Muna 1965, Ho Chi Minh yakatsanangurwa Mutungamiri weUS Lyndon Johnson akapa hafu-yakabikwa madhora bhiriyoni imwe chipo kuVietnamese - uye panguva imwe chete kutyisidzira kwekusingaperi bhomba - se "karoti yakaora uye tsvimbo yakatyoka." Chinangwa cheNational Liberation Front chaive chekuwana hutongi huzere munyika yakabatana nekukunda mauto ane simba pasi rose, basa rinotyisa asi rakapedzwa mukati memakore gumi (kunyangwe zvichidhura mamirioni maviri akafa uye zviuru makumi mashanu zvevapambi veUS vane hutsinye).
Mumavhiki achangopfuura, vagadziri vezvemamiriro ekunze vekuMadokero vakashandisawo karoti netsvimbo yavo, asi kunze kwekunge vabviswa uye nekuongororwazve, vanongopa kuenderera mberi kwe - pane kubva - remangwana rekukwira kwegasi regreenhouse, kurasikirwa kukuru. uye kukuvadzwa nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akanyanya, uye kuramba kwevanosvibisa kubvuma, ndoda kubhadhara, chikwereti chemamiriro ekunze vane chikwereti. Mhosva mbiri dzatakaona padhuze, iJust Energy Transition Partnership carrot uye Carbon Border Adjustment stick. Saka, chii chakaora uye chii chakatyoka?
Amsterdam zvakazarurwa
Takatarisa mune ramangwana rekusarongeka kwemamiriro ekunze Chipiri chapfuura, panguva gakava muAmsterdam panzvimbo yetsika De Balie, achifambidzana nemumiriri weDutch mamiriro ekunze, Jaime De Bourbon. Kunyengetedza uye kukwezva, zvakadaro kusakwanisa kwaDe Bourbon kudzivirira Sharm El-Sheikh blahblahblah27 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) yeMapato (COP) - yainzwika: "Kana tikaenda kuCOP iyi uye isu tikasadaro" Hatifanire kudaro, isu hatidzoke kubva kuGlasgow Agreement, isu takatokunda. Ndinoreva kuti, saka, kumira kwainge kwatove kubudirira. "
Kumira chinhu chinobudirira here, sezvo nyika iri kupisa, kuoma, kunyunguduka uye kunyura? Chaizvoizvo, kuenzana kwemauto, kwakapupurirwa mune proto-fascist yekuEgypt yekutonga kutonga, yakaruramisa Greta Thunberg. kuramba kuenda: “MaCOP anonyanya kushandiswa semukana wevatungamiriri nevanhu vari pamasimba kuti vatariswe, vachishandisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekugezesa girini.” Uye Naomi Klein Yakataurwa kuti kune blahblahblah28 muDubai gore rinouya, "Sosaiti yevagari vemo inofanirwa kuzivisa kuramba uye kuita musangano wechokwadi wevanhu."
Padivi rakanaka, pakanga paine yaipembererwa zvikuru "Kurasika & Kukuvadzwa Fund" yekuripa vakabatwa nemhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze. Asi De Bourbon akabvuma kuti raive bhokisi risina chinhu - sezvakawanda izvo UNFCCC yakapa nyika dzine urombo - uye kuti yakasundidzirwa chete mushure mekunge US neChina "dzakasununguka." Zvakadaro mumiriri weEuropean Union akashingirira, sekureva kwaDe Bourbon:
"Frans Timmermans akava nenguva yakanaka panguva yenhaurirano, paakaona kuti tinofanira kuenda mberi mushure mehurukuro nemakurukota eEU anga aripo. Akafunga, ngatizviisirei uye akange asina nguva yekutaura neUS kana China kana chero ani zvake. Akaenda kumusangano ndokuti, 'Varume tichazviita izvi asi tine zviga zviviri.' Uye nenzira paakazvitaura, US yakaenda yakavhunduka. Vakati, 'chii chiri kuitika, sei isu tichienderera mberi, nei isu tisina kuziva nezvazvo? China yakavhunduka, nekuti Frans Timmermans akaisa mamiriro maviri.
"Iye akati, imwe, inofanirwa kuenda kumatunhu ari munjodzi, kuti kwete nyika dzakapfuma dzinotowana mari, seEgypt kana vamwe." Asi zvinofanirwa kunge zviri idzo nyika dzine dambudziko rekuwana mari uye dziri panjodzi huru.
“Uye chechipiri, hwaro hwevanopa mari inofanirwa kuchinja. Takasarudza kuma90s kuti inyika dzipi pasi rose panguva iyoyo dzaive nyika dzakabudirira, uye idzo dzaive nyika dzichiri kusimukira, uye kuti - mukati meUN mamiriro ekunze ekunze - zvakaramba zvakangofanana mumakore makumi maviri apfuura. Panguva ino, unofunga kuti South Korea inyika ichiri kusimukira iye zvino? ungati, 'hapana zvakadaro, ndeimwe yehupfumi hwepamusoro pasi rose.'
