Musangano weBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) muJohannesburg wakapera muna Nyamavhuvhu 24 mushure mekuodzwa mwoyo kukuru: dambudziko renguva refu reUS dollar hegemony rakazvarwa rakafa nekuda kwemauto anochengetedza bloc. Zvakadaro kune chikwereti chevatungamiriri veBRICS, kuwedzera kwetiweki kwakaitwa, kusanganisira Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia neUnited Arab Emirates (UAE).
Zvakadaro, kusimba kunocherechedzwa kuri mukati menhengo itsva yehupfumi hwakapindwa muropa nefossil, hudzvanyiriri uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu - veruzhinji, magariro nehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza - kunowedzera njodzi dzeboka riripo. Zvakangodaro, dzimwe nyika gumi nenomwe dzakanyorera, pamwe nedzimwe makumi maviri dzakaratidza kufarira, dzinogona kuita kuti boka rive tyisidziro zvakanyanya pazviverengero izvozvo, zvakadini nezvikumbiro zvevakaita seAfghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kazakhstan. , Morocco, Sudan, Turkiye neZimbabwe.
Ndezvipi zvinodiwa kuti zviwedzerwe? Pakanga pasina kuburitswa pachena panguva ino, asi semaneja wemusangano weSouth Africa Anil Sooklal vakati"Tainyatsoona kuti nyika dzinofanirwa kunge dzichibva kuGlobal South, dzakamira zvakanaka mumatunhu adzo, uye chechitatu dzinofanira kuwedzera chimiro chakanaka cheBRICS." Asi โkumira kwakanakaโ sezviri pachena kunobatanidza utsinye. Hondo refu muYemen iyo yakapikisira Iran kurwisana neSaudi Arabia neUAE, ichisiya 350,000 vanhu vakafa pakati penzara yakawanda. Kuurayiwa kweIran kwevaratidziri vekubatana panguva yekumukira kodzero dzevakadzi. Hondo yevagari veEthiopia muTigray. Mauto eSaudi 'achangobva kufumurwa kuuraya vanhu vazhinji vevapoteri vekuEthiopia vachiyambuka muganhu weYemen. Kuramba kweUAE kuburitsa hama dzekwaGupta dzakashatisa South Africa muma2010. Vavhoti veArgentinian vachangobva kuvhota vakawanda veBolsonaro-mhando yezvematongerwo enyika Javier Melia (uyo ane chinangwa zvakare-dollarize hupfumi hwenzvimbo) - kunyangwe imwe yekumisikidza inochengetedza inogona kukunda muna Gumiguru.
Semazuva ese neBRICS, kana zvisina musoro zvakadaro zvichionekwa, zvinotaridza kutaura-kuruboshwe-kurudyi-kurudyi mamiriro: radical anti-imperialist rhetoric inoreva kuvanza yakadzama conservativism uye kurwiswa kwenzvimbo dzevashandi venzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, vachitaura kumusangano wevechidiki weBRICS muna Chikunguru, gurukota rinowona nezvemutungamiri weSouth Africa, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma. enthused pamusoro pekuti BRICS "yaizokurumidzisa sei kuwa kwehurongwa hwepasirese husina kururamisira." akapindura Busisiwe Mavuso, chief executive officer weBusiness Leadership South Africa,
โKutaura uku kwairema pakutaura kwakaratidza BRICS sedanda remakwikwi pasi rose kurwisa nyika dzekumavirira, kwete mubatanidzwa wakagadzirirwa kusimudzira budiriro nekushandira pamwe kwenhengo dzayo. Sezvineiwo, mukutaura kumwe cheteko, Dlamini-Zuma akachema-chema avo vanoda kuti isu titumire zvinhu zvakabikwa pane kuti titumire zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kunyika. Haana kumbomira achifunga kuti hukama hwedu neIndia neChina hwakanyanya kuratidzwa neSouth Africa kutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika nekutenga zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kunze kwenyika.
Hudzvinyiriri hwehurumende, husina kujairika, hwakaturikirwa neUniversity of Johannesburg Chair in Africa Diplomacy, Chris Landsberg, sechiratidzo chePretoria โkatsika kekunyanya kusimbisa kuuya kwechipiri kweHondo Yemashoko, ichisundwa nemubatanidzwa unopokana nemaimperialist chiri chokwadi uye. chaiyo, pasina kutarisa kune sub-imperialist uye neo-imperialist maitiro enhengo dzine simba dzeBRICS. South Africa yaidawo hukama hwepedyo nenyika dzekuMadokero, dzinenge pamamiriro ayo ehupfumi, ichisimbisa kusavimbana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati pePretoria nemasimba aya.
Sub-imperial vavariro
Chokwadi dzimwe nguva, kana tikatarisa zvakanyanya pazvisarudzo zvemusangano, vatungamiriri veBRICS zvakare taura zvakanaka, zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yepasi pehumambo muhupfumi hwenyika, umo vatungamiriri vavo vanobvuma pachena kusaita kwavo kuita shanduko huru. Usati wafunga zvinokonzeresa kukanganiswa kwe geo-economic uko kwakabvisa tariro yeBRICS ichirwa hondo yepasi rose, funga mutauro Johannesburg II Declaration (yekutanga yanga iri muna 2018) ichiratidza kuenderera mberi kwekuteerera kweBRICS kumasangano eWestern neoliberal, sezvakataurwa mune izvi zvisungo gumi nemaviri:
- 8. Tinosimbisazve tsigiro yedu yezvakavhurika, zviri pachena, zvakanaka, zvinofanotaurwa, zvinosanganisirwa, zvakaenzana, zvisingasaruri uye zvinoenderana nemitemo. Multilateral trading system neWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) pamusimboti wayo...
- 9. Tinodaidzira kudikanwa kwekuita fambiro mberi kusvika pakuwana ruramisiro uye misika-yakatarisana nekurima yekutengesa system...
