietnam kunangeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970.
Njengombhali we-Pentagon Papers, ngivame ukuphindaphinda ephepheni eliyimfihlo elabhalwa elinye lamasekela amakhulu kaRobert McNamara ngo-1963, lapho abonisa khona ngamaphesenti amaphuzu ukuthi kungani i-US iseVietnam. Amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela esizathu, kusho uJohn McNaughton, “kwakuwukuvumela abantu baseNingizimu Vietnam ukuba bajabulele indlela yokuphila engcono, ekhululekile.”
Namuhla, asethembe ukuthi manje, leyo nhloso okungenani ingamaphesenti angama-90, ngoba konke yaseVietnam.
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Nikela