“Asi panguva iyoyo, vakanga vari nyika ichiri kusimukira. Iye zvino vava nyika yakabudirira. Ini ndingati, muchokwadi, zvakafanana kuSaudi Arabia. Ndiyo nyika ine urombo here? Kwata. Ndiyo nyika ine urombo here? Kune nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kunzi nyika dzichiri kusimukira, dzinofanirwa kunyorwa senyika dzakabudirira, uye dziri kubatsira mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye dzinofanirawo kubatsira mukuedza kwemhinduro dzacho.
“Uye hombe iChina. China pari zvino ndiyo inonyanya kusvibisa. Ipapo iwe unofunga, zvakanaka asi munhoroondo ivo vaive vasina. Zvakanaka kana iwe ukatarisa nhoroondo data ndivo vechitatu mukuru anosvibisa. Uye wobva wati, zvakanaka, inyika hombe saka pamunhu pamwe haina kushata kudaro. Asi pamunhu ari pamusoro peavhareji yeEurope. Saka hapana nzira yehupfumi hwenyika yechipiri - ine mukana wakakura wetekinoroji mazuva ano - saka haana kukwanisa kutaura kuti China nhasi ichiri nyika ichiri kusimukira. Asi izvozvo zvichiri mupfungwa nemusangano. Saka vari kurova pakati penyika dzichiri kusimukira.
Uye Timmermans paakataura kuti funder base inoda kuunzwa munyika dzese dzakabudirira, aireva zvese izvi. Saka China yakavhunduka nekuda kweizvozvo, asi zvakauya, nekuti sarudzo yakaitwa. Uye ndingati ndiko kufambira mberi.
Tinodawo: haasi masangano ekuMadokero chete asiwo BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa - ichatambirwa pano gore rinouya sezvo Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria neEgypt vanonyorerawo kujoina "BRICS+") uye vashoma vamwe 'vachiri kusimukira' vane chikwereti chemamiriro ekunze. Uye ndizvo zvazviri kwete chete maererano nekubuda kwemhepo, asiwo kana tikagadzirisa 1) kutengeserana-ine chekuita ne 'emissions outsourcing', 2) per capita mutoro uye 3) nhoroondo yekusvibiswa kwemazinga.
Dzimwe nguva kutaura chokwadi, De Bourbon akataura nezvemumwe wevabatsiri vake vekuPretoria, Gurukota reZvicherwa neMagetsi Gwede Mantashe:
“Gurukota rezvemagetsi muSouth Africa rinozvidaidza kuti 'gurukota remarasha,' kungokuudza kuti pfungwa dziri papi. Kwete mushumiri wesimba: 'Tinoti, handina basa kuti inobva kupi, chero bedzi ichipa simba.' Anozviti gurukota remarasha. Saka chinhu chakaoma kwazvo, ukatarisa kuSouth Africa, maemissions acho akakurisa, makuru muAfrica. Saka haisi kubatwa. Icho chikamu chedambudziko zvakare. Saka ndosaka tichida kushanda neSouth Africa. Ndosaka mari iri kuenda ikoko.”
Ah, asi iyo poindi haipokane neyakare here (mari inofanirwa "kuenda kumatunhu ari munjodzi," kwete idzo dzine mari kare, izvo zvinoitwa neSouth Africa nekutenda kumisika yechikwereti yakadzama)? Usambonetseka, parizvino - asi dambudziko rekuwedzera chikwereti mari inomuka, kunyanya apo vanhu vekuEurope vakakweretesa vakwereta vekuSouth Africa zvinosemesa zvikwereti zvefossil mumakore gumi nemaviri apfuura.
Isu takawana mukana uyu wekupokana zvakanyanya nekuti vatinodyidzana navo paYunivhesiti yeAmsterdam-vakakonzeresa "Siya Fossil Mafuta Pasi pevhu” chirongwa - chinosanganisira kubva kuQuito's Simon Bolivar University uye Accion Ecologica, kudhirowa kunyanya padambudziko ravo. Yasuni proposal - cherechedza hukuru hweSouth Africa sechinangwa chekutanga chekaroti uye kunamatira mamiriro ekunze.
Achitaura nezvekaroti, iyo Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), De Bourbon anga achinetseka nezve mukana wekupukunyuka chirongwa cheUnited Nations:
“Takatoita chibvumirano mugore rapfuura neSouth Africa che$8.5 bhiriyoni, panyaya yekuchinja kwemagetsi. Uye zvakafanana zvakaitika panguva yeCOP neIndonesia: $20 bhiriyoni yekuchinja kwesimba. Saka zvino iwe unoona iyo shanduko yemari, uye pane nzira itsva yekushanda. Tiri kuona zvichaitika neIndia, pamwe pamwe Vietnam, pamwe Senegal. Tiri kuona kana tichikwanisa kuita zvinhu zverudzi urwu zvakasiyana. "
Ko South Africa inofanirwa kubatsirwa here mukubvisa simba reEskom reEskom 40,000 MegaWatts esimba rinopfurwa nemarasha? Nechekare pazuva rechirimo, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimba iroro hachichashandiswi nekuda kwehutera hwekuchembera uye tsaona dzisingaperi, zvichikonzera kudzimwa kwemagetsi kwakapararira (kureva maawa akawanda e "load shedding" zuva nezuva). Hongu, Eskom inoda zvikuru mari yekugadzirisa, kugadzirisa nekudzorera nhepfenyuro yemarasha. Asi iyo parastatal utility inoramba ichiputswa, haikwanise kubhadhara mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemana emadhora muzvikwereti.