- 10. Isu tinotsigira yakasimba Global Financial Safety Net ine quota-based uye ine zviwanikwa zvakaringana International Monetary Fund (IMF) pakati payoโฆ Chero gadziriso muzvikamu zvezvikamu zvinofanirwa kuguma kuwedzera kwezvikamu zvezvikamu zvemisika ichiri kusimukira uye hupfumi huri kusimukira (EMDCs)... kusanganisira mu zvigaro zvehutungamiriri muBretton Woods masangano, zvinoratidza basa remaEMDC muhupfumi hwenyikaโฆ
- 27. Tinokurudzira masangano ezvemari akawanda uye masangano epasi rose kuti aite basa rinovaka kuvaka kubvumirana kwenyika yose pamusoro pemitemo yehupfumi uyeโฆ kuenderera mberi nekuita zvinokurudzirwaโฆ kubva ku G20 Yakazvimirira Ongororo Chirevo...
- 29. Tinoona kuti zvikwereti zvakakura mune dzimwe nyika zvinoderedza mari inodiwa kugadzirisa matambudziko arikuenderera mberi ebudiriroโฆ Chimwe chezvishandiso, pakati pezvimwe, kugadzirisa kusakwana kwezvikwereti kuburikidza nekufungidzira, kurongeka, panguva uye kwakarongeka kushanda kwechibvumirano. G20 Yakajairwa Chimiro cheKurapa Chikwereti, nekutora chikamu kwe zviri pamutemo bilateral zvikwereti, vakweretesi vega uye Multilateral Development Banks zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekuita pamwe chete uye kugovera mitoro kwakanaka.
- 30. Tinosimbisa zvakare kukosha kweG20 kuti ienderere mberi nekuita basa rePremier multilateral foramu mumunda wekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika hupfumi uye zvemari. iyo inosanganisira misika yakasimukira uye ichiri kusimukira uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira uko hupfumi hukuru pamwe chete hunotsvaga mhinduro kumatambudziko epasi rose. Tinotarisira kugamuchirwa kunobudirira kweMusangano wechi18 weG20 muNew Delhi pasi peHutungamiri hweG20 hweIndia. Isu tinocherekedza mikana yekuvaka yakasimba simba rekuchinja ne India, Brazil neSouth Africa vari kutungamira G20 kubva 2023 kusvika 2025 uye vakaratidza kutsigira kuenderera mberi nekushandira pamwe muvatungamiri vavo veG20 uye ndichivashuvira kubudirira kwese mumabasa avo. (kusimbisa kwakawedzerwa)
Mharidzo iri nyore pano, ndeyokuti panzvimbo yekupidigura tafura yepamusoro yesimba rehupfumi hwekuMadokero, bloc ine chinangwa chekudzikamisa uye kugadzirisa iyo "mitemo-based order" - zvisinei nekupokana kuri pachena, ndiko kuti pfungwa dzayo, Washington Consensus. , zvakonzera kutambura kwakanyanya munharaunda dzakawanda dzeBRICS dzine mari shoma. Kupfugamira uku hakuna kujairika, nekuti kubvira 2008 pakavambwa G20, BRICS yakashanda semari yekuMadokero yezvemari uye yepasi rose. Iri mumagadzirirwo akadai epasirese - uye muWestern + BRICS makambani ekudyara kwakananga kunze kwenyika munyika dzine urombo - izvo zvido zvemamperiya uye sub-imperialist zvinowanzosangana.
Kuenzanisira, ma2010 akaona zvisungo zvakadzokororwa, mushoko nezviito, pakugadzirisa simba rekuvhota paBretton Woods Institutions (BWIs). BWI-relegitimation exercise yakaguma nekuwedzera kwechikamu cha2015 umo BRICS yakapa mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe neshanu emadhora mumari yekudzosera mari, gore rimwe chetero yuan yakaverengerwa mubhasiketi repamutemo reIMF mari dzepamutemo. Chikamu chekuvhota chekuChina cheIMF chakawedzera nezvikamu makumi matatu nezvinomwe kubva muzana gore riya, yeBrazil nezvikamu makumi maviri nezvitatu kubva muzana, yeIndia nezvikamu gumi nerimwe kubva muzana, uye yeRussia nezvikamu zvisere kubva muzana, asi kukwira uku kwaisanyanya kudhurira kumadokero.
Nyika mbiri dzakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwekuvhota iNigeria neVenezuela (pa41 muzana imwe neimwe) uye kunyange South Africa yakadonha (21 muzana). Vhoti yeChina yakakwira kubva pa3.8 muzana kusvika pa6.1 muzana yehuwandu, uye shanu dzeBRICS dzakabvumidzwa (nemaneja ekuMadokero) kusvika padanho regumi neshanu rekuti simba reveto rinogona kushandiswa. Asi kukanganiswa kweiyi pesvedzero hakuna kunzwikwa mukushandurwa kwemitemo yeWashington Consensus, kana mune yaidiwa "nzvimbo dzehutungamiriri mumasangano eBretton Woods." Iyo BRICS haina kuita nhamburiko yekukwikwidza kuEuropean-yakabatwa IMF manejimendi payakachinja maoko muna 15 na2011, kwete pakagadzwa vatungamiriri veWorld Bank neUS muna 2019, 2012 na2019. Zvakare, hapana kumboonekwa. yakawanda-yakagadzirwa $2023 bhiriyoni BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement imwe nzira kune IMF. Uye kunyanya mune yayo yekuSouth Africa portfolio, iyo BRICS New Development Bank yakadzokorodza akapiwa vanokwereta vane uori vane zvikwereti zvisina kufanira.