Mukutsvaga mari nekukurumidza muna Mbudzi 2021, pakutanga kweGlasgow COP26, chibvumirano che "Just Energy Transition Partnership" (JETP) chemadhora mazana masere neshanu chemadhora chakaziviswa nehurumende yePretoria uye CEO weEskom Andre de Ruyter nevamwe vekuParis, Berlin. , London, Washington neBrussels. Iyo yekupedzisira JETP package, yakazovhurwa gore rakatevera muSharm El-Sheikh, ine chinangwa chekutanga kuvharisa mafemu emagetsi emarasha nekukurumidza, asi zvakare ichabatsira kugadzirwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi negirinhi hydrogen. Asi tinofanira kunyatsotarisisa chipo ichi.
Karoti yakaora inoita seinonaka kumunhu apererwa nezano
Pfungwa huru yekaroti yeJETP yekuMadokero inoratidza kudiwa kwenguva refu mubato rekutonga kwemamiriro ekunze kusiya mafuta ezvipfuyo ari pasi pevhu achichinjana nemari yekuMadokero. Izvi zvakakosha chaizvo kuti vanhu vararame. Asi zvingava zvine musoro kana mari yacho ichinzi a kubhadharwa kwechikwereti chemamiriro ekunze chakakweretwa nenyika dzinoburitsa zvakanyanya kune vakawirwa nemamiriro ekunze akanyanya.
Mukukurukurirana kweJETP kubva pakati pe2021, matambudziko akawanda akaonekwa: kusabatanidzwa kwevanhu vakakanganiswa nevashandi; vatendi vakashata vekuSouth Africa vanotaurirana, kusvika pakuita decarbonisation yeEskom yakabatana nekutsvaga-kwekupedzisira kutsvaga mamwe mafuta efossil nemikana yemethane-gassification; Hunhu hweEskom hwekuda kuendesazve mari iri kuuya kuzvirimwa zvemethane gasi; kubhadhara kuri kuenderera mberi kwezvikwereti kuEskom iyo yaibhadharira magwenya emagetsi emarasha ane huori; uye kutsigira kwakazara kwemaitiro eEskom akawanda anokatyamadza ebhizinesi, kusanganisira kubviswa kwerusarura.
JETP yakavambwa kubva kumusoro zvichidzika, pasina kubvunzana kune veruzhinji. Panguva imwe cheteyo nhaurirano dzaitanga, nyika yeSouth Africa yaikurudzira mafemu maviri eBig Oil - London-based Shell neParis-based TotalEnergies (uye akati wandei emuno madiki-fry partners) - kuti vaongorore kumahombekombe kwemethane gasi mumvura inopfuura makiromita mana. kudzika. Zvichienderana nemafungiro aVaMantashe, Pretoria yange ichikurudzirawo kucherwa kwemarasha kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi uye kushandisa mazana emamiriyoni emadhora kuvandudza kutakurwa kwenjanji kunotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Zvirongwa zvawanda zveLiquified Natural Gasi jenareta uye mamwe magasi matura.
Sezvo venhaurirano vakatora nguva yavo kuburikidza neakawanda a2022 vachifunga kuti madhora mazana masere nemazana mashanu emadhora angakwidzirwe nekugovaniswa sei, bhizinesi-semazuva ese rakaratidza kudzika kwekupedzisira kweCovid kupora: kuvimba nemarasha nedhiziri kweanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ekugadzira simba; kutakura kwakavakirwa zvachose pane injini dzinopisa mukati; magetsi-anodzungudza migodhi yakadzika, kunyungudutsa uye kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri; rumutsiridzo rwekureba (high-emissions) tourism; kurima kunoda fetereza; kuvakwa patsva kwenzvimbo dzakakura, nzvimbo yehofisi yekutengeserana uye rori-centric yekutakura-rogistics node; uye marara ayo asina kurongwa marara anosvipa methane.
Mamwe mapurojekiti makuru ezvisaririra-centric anoenderera mberi: madhora mabhiriyoni gumi eChinese metallurgical Special Economic Zone, uye padyo, madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu ekuwedzera kwenjanji inoendesa kunze kwemarasha kuchiteshi chengarava cheRichards Bay, uko vatengi vakuru vemarasha vava vekuEurope, maChinese neIndia. . Uye kugadzirwa kwegasi hombe kwemethane kuchaunzwa kuburikidza neTurkey Karpowerships nhatu dzinodhura madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri echibvumirano chemakore makumi maviri, nzvimbo yeWorld Bank-yakasimudzirwa Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), mafemu maviri eEskom anopfurwa negasi anoita madhora mabhiriyoni mashanu, uye $10 bhiriyoni port-petrochemical kuwedzera muDurban.
Chinonyanya kunetsa, mauto anopfuura chiuru emauto eSouth Africa akaiswa nePretoria pakati pegore ra1000 kumahombekombe, mudunhu reCabo Delgado kuMozambique, kurwisa uto remagandanga rinozivikanwa seAl-Shabaab. Mauto aya anotarisirwa kufambisa "Blood Methane" kutorwa neTotal, ENI, ExxonMobil neChina National Petroleum munzvimbo umo vanhu miriyoni imwe chete vakatamiswa nehondo uye vanoda kusvika zviuru zvishanu vafa. Madutu makuru akarova kuchamhembe kweMozambique, rimwe muna 2021 richiparadza Cabo Delgado nemhepo ye2019kph.
De Ruyter haasi ega, kune imwe yeanonyanya kupesvedzera makambani lobbies, iyo National Business Initiative, inotsigira yakawanda methane. Uye mukuru weEskom ari kusimudzira hurongwa hwake hwekutsiviwa kwemarasha kuenda kuLNG - achishandisa zvikamu makumi mana nezvina kubva muzana zvemari yeJETP - achishandisa manyepo ekuti gasi rinochinja.
Asi hapana kwese muJETP kune imwe yeSouth Africa yakakwira-carb maldevelopment yakarambidzwa uye nekuda kwe "fungibility" yemari, sezvo De Ruyter anogamuchira mari inodarika mabhiriyoni masere emadhora ekupomerwa decarbonisation, anogona kuendesa imwe mari kune yaanoda meth. kupindwa muropa.
Kupesana nekaroti yakaora yeEU uye zvinokonzeresa kupindwa muropa nemethane, kuratidzira kunowedzera
Kupokana kwakaitika panguva imwe cheteyo muSouth Africa, paine network imwe inofambira mberi - yeClimate Justice Charter Movement - achidana kune vanodyidzana nedzimwe nyika kuti vatange kuramba kweJETP. Uye zvinorwadza zvikuru kuShell, Total pamwe nevakapindwa muropa nefossil, mazana ekuratidzira akatanga pamahombekombe, pazviteshi zvepeturu uye kune mamwe makambani akabatana sezvakaziviswa JETP. Musanganiswa wakasarudzika wemisha yemahombekombe, vabati vehove vanoraramisa, vezvekuchengetedza mugungwa, eco-tourists, mafirita uye vanoita zvemamiriro ekunze vakachengeta kuputika kwemhepo munhau mumahombekombe eIndia neAtlantic Ocean.
Yakabatana nevaratidziri, kanomwe mukupera kwa2021 kusvika Gunyana 2022, magweta anofarira veruzhinji akamhan'ara kudare achipokana neBig Oil's offshore seismic-blasting, achikunda matanhatu acho. Mhosva idzi dzakazopera apo Shell neImpact Oil&Gas - inotungamirwa nevemuno kasino-hotera-media-transport muzvinabhizimusi (uye aimbove mutungamiriri wevashandi veMarxist) Johnny Copelyn - vakarambidzwa neDare Repamusoro kubva kukuwedzera kuputika kwemahombekombe, nezvikonzero zvekubvunzana kwaCopelyn munharaunda. (semukuti hapana zviziviso mumutauro mukuru wemuno, isiXhosa), zvimwe zvichikonzerwa nekuvhiringwa kuri kutarisirwa kunharaunda dzevatema dzemahombekombe egungwa negungwa reWild Coast, uye pamwe nekuda kwekukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze nemafemu uye kufunga nezvezvakatipoteredza. (Pana November 28, Shell naCopelyn vakaendazve kudare kuti vakwidze mhaka yacho.)
Zvichakadaro, nekuda kwevanoridza muridzo kubva kubato riri kutonga reAfrican National Congress (ANC) pamwe nemutungamiri wenyika, VaCyril Ramaphosa, hutungamiriri hwa2017, zvakabuda pachena kuti vatsoropodzi vakanga vasingapokane nezvinotaurwa nemakambani emafuta chete 'ekusimudzira hupfumi', asiwo zvipo zvakakura. kune vese ANC (Shell's $1.1 miriyoni) uye Ramaphosa (Copelyn's $140,000). Kusabatika zvakanaka kwaRamaphosa kwenyaya dzake dzemari - kunyanya $600,000 mukutengeswa kwemhuka pane imwe yemapurazi ake - akatyisidzirawo, mukupera kwaMbudzi, kuzoita kuti mutungamiri weSouth Africa apinzwe mhosva kekutanga.