Kuuya kwezvirango zvemamiriro ekunze, panguva yekuchinja kwemari-reform real check
Paive, zvisinei, dhigirii rekupokana pakati peboka reBRICS neoliberal pro-trade, kune rimwe divi, uye West kune rimwe divi, zvine chekuita ne "zvirango zvemamiriro ekunze" nenzira yeCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms iyo, kutanga mukati. European Union, ichatemera mutero wekutengesa kunze kwenyika ine mwero wakakwira wegreenhouse gasi simba embeddedness:
- 63. Isu tinopikisa zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana kusanganisira izvo zviri pasi pe chikonzero chekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaiswa nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira uye dzokorora kuzvipira kwedu mukusimudzira kurongeka pazvinhu izvi. Isu tinosimbisa kuti matanho anotorwa kugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kunofanirwa kuve WTO-inowiriranaโฆ Tinoratidza kushushikana kwedu pane chero WTO isingaenderane nerusarura danho richadaro kukanganisa kutengeserana kwenyika, panjodzi zvipingamupinyi zvitsva zvekutengeserana uye mutoro wekuchinja wekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu kunhengo dzeBRICS nenyika dzichiri kusimukira.
Chirevo pano chinomiririra vhezheni yekuramba mamiriro ekunze, nekuti kwatove nekukanganisika kwakanyanya mukutengeserana kwenyika, kudyara uye mari nekuda kwekutadza kwecapitalist system kuisa mukati memakambani egreenhouse gas emissions, kusvibiswa uye kupera kwezviwanikwa mukuverenga mitengo. Tichifunga nezvekutyisidzirwa kwedambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye ecocide kupasirese, kunyanya kunyika dzeBRICS +, chishuwo chekuchengeta kukanganiswa kwepasirese ndiko "kutadza kukuru kwemusika kwakamboonekwa nenyika," sekutaura kwenyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeBritain, Nick Stern.
Uye kakawanda kubva muna 2021, boka rinotonga reSouth Africa - nyika nevemakambani - vakadzokorora kuti kuuya kwezvirango zvemamiriro ekunze ekuMadokero vachipokana nekutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakanyanya ndicho chikonzero chikuru hupfumi hunofanirwa kudzikamisa. Nekuda kwesimba rakawandisa remarasha rakaiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemunyika zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, mutero uchaiswa nenyika dzakatora mitero yakakwira kabhoni - dzimwe nguva $100/tonne zvichienzaniswa neSA $ 0.35/tonne - kuitira kudzivirira 'carbon leakage'. Mitero yakadai inogona kukanganisa mafemu eEnergy Intensive Users Groups mafemu - kunyanya makambani ekuMadokero emarudzi akawanda anorambira kuita decarbonization nekuti anoona kushomeka kwemari uye mari yakakwira kubva kuzuva, mhepo uye kuchengetedza.
Saka pane dzimwe nguva kune misiyano yakakosha pakati pezvido zvehumambo uye sub-imperial hupfumi. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvekongiri zvinofarira zvakanyanya enderana, sezvo shuviro dzeBRICS dzichiri dzekuwana zvakakosha basa mukutonga kwemakambani mazhinji, kwete kuisimudzira (sevazhinji vakazvipira kune hype uye tariro vanoda kunyepedzera). Panenge nguva dzese dzekuti manzwi ekuMaodzanyemba anoomerera anosimudza vatongi vezvehupfumi hwenyika sechinhu chinonetsa, muedzo ndewekutsigira kutaura kwavo (kunyangwe zvisingaenzaniswi nezviito), asi zvirango zvemamiriro ekunze zvinopesana ne mega-emitters muBRICS + haisi imwe yenguva idzodzo.
Kumwe kukakavara kukuru kwagara kuchibuda pamisangano yeBRICS kuri pamusoro pemari nehukama hwemari, kunyanya kubva zvakatemerwa zvirango zvezvemari kuRussia muna Kurume 2022 - kusanganisira neBRICS New Development Bank (iyo Moscow inobata chikamu chegumi nesere muzana), as yasimbiswa nemutungamiri wayo mutsva Dilma Rousseff. Mutungamiri weBrazil Luiz Inรกcio Lula da Silva vakakavadzana kune vamwe vatungamiri venyika vakaungana muJohannesburg, "Kugadzirwa kwemari yekutengeserana nekutengeserana pakati penhengo dzeBRICS kunowedzera sarudzo dzedu dzekubhadhara uye kunoderedza kusagadzikana kwedu."
Uye mukuru wemutungamiri weSouth Africa, VaKhumbudzo Ntshavheni, ndivo vakanyanya akagumbura nezveSosaiti yeWorldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (Swift) system, nekuti mushure mekupinda muUkraine, "Russia yave kubviswa kubva kuSwift, kunyangwe pasina zvirango zveUN pamusoro peRussian Federation. Senhengo dzeBRICS, tine kodzero yekutarisa nzira dzekutengesa pamwe chete pasina kudziviswa nezvido zviri kunze kwezvido zvedu zvenyika uye zvido zveUN. "
Asi manzwiro aya, pamwe nezvikumbiro zveiyo BRICS goridhe-inotsigirwa kana yepakati bhangi cyber-based currency, kana kuti renmimbi yekuChina ishanduke zvakanyanya, zvese zvakasangana nekuoma kwechokwadi cheki. Rousseff chete akarondedzerwa shuviro yakapfava yekusimudza chikwereti chebhangi reBRICS Bank chemuno kubva pamakumi maviri nemaviri kusvika pamakumi matatu muzana panosvika 22, zvisinei nekukuvadzwa kwakaitwa nezvikwereti zvemari yakaoma. Uye kana vari vakuru vehurumende yeBRICS, according kune aimbove gurukota rezvemari muSouth Africa, VaEnoch Godongwana, vakati, "Hatina chinangwa chekubvisa dhora. Zvichaomera nyika dziri kutengeserana zvikuru nenyika dzekuMadokero, seSouth Africa, kuti dziti โNdinogona kubvisa dhoraโ nekuti ndichiri kutengeserana nadzo zvakanyanya.
Sim Tshabalala, mukuru mukuru wekambani huru yezvemari muSouth Africa, Standard Bank, akayeuchidza BRICS Business Council nevatungamiri venyika, nezve.