Uye sachigaro weANC ine mhirizhonga (iyo semushandirwi, yasara makore mashanu pakubhadhara mutero neinishuwarenzi yekurovha) ndiMantashe. Mukutanga kwa2022 huwori hwake hwaaiti iye pachake - uye kuva pedyo nekambani yevakoma Watson yeBosasa - zvakazoita kuti amuchuchise kubva kuZondo Commission into State Capture, boka rehurumende rakanzi rifukunure mhirizhonga yakaitika munguva yaVaJacob Zuma muna 2009- 18, apo Mantashe aive Secretary General weANC.
Mari yechikwereti yakavanzika uye mamiriro anoita kukuvadza kwehupfumi
JETP ichaitawo murwi wechikwereti chakaoma-chete: pakutanga $8.245 bhiriyoni, ine 3 chete muzana yemari iri mumhando yezvipo. Nepo US ($ 1 bhiriyoni) neBritish ($500 miriyoni) zvikwereti zvichifanira kupihwa nemabhanga ekuita purofiti pamitengo yemisika, masangano eEuropean state achapa chikwereti che "concessional" zvishoma. Zvakadaro, nekuda kwekuti zvikwereti izvi zviri mumari yakaoma uye mari yekuSouth Africa iri kudzikira, Eskom ichatarisana nekubhadharwa kwakaoma mumakore anotevera. Muna Kubvumbi 2022, muyero weRand/$ waiva R14.3/$ asi panguva yeCOP27, wakanga wadzika kusvika paR18.4/$.
Haisi chete mitengo inodhura kana ichionekwa mune 'zvinoshanda chaizvo' mazwi (kusanganisira kuderera kwemari), mari yakaoma haidiwi kune zvakawanda zvikamu zveJETP (semuhoro), iye zvino uye kunyanya mune ramangwana, sezvo kugadzira kwemuno kunotsiva kunobva kunze zvinogoneka. simba zvikamu. Eskom inofanirwa kuvaka mukati mayo ega ega ega ega uye kuchengetedza magetsi, uye haifanire kuramba ichiisa magetsi ega kuburikidza nemakondirakiti ekunze emagetsi ezuva nemhepo. Zvinofanira kuzunungusa kuvimba kwe2010s pamakambani epasi rose ane simba renewable energy ayo anodzosera purofiti negovero kunyika dzawo.
JETP inopa mari yeEskom methane switch, inobvumira kubhadhara kwechikwereti chehuori uye
Kune rimwe divi, JETP inodiwa - mufomu yerubatsiro kwete zvikwereti - kutsigira shanduko yeEskom kubva pakushandisa marasha zvakanyanya uye kuve nechokwadi cheJustic Transition yevashandi nenharaunda dzakakanganiswa. Kune rimwe divi, imwe njodzi iripo ndeyekuti de Ruyter akaronga chirongwa chekudyara gasi remethane - chaanofungidzira kushandisa 44 muzana yemari yeJETP - kusanganisira 1000 MW panzvimbo yegwenya remagetsi rakadzimwa kuKomati. Musi wa6 Mbudzi, mutungamiri weWorld Bank, David Malpass - uyo akaudzwa neAl Gore masvondo matanhatu apfuura kuti aifanira kusiya basa nekunyara nekuramba kwake mamiriro ekunze - akapa Eskom chikwereti chemamiriyoni mazana mashanu emadhora kuti chirongwa ichi chifambiswe mberi ndokushanyira kuKomati.
Imwe gasi yeEskom inotarisirwa kutengeserwa marasha muguta reRichards Bay, ine nzvimbo yeWorld Bank LNG inogadziridza Blood Methane yekuMozambique. Sangano reSouth Durban Community Environmental Alliance, rine hofisi itsva yemuRichards Bay uye richitsigirwa neCentre for Environmental Rights, ratova kumatare richipikisa chirimwa ichi.
Kushandisa mari yeEU yakanangana nedecarbonisation pachinzvimbo chemethane gasi kungangoitika, asi zvine chokwadi chekuti chikwereti cheEskom chiripo chehard-currency chichashandiswa pachishandiswa mari idzi. Zvingangove zvakakonzerwa nemagetsi maviri anowanzo kuputsika - Medupi neKusile (pa4800 MW imwe neimwe, magweta makuru emagetsi emagetsi ari kuvakwa chero kupi) - ane kontrakta anotungamira, Hitachi, akapa zvikamu makumi maviri neshanu muzana zvenzvimbo dzayo. mubatsiri weANC muna 25. Somugumisiro, muna 2007, Hitachi akatongerwa kubudirira pasi peUS Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, achibhadhara Washington $ 2015 mamiriyoni efaindi (uye hapana kuSouth Africa uko kambani yeTokyo yatiza kupomerwa).