โhunhu hunodiwa hwemari yepasi rose. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuva mari inoburitswa nebhanga guru renyika ine kuvimbika kwakanyanya mukushandiswa kwegwaro remari; Kuve mari yehurumende kana supranational entity ine rekodhi yakasimba zvakaenzana pafiscal policy nekuzadzisa zvikwereti zvayo; kuwanikwa pachena muhuwandu hwakawanda munzvimbo dzakawanda; uye kutendeuka kwakazara nguva dzese. Iyi seti yehunhu haigone kukurumidza kushuvira - kana kubvumirana - kuti ivepo, asi inogona kungobuda kwemakore akawanda serekodhi rekodhi yekuvimbika uye kushandiswa kwakakura kwazvo kuvakwa "
Kuve nechokwadi, mukutanga kwa2023, dhora reUS rakapotsa rarasikirwa nekuvimbika kwaro kwaifungidzirwa sezvo Republican House of Representatives yakaunza nyika padanho rekutadza kubhadhara chikwereti cheveruzhinji. Asi kunyange zvakadaro, kushandiswa kweDhora muSwift international payments systems (kwete kusanganisira intra-Eurozone deals) yaiva 59 percent, zvichienzaniswa neEuro pa14 percent, British Pound iri pasi pe6% chete, Yen pa5 percent, Canadian. Dhora rinenge 3 muzana, uye inongopfuura 2 muzana yeChinese Renmimbi. Uye nekuwedzera kune illiquidity muinterbank transfers, muongorori wenzvimbo Jackie Cilliers akapiwa zvimwe zvikonzero zvekusava netariro:
โHapana tarisiro yekuti dhora richatsiviwa mune ramangwana. Kutengeserana pakati penyika dzeBRICS kudiki kwazvo kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza mari yakafanana. Izvo chete zvine musoro kutengeserana nemari yenyika (kwete yakasununguka inoshandurwa) kana chiyero chekutengeserana pakati penyika chakanyanya kana kushoma kuenzana. Russia, semuenzaniso, munguva pfupi yapfuura yakatengesa oiri yakawanda kuIndia, ichiita mumarupi. Asi nekuda kwekuti India inotumira kunze zvishoma kuRussia pane yainotenga kunze kwenyika, Moscow ikozvino yagara nemarupi yaisingakwanise kushandisa kana kushandura - kunze kwekutenga zvinhu kubva kuIndia. Renminbi yeChina haishanduke zvakakwana uye haina misika yakadzika yemari, kujeka kwemusika, mabhanga akazvimirira epakati uye kutsigira masangano emari emabhanga ekuMadokero. Kunewo maonero engozi ane chekuita neramangwana reChina - nyika inozvitonga ichanetseka kuchengetedza kugadzikana sezvo kukura kwehupfumi kuri kudzikira. India inosungirwawo kupikisa mari yakafanana, zvichipihwa kushushikana kwayo neChina semukwikwidzi wedunhu uye anogona kukwikwidza pasirese. "
Iko 'sub-imperialism!' slur - uye counter-slurs
Muchirevo chekuenzanisa kwakashata kwakadaro kwesimba, kuchiripo nhoroondo nhatu dzeBRICS, iyo inganzi โhype,โ โtariroโ uye โkusabetserwa.โ Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kunyange vatsinhiri vane tariro zvikurusa kana kuti vane nyengedzo vachatera kuufakazi hwomufambiro muduku wamambo; nguva pfupi musangano weJohannesburg usati waitwa, mutori wenhau wekuBrazil Pepe Escobar - akaudzwa zvakanyanya nevakuru vakuru veRussia - achisemesa. akacherechedza gakava rinopisa pamusoro pekuti mutungamiri weRussia aizouya kuJohannesburg, mushure meInternational Criminal Court (ICC) yakawana kuti makumi ezviuru zvevana veUkraine vakapambwa, mhosva yehondo:
"Iyi yaive South Africa yakapa mukana wekumanikidza kubva kumavirira pamusoro peRome Statute yeICC, ichiti Vladimir Putin anofanira kusungwa kana akabata chero munhu akasaina weICCโฆ yakashanda nesimba pamusoro pePretoria neJohannesburg. Uye nekuti ndivo mubatanidzwa usina simba mukati meBRICS, vaifanira kusiya. "
Asi kune avo vari mumapoka maviri ekutanga, kureva, vane zvisungo zvakakura zvezvematongerwo enyika kunyengedza BRICS kana, zvishoma, kuisa tariro mune zvinogona kuitika mubloc, zvinotsamwisa zvikuru kutarisana nenharo yekuti bloc ichokwadi. asingabatsiri: parizvino yakashanda kwete seanopokana-imperialist mapindukiro kune chimiro chesimba rehupfumi chekuMadokero, asi panzvimbo peiyo sub-imperial Amplifier. Izvi zvinonzwisisika zvinotungamira kune caricature-mhando slurs.
Semuyenzaniso, "Ini ndinonzwa chaizvo kuti trots dzave nengozi zvakanyanya nehupenzi hwavo hwehutongi hwehumambo," Roy Singham ane nharo akanyorera shamwari yake gore rapfuura: "Vave varevereri vehumambo hweUS muzvinangwa zvavo zvakakosha kunyangwe zvavo. kunyepedzera zvimwe." Uye mumweya mumwechete, geopolitical YouTuber mutauri Danny Haiphong akataura kuna Ben Norton kutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu,
โNdinofunga kuti kune vamwe vari chaivo sematsotsi eBRICS. Handizivi kana wakavaona. Ivo, munoziva, pane tambo yakazara. Kunyangwe vanhu vakaita saPatrick Bond nevamwe vanodana nyika dzeBRICS dzinoti sub-imperialistsโฆ Ivo [vanodzokorora] mutsara wese weCold War, kwete Washington kana Beijing. Kwete Washington kana Soviet Union, oops ichokwadi Russian Federation. Munoziva, senge, pane pfungwa ipapo. "
akapindura Norton,
โVanhu ava, hapana chavanoziva nezve economics. Havana chavanoziva nezvekuvandudza socialismโฆ Vanhu ava havana kunyanya kukoshesa uye havanzwisise izvo zvekutanga zve imperialism. Uye zvakare, ivo vanokanganisa pane zvese. Vanhu vakaita saPatrick Bond, vakakanganisa pamusoro peYugoslavia, vakakanganisa neSoviet Union, vakakanganisa nezveCuba, vari kukanganisa nezveNicaragua, vari kukanganisa nezveVenezuela, vakakanganisa nezvehondo neLibya, izvo zvavari. zvose zvinotsigirwa. Vaikanganisa nezvehondo yeSyria, yavaitsigira vese. Uye nhasi vari kukanganisa pamusoro peRussia neChina, vachinzi imperiya. Uye ivo vakarasika nezve BRICS kuve rimwe izwi reneoliberalismโฆ
โNdiri kureva kuti urikuona pari kufamba nhoroondo. Zviripachena kuti BRICS yakananga kupi, uye ndizvo zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei nyika zhinji dziri muSouth yepasi rose, kusanganisira nyika dzakambogara dziri mubatanidzwa wekuMadokero seSaudi Arabia neUAE, ndosaka vachifarirawo kujoinha nekupinda muchikamu. Muizvi. Nekuti sezvo nyika inowedzera uye yakawanda yakawanda uye seWestern imperialism iri mudambudziko uye ichidzikira, izvo zvinopa nzvimbo yekufema yakawanda uye nzvimbo kuti nyika dziri muSouth yepasi rose dzitevere nzira itsva dzehupfumi dzebudiriro, kusanganisira socialism, sezvatinoona kuChina. , sezvatinoona muVietnam, sezvatinoona muLao, muCuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia.
โNyika dzese idzi dziri pamusoro peizvi uye zvinosetsa nekuti tinoudzwa kuti titeerere, senge, unoziva, Patrick Bond, murungu muSouth Africa. Kwete, ndinoreva iwe unoziva, panogona kuva nevachena vane ongororo yakanaka yeizvi. Zvakanaka, senge ndiri murungu, asi, huya, murungu muSouth Africa, anogara achishoropodza kurwa kweGlobal South Liberation, achingosimbisa rudzi urwu rweneo-colonial nhoroondo.
Kukoka kweImperialism kujoina - kwete kurwa - simba remubatanidzwa wepasi rose
Saka, pfungwa ye sub-imperialism ndeyei? Mumweya wemuongorori wayo wepakutanga, Brazilian dependency theorist Ruy Mauro Marini, iyo BRICS bloc inogona kunzwisisa sekungobvuma ku imperialism nenzira yakurukurwa pamusoro apa, umo basa re 'mutevedzeri wesheriff' rinotambwa kumakambani epasi rose. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo iyi inoratidza zvakare izvo zvakanzi naMarini masimba makuru ehurumende ' "anopikisa kubatana" neUS-EU-UK-UK-Japan-multilaterals' uye makambani 'kutonga kwakanyanya.
Semuenzaniso, nhengo dzeG20 - dzinosanganisira nyika shanu dzeBRICS pamwe nenhengo mbiri itsva dzeBRICS+ (Argentina neSaudi Arabia) - dzakabvumirana, pakaparurwa mutumbi mukupera kwa2008, kuronga kubhadhariswa mari kwezvakange zvichiparara. madokero misika yemari. Uye kubva ipapo, vakazvibata - dzimwe nguva vachigunun'una - mukuwirirana (kunze kweRussia yakarohwa nezvirango zvemari zvakakodzerwa uye kutorwa kwemidziyo nekuda kwekuedza kwayo kuenderera mberi kweUkraine kudzoreredzwa - netarisiro kuti pakupedzisira ichashandurwa kuti idzoserwe hondo).
Midzi yemazuva ano emperial/sub-imperial fusion inowanikwa muma1990 kubatanidzwa kweiyo neoliberal policy project. Kubva ipapo kutonga kweMadokero kwevane mari dzepasi rose, WTO neUNFCCC vakashanda zvakanaka kwete yavo chete, asiwo BRICS,โ makambani makuru. Chimiro chakadaro chehumambo, Marini Yakataurwa muna 1972 pakurondedzera Brazil, inomirira โchimiro icho capitalism inotsamira inotora pakusvika padanho rokuzvitonga uye guru rezvemari.โ Kuwedzera kwekunze kunodiwa kuchengetedza purofiti padanho rinogamuchirika sezvo nzanga inodzikira, nekuda kwe "kuunganidzwa kwemari kunoenderana nekushandiswa kukuru kwevazhinji vanoshanda - mumadhorobha pamwe nekumaruwa - uye kutaura kwesimba rakakundwa, nekuda kwedambudziko. , nehurumende dzemaindasitiri uye nemari yenyika nepasi rose.
Kuenzanisira kuti izvi zvinoonekwa sei munzvimbo yeBRICS yeJohannesburg, mubhuku rekupedzisira 2019, Egypt Marxist Samir Amin. yakanga inotyisa nezveSouth Africa iyo, โyakasunungurwa murusaruraganda runosemesa, zvino yanangana nedenho inotyisa zvechokwadi: nzira yokupfuura nayo chitarisiko choutongi hwezvido zvevanhu hwemarudzi akawanda kuti ichinje nzanga zvikuru? Sarudzo dzehurumende yeHurumende yeNyika yeAfrica, kusvika ikozvino, dzakanzvenga mubvunzo uye, semhedzisiro, hapana chakachinja. Basa reSouth Africa rehudzvanyiriri rakasimbiswa, richiri kutonga sezvarinoitwa neAnglo-American migodhi monopolies. "
Nechekare muna 2015, Amin akanga anyora a Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi chinyorwa, "Contemporary imperialism," apo iye vakapa dimikira iri pamusoro peBRICS: โKurwisa kunoramba kuripo kweUnited States/Europe/Japan mubatanidzwa wemaimperiya kumarudzi ese eSouth anofamba nemakumbo maviri: gumbo rehupfumi โ globalized neoliberalism inomanikidzwa seyoga inogoneka mutemo wehupfumi; uye gumbo rezvematongerwo enyika - kupindira kunoenderera mberi kunosanganisira hondo dzepamberi kune avo vanoramba kupindira kwemaimperiya. Mukupindura, dzimwe nyika dzeMaodzanyemba, dzakadai seBRICS, dzinonyatsofamba negumbo rimwe chete: dzinoramba geopolitics ye imperialism asi dzinobvuma neoliberalism yehupfumi.