Pakare muna 2008, kunyomba kwakaenda pachena. Zvakadaro vakweretesi veEskom munguva pfupi yakatevera vakasanganisira mabhanga makuru ekuMadokero ekutumira kunze kwenyika neWorld Bank, iro rakapa chikwereti chayo chikurusa cheMedupi muna 2010 ($3.75 bhiriyoni). Chikwereti chitsva cheEskom cheJETP chinoibvumira kubhadhara zvikwereti zvekare, zvoita kuti Medupi-Kusile ive pamutemo. Hazvina hunhu kuti vanokwereta vasatore 'vhudzi' pazvikwereti izvi. Mari yeJETP haifanire kubhadhara mubhadharo weEskom's Odious Debt.
Eskom inoda zvekushandisa patsva, asi “divi rekuda” regidhi remagetsi revashandisi rakakoshawo. Mutengi mukuru, achishandisa zvinopfuura zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvegridhi, iBHP Billiton (South5, yakavakirwa muMelbourne, Australia). Yayo yeRichards Bay aluminium smelter inopinza chinhu chikuru (bauxite), ichichigadzira nesimba rinopfurwa nemarasha nemutengo unongori gumi muzana wezvinobhadharwa nevatengiwo zvavo. Chigadzirwa uye purofiti zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
Kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemagetsi kunoitikawo paSasol's Secunda plant - iyo yepamusoro-soro pasi rose CO2 emissions point sosi - uko nzvimbo yekunatsa yenguva yerusaruraganda inosvina marasha kuti ibudise peturu yemvura (iyo yaizotengwa kunze kwenyika, nemutengo wakaderera kwazvo wezvakatipoteredza). Iwo ma guzzlers anofanirwa kuvharwa nekukasika, nerutsigiro rweJust Transition rwakapihwa nharaunda nevashandi vakakanganisika.
Mitemo nemaitiro eEskom zvinoda kuvandudzwa
Kufunga nezvehurongwa hweEskom sekuve nechero rudzi rwechikamu che "Just Energy" hazvigoneke. Eskom inoramba izere nehuwori hwevashandi, nemaakaundi ese. Vatungamiriri vakuru vaviri mumakore a2010 - Brian Molefe naMatshele Koko - vakasungirwa kubhadhara mabhiriyoni emadhora muna Gumiguru. Uye hurongwa hwekudzimwa naDe Ruyter hwakatemerwa nharaunda dzevatema pakati pa2020 (munguva yechando mukati mekutanga Covid-19 denda kuvharika) - iyo yaanoti "kudzikisira mutoro" uye vatsoropodzi vanodana "simba rerusarura" - yakasimudzwa nechikumbiro chake chepakati-2022. kugumisa magetsi cross-subsidation kune varombo. Iyo JETP inotsigira zvizere aya ekumashure marongero.
Eskom haisati yambokoshesa chirongwa cheJust Transition. Chokwadi, zvicherwa zvemagetsi zvinopisa marasha zvinosvibisa zviuru nezviuru zvevagari venharaunda gore rega rega nekuda kwekusvibisa, De Ruyter achiramba kutevedzera mirairo yedare yekuvhara majenareta kana kuisa anti-emissions scrubbers, zvichikonzera izvo pakati penzvimbo dzinotyisa pasi rose dzeSO2 neNO.
Zvimwe zvidiki zvidiki zveJETP zvikamu zvakare hazvina kunaka kubata. Rubatsiro rwemotokari dzemagetsi - rwunopihwa kuburikidza nekuMadokero (kunyanya Germany neJapan) makambani emotokari - haagone kutengwa kune vazhinji vekuSouth Africa, uye hapana kugadzirwa kwemafuta. Iyo JETP inopawo mari yekusimudzira Sasol's green hydrogen hype. Asi izvi zvinokwanisa kuendesazve simba remuSouth Africa remune remangwana remagetsi - semuenzaniso machimuni ezuva anofanirwa kupa grid renyika - munzvimbo yekambani yeSaldanha yekugadzira kunze kwenyika-yakanangana nekutengesa kunze kweH2, pane kuzadzisa zvido zvemuno.
Ko zvirango zvemamiriro ekunze zvichave sjambock inorwadza - kana kuti, davi rakatsemuka?
Zvinogara zvichitaridza sekuti vatongi veSouth Africa vari kungotora matanho madiki ekushandisa magetsi ekare nekuda kwezvirango zvemamiriro ekunze zviri kukanganisa vanodyidzana nebato riri kutonga kunze kwenyika. Pane mukana mukuru wekuti zvirango izvi zvitore chimiro chekurohwa kwakasimba, kwakasimba kubva kune tsumo yekuSouth Africa sjambock (chikwapuro) - asi zviri kubuda pachena kuti vakuru veEU vangatoshandisa tsvimbo yakatyoka, davi.