Makore mashanu apfuura, Siphamondli Zondi - mumwe wevatungamiriri veSouth Africa vanotungamira BRICS, vari paUniversity yeJohanensburg - akataura pfungwa yakafanana:
โKunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dziri muG20 dzichibva kumativi enyika dzichiri kusimukira, kugarogadziriswa kwemagetsi epasi rose kunokonzera kuti dzipinzwe pakati nekudaro dzive dzemukati-kati. Vanova izvo Immanuel Wallerstein anodana semi-periphery kana izvo zvinonzi naPatrick Bond semasimba ehumambo. Muchirongwa chikuru chegeopolitics nhengo dzeG20 kubva kuSouth dzave vanhu vanoshanda nepakati pesimba repasi rose kuchengetedza chimiro, vachishandira shanduko pane shanduko yakakosha. "
Ndichiri kuda (kazhinji tokenistic) shanduko dzemarudzi akawanda, nyika dzeBRICS dzinotungamirwa neChina dzakagara dzichisimudzira masimba emakambani mukati mehurongwa hwekugonesa makambani epasi rose hwavaijoinha - uye vachiwedzera kupa mari. Mukuita izvi vakaita purofiti yakawanda yekubiridzira extractivism pakutsvaga zvigadzirwa kubva kunyika dzine urombo. Kutevera chirongwa ichi, kutamiswa kwavo kwemari yakawandisa kwaisanganisira, saDavid Harvey (kutanga 2003) aive. akataura, vachiva โvakwikwidzi vepasi rose. Izvo zvinogona kunzi 'sub-imperialisms' zvakamukaโฆ Imwe neimwe nzvimbo ichiri kusimukira yekuunganidzwa kwemari yakatsvaga marongedzero epanzvimbo-yenguva yemari yayo yakasara nekutsanangura nharaunda dzesimba."
Pakasvika kuChina 'kubuda' kusvika kuLatin America, Simon Rodriguez Porras naMiguel Sorans vanobva kuVenezuela vanopikisa kuruboshwe. vakanyunyuta kuti "hukama hweChavism neChinese sub-imperialism hunogona kuwana maitiro ekuzviisa pasi kwechokwadi. Hakusi chete kutora chikamu mumubatanidzwa kwakapihwa kumakambani ekuChina, chikwereti chikuru chekunze chakatorwawo neChina, chikamu chacho kuburikidza nekutengesa oiri mune ramangwana, kupa mari mabasa ezvivakwa zvakabvumiranwa nemakambani ekuChina, uyezve kupinza zvigadzirwa zveChina. โ
Zvakadaro, director weTricontinental Institute Vijay Prashad akarurama chinodikanwa "Kumwe kududzira kwakawanda munguva yedu yazvino yekuongorora kana iyo BRICS inotaura - nematemo avo akasiyana - ari pasi pehumambo mupfungwa yaMarini. Zvirokwazvo hadzisi nyika dzemaimpiriyamu. " Ivo havasati, kuve nechokwadi, zvakanyanya nekuti Pentagon's 800 mabhesi ekunze uye inoda kusvika $900 bhiriyoni mumashandisirwo epagore haana mukwikwidzi wemauto, kunyangwe Russia ine zvimwe zvombo zvenyukireya.
Asi dzimwe nyanzvi mbiri dzakatsoropodza, Sam Moyo naParis Yeros, muna 2011 Ratidza zvinhu zvechokwadi zveBRICS zvakaparadzana uye zvakasiyana-siyana: "Huwandu hwekutora chikamu muchirongwa chemauto ekuMadokero hwakasiyanawo kubva pane imwe nyaya kuenda kune inotevera kunyangwe, mumwe angati, kune 'schizophrenia' kune zvese izvi, yakafanana ne'sub- imperialism." Nyaya dzechiuto schizophrenia dzinosanganisira
- Lula weBrazil (akateverwa naDilma Rousseff) achiendesa zviuru makumi matatu nematanhatu. mauto kuenda kuHaiti pachinzvimbo cheU.S. neFrance, vachidzvinyirira kupokana kwenzvimbo kwemakore gumi nematatu kutanga muna 13;
- Chishuwo cheRussia, chakataurwa naPutin kumutungamiri weUS Bill Clinton muna 2000, to kubatana neNATO - uye chirimwa chazvino cheWagner mercenaries 'chinowedzera kukosha basa mukati Kubira zviwanikwa zvemuAfrica mudunhu reSahel neCentral Africa, iyo inosimudzira nyika idzi 'inoenderera mberi mipiro kumaketani epasi rose (nzira iyo Wagner akaedzawo asina kubudirira muMozambique muna 2019 akamiririra TotalEnergies);
- Nhengo yeIndia mu 'Quadrilateral Security Dialogue' neUS, Japan neAustralia, kurwisa China; kana
- Zvombo zvepagore zveSouth Africa zvinobata nemauto eNATO kuburikidza neArmscor regulator, uye mauto ayo 2021 kuendeswa ku chengetedza 'Ropa Methane' mari neTotalEnergies uye ExxonMobil kuchamhembe kweMozambique vachipesana nehupanduki hwechiIslam, nenzira inoyeuchidza nezvemabasa - senge gendarme yekutora zviwanikwa zvekambani - izvo mauto mamwe chete akatamba mu Yepakati Ripabhuriki Afrika muna 2013 uyezve kumabvazuva Dhemokiratiki Ripabhuriki yeKongo.
Zvakadaro, mubatanidzwa weanopokana muzvikamu zvese zvinoramba zvakapfava, nekuti saJustin Podur vakakavadzana munguva pfupi yapfuura Black Agenda Report, nepo "sub-imperialist imwe neimwe inyaya yakakosha, muAfrica, South Africa yakaongororwa se sub-imperialistโฆ" Asi China kana Russia "hazvikodzere kuumbwa kweimperialist. Vanogona kushandisa hegemony - kana kukwikwidza - mumatunhu avo, asi havadaro pasi peamburera yeUS hegemony. " Ichokwadi, asi nepo mauto ezvematongerwo enyika achiramba ari mumhepo sezvo matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ari kuramba achimisa magwaro ekutanga, zvinogona kupokanwa kuti China ine maitiro mazhinji ehumambo ehudzvanyiriri (kuburikidza neHukou migrant labor system), kubatana neveWestern-inodzorwa, neoliberal. multilaterals uye kuwedzera kwedunhu. Uye hupfumi hweChinese huchiri kukanganiswa yakawandisa capital inoda kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo.
Saka apo Beijing iri kwete (sezvakanyorwa naPrashad) simba re "imperialist" nhasi nezviyero zvakawanda zvinosanganisira kudzora kwemasangano mazhinji, zvisinei Xi muna 2017 akaita zvakasimba. chiratidzo Chishuwo chehurumende yake chekutora baton yekuwedzera capitalist chakapfuura paWorld Economic Forum, sezvakangoitwa necorporate-neoliberal Barack Obama akatsiviwa neanodzivirira-xenophobe Donald Trump. Sechiratidzo chenguva muna 2023, iyo yekupedzisira Sinophobia yakangowedzerwa nemutsivi wake, Joe Biden, uyo ane chinangwa chekubvisa China kubva kumaseketi epamusoro-soro emari - achipa zano kuti hukama hweUS neanowanzo-akavimbika sub. -Imperial partner inogona kushanduka kuita makwikwi akanyanya ehumambo, kunyanya kana Taiwan kana South China Sea ikava nzvimbo dzemakwikwi emauto.
Nyaya yeRussia inonyanya kuoma kuratidza, kunyanya nekuda kwe zvitutumadza hunhu hwe sub-imperialism sezvakaitwa naPutin. Kupinda kwake muUkraine kwakatyora mitemo yekuti gendarme yedunhu yaiwanzobvumidzwa kufamba sei (kunyangwe akange abva nayo muCrimea makore masere apfuura), sezvakaita wake. Default pachikwereti chekunze muna Chikumi 2022. Padanho rekupedzisira, zvakadaro, Gurukota rezvemari reRussia Anton Siluanov akataura zvakasimba chido kubhadhara chikwereti: "Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino haana chero chinhu chakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu muna 1998, apo Russia yakanga isina nzira yakakwana yekubhadhara zvikwereti zvayo. Ikozvino mari yavepo uyezve kugadzirira kubhadhara." Muna Chivabvu 2023 Siluanov akaedza kudzorera chikwereti kuburikidza nekubhadhara chikwereti cheEurobond pasinei nezvirango zvekuMadokero.
Uye sezvo Putin aigara achitaura, masimba ehumambo wo yakapinda mukupera kwaFebruary 2022 nekukurumidza kuba $650 bhiriyoni yeRussia central bank uye oligarch mari isina hanya yakasiiwa mumabhanga ekuMadokero (mukutyora kodzero dzezvivakwa) uye nekucheka Russia kunze kweiyo interbank kubhadhara system. Zvakare, hunhu hwehumambo hwekare hwaisanganisira kuwedzera kusingakoshi kumabvazuva kweNATO kupokana nezvipikirwa zvakaitwa nevatungamiriri vekuMadokero kuma1990 kune vamwe vekuRussia, pamwe nekutadza kweWashington kutevedzera Chibvumirano cheMinsk apo mamwe mapato ese aida.
Mutoro wakapetwa kaviri we imperialism uye sub-imperialism
Branko Milanovic ndiye mumwe wevanotungamira hupfumi hwenyika pasi rose. blogged mamwe emashoko ane tariro zvikuru eBRICS nezvemusangano weJohannesburg:
โNyaya yekuti nhamba iri kuwedzera yenyika dziri kuda kupinda muBRICS haigone kufuratirwa kana kutorwa senhando. Kuramba kweBRICS kutora chikamu mukutengeserana kutsva kwepasirese, proxy kana hondo chaidzo zvinogona kuita kuti hondo dzakadai dzisaite. Uye kusimba kwehupfumi kweBRICS kungabatsira kuderedza kumwe kusaenzana kuri pachena kweupfumi pakati penyika dzakapfuma, dzine mari yepakati, uye dzine urombo pasi rose.โ
Iyi mitsara mitatu yaigona kunge yakadzoserwa kumashure, nekuongorora kwakati wandei. Icho chokwadi chekuti nhamba inowedzera yenyika dzinoda kujoinha BRICS anogona kufuratirwa uye kutorwa zvishoma, zvichipihwa kuti bloc ine hazvina kuitwa chinhu substantive mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura (kunyanya kana zvasvika kune geopolitics) Uye sekusimbisa kwakaita musangano weJohannesburg, ivo havasati vakwanisa kufambira mberi kunyange rudimentary de-dollarization (kunze kwekuwedzera kudiki-kudiki kwekupokana-kwakazara kwenzvimbo-mari yemari nekutengeserana).