Kutengeserana kwepasirese kwaimbove kwakakosha kuSouth Africa capitalism iyo kutengeserana / GDP yakanga yasvika 73 muzana muna 2008, apo chigadzirwa chepamusoro chakakwira. Asi huwandu uhu hwakadzikira muSouth Africa (kusvika pasi pe51 muzana muna 2020) uye kunenge kwese kwese panguva ye "deglobalisation" (kana se The Economist inozviti, "slowbalisation"), nemusanganiswa we capitalist overreach, shanduko yeChina yekupinda mukati mekudyara kwezvivakwa, kuchengetedzwa kweWestern (sekusimuka muna 2016 naDonald Trump naBrexit) uye kukwezva kwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvakawedzera mukana wekupararira kwezvirango zvemamiriro ekunze. nyika dzakakwirira-carbon kunze kwenyika.
Kuiswa kwezvirango zvemamiriro ekunze kuchanyanya kubva kuUS, Europe neUK, ine mutoro wekutenga ?? muzana yenyanzvi dzemuSouth Africa. EU ichave yekutanga, neCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) yayo kutanga muna Ndira 1.
Kunyangwe ichidzokorodza simba reWestern imperialist, CBAM semutemo wekutengesa-inotarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza inoita zvine musoro. Pasina iyo, yakakwirira CO2 mazinga anobva kunyika dzine simba dzine tsvina “aizonyura” muEU sezvo mafemu anoburitsa zvigadzirwa zvawo kana atarisana nemamiriro ekunze akakomba uye, kuti arambe achikwikwidza, atsvage zvinhu zvisingadhuri zvemaindasitiri uye zvekushandisa kubva kunze kwenyika.
South Africa nedzimwe hupfumi hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika dzine migove yakakwirira kwazvo yeCO2 zvakaiswa muzvigadzirwa zvavo - zvakananga kana kuburikidza netsvina simba uye chekufambisa - zvinofanirwa kukurudzirwa kuti zvienderane nekukurumidza kune zvinogonekazve. Imwe nzira iri kuburikidza nemitero yakakwira yeEU inotemerwa kuSA kutengesa kunze kwenyika kuEurope, uye mukati ma2020s zvakare kune humwe hupfumi hwekuMadokero huchatora CBAM.
Izvo zvakanyanya kubatwa neSA zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvichange zviri aluminium nesimbi, asi zvimwe zvakawanda - zvimwe zvakacherwa uye zvakanyungudutswa zvigadzirwa, petrochemicals, mota uye high-carbon kugadzirwa masisitimu - zvese zvichazounzwa mumambure eCBAM, zvese nekuda kwekuburitsa kwavo kwakananga nekusina kunanga. .
Nzira chete yekudzivirira yeSouth Africa iri kukwidza yayo mutero wekabhoni kusvika pachiyero chemusika weEU kabhoni, kureva kubva pane zvakabhadharwa neEskom neSasol (kuburikidza nevaviri vakanyanya kusvibisa) - chiratidzo chemadhora 0.35 / toni yeCO2 yakabudiswa - kuEurope. mazinga. Kuenzanisira, mutengo i$93/tonne pamusika weEuropean Emissions Trading Scheme kabhoni, uye $130/tonne kuvhara mutero weSweden kabhoni.
Pretoria haizove chero padyo nechiyero ichi, zvichipihwa hukama hwesimba muSouth Africa hwakashongedzwa neiyo ine simba zvakanyanya Energy Intensive Users Group: gumi nemaviri mafemu emigodhi yekune dzimwe nyika nekunyungudutsa anoshandisa zvinodarika makumi mana muzana emagetsi asi achigadzira isingasviki makumi maviri muzana. hupfumi hwenyika.
Kujoinha mauto netiweki yakakura - Bhizinesi Unity South Africa - iyo mega-vatengi vesimba nguva pfupi yadarika vakapokana kuti "bhizinesi nehupfumi hweSA hazvigone kugamuchira kukwira kweiyo kabhoni mutero wekuwedzera" uko kwave kurongwa: kukwira kusvika pamadhora makumi matatu chete / toni mu. 30 (inova 2030 muzana yezvichangobva kuitika "Social Cost of Carbon" fungidziro inoratidza kuti inofanirwa kudaro).
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, vezvematongerwo enyika uye nepamusoro-carb capital sezviri pachena vanotyiswa neCBAM. Ramaphosa akaburitsa kushushikana kwakadzama nezveCBAM mupepanhau remutungamiri wenyika muna Gumiguru 2021: "Sezvo vatinotengeserana navo vachitevera chinangwa chekuburitsa kabhoni-zero, vangangowedzera zvirambidzo pakupinzwa kunze kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa vachishandisa kabhoni-yakawanda simba. Nekuda kwekuti indasitiri yedu yakawanda inoenderana nemagetsi anogadzirwa nemarasha, tinogona kuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvatinoendesa kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvinosangana nezvipingaidzo zvekutengeserana uye, pamusoro pezvo, vatengi vari munyika idzodzo vanogona kusada kutenga zvigadzirwa zvedu.