Zvakare, kuenderera mberi kweBRICS kutora chikamu mukutengeserana kutsva kwepasirese, proxy kana hondo chaidzo dzakaita kuti hondo dzakadai dziwande, zvichipihwa izvo:
- 1) maitiro epasirese e "deglobalization" (yakaderera kutengeserana / GDP pane pakakwirira muna 2008) zvakanyanya kusarudza kune dzinenge dzese hupfumi hweBRICS +, muchidimbu nekuda kweChina basa guru mudambudziko rekuwedzeredza kwehupfumi hwenyika;
- 2) India iri kuisa zvakatonyanya kudzivirira zvipingamupinyi kukudyara kweChinese nekutengeserana, ichinyatsotevedzera Trump-Biden modhi;
- 3) BRICS New Development Bank ichiri kuzvipira kuisa zvirango zvemari kuRussia; uye
- 4) Nyika dzeBRICS + dzinoramba dzichidyisa hondo dzine ngozi zvikuru pasi rose uye hondo dzakananga, ko Iran ichipa Russia mhondi dzinouraya, South Africa ichitengesa zvombo kunyika dzeNATO uye munguva pfupi yapfuura yatenga maAK47 kubva kuRussia kuti ishandiswe nemauto ePretoria kurwisa mhirizhonga yekuchamhembe kweMozambique; neBrazil ichipa (zvinoita sezvisina kusimba) jets dzeEmbraer kuWagner Group; etc. etc.
Uye hupfumi hweBRICS huri kutowedzera kusaenzana kwehupfumi pakati nepakati penyika dzakapfuma, dzepakati nepakati, uye dzine urombo pasi rese, zvichipihwa kunyanya basa reChina mukugovanisa vashandi pasi rose, izvo zvinoita kuti mafemu ayo 'neo-colonial minerals'. kutorwa kubva muAfrica kunoripira zvizvarwa zvekondinendi zvakaringana, uye kukuvadzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, musangano weBRICS muJohannesburg kwanga kusiri kufambira mberi kwakapfava kune kuwanda kweruzhinji kunodiwa nevashanduri vepasi rose, kana nguva "yekuchinja kukuru" iyo Escobar aive nayo. tarisiro. Iyo inguva yakazvininipisa kune vese vane chekuita, kunyangwe kuve nechokwadi kuti nguva yacho inonyanya kukosha kune BRICS. kupfuura pakati pe2022 pa bloc's nadir. Asi nekuenzanisa kwemasimba, zvikwangwani zvese zvinonongedza munzira inotyisa. In Vhura Veins yeLatin America, Munyori wekuUruguay Eduardo Galeano yakatsanangurwa sei, mukurwisana neParaguay, vatongi veBrazil neArgentina โvakaita majana kubvira muna 1870 vachifarira zvibereko zvezvakapambwa. Asi vane michinjikwa yavo yekutakura kubva kusimba remaimperiya renguva ino. Paraguay ine mutoro wakapetwa kaviri we imperialism uye sub-imperialism. "
Uye ndozvinoitawo isu tose: saGaleano akataura, "Sub-imperialism ine zviso churu." Maonero ezviso zviviri zveBRICS - kana atarisana nemakumbo ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi ehurumende, sezvakataurwa naAmin - acharamba achivhiringidza vazhinji vanotenda vatungamiri vemaimperialist pavanenge vachitaura kuruboshwe, uye vakapofumadzwa pakuvaona kana vachifamba kurudyi.
Anenge ese maBRICS anoratidza maitiro ekunyanyisa uye kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro, saka zvakakodzera zvakakwana kuti nzvimbo yemusangano wepamusoro yaive Johannesburg, inotungamirwa neimwe yepasirese. matsotsi corporate elites (yakagadzirwa nguva pfupi yadarika muPwC's 'Economic Crime and Fraud Survey' chete nemabhizinesi kubva kuMumbai neShanghai) uye guta risina kuenzana pasi rose, mukati me nyika isina kuenzana zvakanyanya pasi rose. Tariro chete inoramba iri yekuwedzera kwemafambiro akasimba munharaunda akabuda muhondo dzine chiuru mukati uye dzakatenderedza nyika dzeBRICS + mumakore achangopfuura, kusanganisira asi isina kuganhurirwa kubva kune vasina nyika veBrazil, kune veRussia vanopesana nehondo, kuenda kumafambiro evanhu akasiyana siyana eIndia. Varatidziri vekuChina vane hutongi hwejekerere pamwe chete neveUyghers, veTibetan neveHong Kong vakatarisana nekudzvinyirirwa, kuvashandi vemuSouth Africa vachiri varwiri vehondo, vagari vemumatangwena, vamiriri vehutano hweveruzhinji uye vadzidzi.
Zvishoma zvacho zvairatidzwa pa brics-kubva-pasi kuratidzira mukati Sandton uye nechepakati Durban musi waAugust 23, kusanganisira Ukraine kubatana, kodzero Dzevanhu (kusanganisira Kashmiris uye VaMuslim muIndia), uye kunyanya kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye anti-extractivism. The Mining Affected Communities United in Action network, semuenzaniso, akadaro kuti BRICS inofanirwa "kubuda mumhando dzehudzvanyiriri dzekutorwa kwehupfumi, uye kukoshesa kugoverwa kwehupfumi hwemaminerari munharaunda yeJust Transition."
Uye wobva wamutsa kurudziro itsva yeBRICS +: varatidziri veArgentina-vanopesana nechikwereti uye vanopesana negasi, vamiriri vekodzero dzevanhu vekuEgypt nevakadzi vekuIran. Uye muchikamu chinotevera chekuwedzera, pamwe tichasangana nevanofambira mberi vekuAlgeria vakamutsidzira Chitubu cheArab muna 2019, nharaunda dzeBolivia dzakasimba dzechivanhu uye dzakatipoteredza, Honduran vanofambira mberi, Kazakh vanopokana nemasimba avo kuratidzira kwekutanga-2022 kwakadzvinyirirwa zvine hutsinye nezvombo zveSouth Africa, Nigerian's prolific. vezvezvakatipoteredza uye vanofamba munharaunda, varwiri vePalestine vari kurwara nekuyananisa kwaFatah nerusaruraganda rweIsrael, maSenegalese mademokrasi, uye nezvimwe zvakawandaโฆ Vaya vanopikisa humambo uye sub-imperial simba zvakare vane chiuru zviso zvakashatirwa, uye zvino anofanira kuwana tsandanyama kuti aenderane.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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