Mafemu makuru akaita seBHP Billiton (South32) neAnglo American atangawo kutsvaga magetsi anogona kuvandudzwa kuitira kuti asadonha nemitero yekunze. Mitsinga yakawandisa zvekuti muna Mbudzi 2022, gurukota rezvezvakatipoteredza muSouth Africa, Barbara Creecy akatsigira shoropodzo yeBrazil-South Africa-India-China: "Matanho eunilateral uye maitiro erusarura, semutero wecarbon border, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwemusika uye kuwedzera kuvimba. kushomeka pakati pemapato, kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa. "
Zvimedu zveCBAM stick splinters
Tichifunga nezvekutya uku, zvirango zveCBAM zvichabatsira vamiriri vekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza, asi chete kana vakarevererwa nekuvimbika, kunyanya kana zvasvika pakuripa vashandi nenharaunda dzinosangana nekutambura kwehupfumi kusingaite nekuda kwekutadza kwemakambani kuita decarbonise.
CBAM nekuvimbika inoda kuvandudzwa katatu. Chekutanga, iyo isina musoro ichangoburwa EU mamiriro emamiriro ekunze yaive sarudzo yaChikunguru 2022 yekudaidza methane gasi nenyukireya se "girinhi" mukati meEU simba re "taxonomy." Chimiro ichocho chinofanira kukurumidza kuchinjwa maererano nesainzi yemamiriro ekunze, sezvo methane ine simba rakapetwa makumi masere neshanu pane CO.2 uye simba renyukireya rinoramba rine ngozi zvikuru.
Chechipiri, imwe shanduko inosanganisira mutengo weCBAM. Nehurombo, mwero wezvirango zvekunze, kubva 2026, uchasungirirwa kune bloc's Emissions Trading Scheme, iyo yakatambura nekusagadzikana kwemutengo kubva 2005. Mukutanga kwaKurume 2022, mushure mekupinda kwaPutin, yakadonha makumi mana muzana, kubva pedyo nemadhora zana kusvika kumadhora makumi matanhatu tonne, uye zvakare munaGunyana yakadonha kubva pamadhora makumi masere nemasere kusvika pamadhora makumi manomwe neshanu / tonne sezvo Putin akagura gasi. Kutarisira misika yemari kuti ipe chiratidzo chemutengo chaiwo hupenzi nekuti misika iyi pachayo ine bongozozo uye inoenderana nekushuvira kwevanopa mari pasi rose.
Chechitatu, kupikisa mhosva dze "imperialism!", Europe inofanirwa kubhadhara chikwereti chayo chikuru chemamiriro ekunze nekutumira mihoro yeCBAM kudzokera kune yakakanganiswa. vashandi nenharaunda avo vanotengeswa kunze kwenyika vanobhadhariswa mutero - mune dzimwe nguva kusvika pakuvharwa kwemakambani avo. Izvi zvingave zvinoenderana kwete kwete chete kubatana kwetsika, asiwo nemafungiro eJust Transition.
Kufambisa kuzorodza karoti uye kuomesa tsvimbo
Kuratidzira pamwe nematare edzimhosva vachipokana nekuwedzera kubviswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa uye kupisa muSouth Africa zvichaenderera mberi uye kusvika pari zvino ndiyo nzira inokurudzira zvikuru mukati memubatanidzwa unofambira mberi wakakanganiswa nekupatsanurana kweboka revashandi uye kupatsanuka kwemagariro. Zvakadaro, izvi zvichadzikira asi pamwe hazvizomise mapurojekiti emhando yepamusoro-kabhoni, zvichipihwa kusada kwematare kupikisa kodzero dzezvivakwa zvakazvimirira uye kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika.
Vanorwira kodzero dzemamiriro ekunze vanoda kumwe kubatana kana vakatarisana nekurwiswa kwegasi, oiri nemarasha. VekuEurope vane chido chakanaka vakatsigira kurwira rusununguko rwevanhu vekuSouth Africa nekutemera zvirango zvehupfumi kune mafemu aiita purofiti kubva mukupara mhosva yakanangana nevanhu, iyo pakazosvika 1985 yakasvika padanho rekupedza rusaruraganda sezvo mubatanidzwa wakasimba webhizinesi revachena nenyika yerusarura wakazoputswa. Pfungwa imwe cheteyo inoshanda: nekururamisira kwemamiriro ekunze muSouth Africa, magariro nevashandi vanowanzo ratidza kugwinya uye kuhwina zvidiki, zvisinei, zvakare, kuburikidza nekubatana kwepasirese kuti kusvetukira mberi kuchaitwa.
Vakuru vekuEurope vagara vazvirova-rova nekuda kwekutora rhetorical uye kazhinji hutungamiriri hwechokwadi pamamiriro ekunze, kunyangwe mhedzisiro iri midiki kana ichienzaniswa nebasa riripo. Zvirinani muSouth Africa, panogona kuve nemukana mumwedzi iri kuuya yekupa karoti nyowani isina kuora uye kurongedza tsvimbo yakakura, kwete davi rakatyoka ikozvino rinoratidzwa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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