Ndeupi kukosha kwasara mune pfungwa ye imperialism?
Pfungwa yeimperialism yaive yakabatana nemakwikwi emakwikwi ehondo pakati pemasimba mashoma makuru eEurope. Maitiro avo emukati mecapitalist-dambudziko akakurudzira kuwedzera kusati kwamboitika kwenzvimbo, kwakafambiswa nemisika mikuru yemari, iyo yakazopinda mumiganhu yakasiyana.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichocho, masimba emauto ekoloni aiwanzoiswa kuti akunde dunhu uye kumisa manejimendi ehurumende uye, gare gare, hukama husina kurongeka neo-colonial ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi.
Muzera redu razvino, iyo imperialist formula inoramba yakakosha, iine chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukosha mushure meHondo Yenyika II uye zvave zvisingabviri kudzivirira kubva kuma1990s: iyo mushure mehondo yehupfumi, magariro nemagariro, geopolitical uye kutonga kwemauto. United States, ichiwedzera kudzidzira kuburikidza neWestern-headquatered multilateral masangano ane mashandiro anofarira zvido zvemakambani makuru emarudzi akawanda uye kunyanya vane mari.
Imperialist multilateral masangano anosanganisira World Bank neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), yakavambwa muna 1944, uye gare gare World Trade Organisation (WTO, yakatanga 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
Masangano emari eBretton Woods akawedzera zvakanyanya munguva ye'80s uye'90s mushure mekushambadzira kwebhangi rekutengeserana, pamwe neBank for International Settlements semubatanidzwa wemabhanga epakati anotongwa neayo eUnited States, Great Britain, Europe neJapan.
Zvichienderana nedambudziko rakanyanya kuoma - shanduko yemamiriro ekunze - iyo United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change yagara ichishandira iyo huru yekambani mafuta emafuta uye zvishuwo zvemaindasitiri.
Sezvapupurwa mukati Dubai mukutanga kwaDecember, misangano yegore negore yemamiriro ekunze epasi rose iri pasi pekutonga kwemaimpiriyasi nekudaro inotadza kumanikidza kuderedzwa kwekuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa kusvika padanho rinogoneka - kana kutobvisa mafuta ezvicherwa - uku vachiramba mutemo une musoro: musvibisi-anobhadhara muripo.
Network yakakura ye chinzvimbo kwakabva MaNGOs uye philanthro-capitalists vave vagonesi vakakosha uye vanyori vezvemamiriro ekunze ezvematongerwo enyika, sezvazviriwo mune dzinenge dzese (silo-delimited) nhandare yepasirese yenyika.
Mamwe maratidziro asina kurongeka esimba rehumambo anogona kuwanikwa kuDavos-based World Economic Forum, iyo yakatora jira remangwana repfungwa trust, imwe yaimboshongedza Bilderberg Group neUS Council on Foreign Relations.
Saizvozvo, kushanda kuumba kuziva kweruzhinji, vezvenhau vemakambani uye akawanda ekufunga matangi ane hunyanzvi pesvedzero ane basa rehutongi hwehutongi hweimperiyasi, hwave mumaguta makuru pasi rose.
Asi nyika dzinoramba dzakakosha, uye mubatanidzwa wemauto, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ezvehupfumi pakati pemaguta makuru ane simba ndiwo anoramba ari chinhu chakakoshera kusimba kwe imperialism.
Kubva kuma70s, G7 bloc yagara ichibatanidza simba reWestern state, zvichienderana nekubatana.
Pentagon-yakatarisana neNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO, yakamutswa mumakore achangopfuura, nepo Five Eyes intelligence alliance (inosanganisira Great Britain, Canada, Australia neNew Zealand) inobatanidza zvido zvemauto eAnglophone.
Uye iyo Quadrilateral Security Dialogue inosanganisa mauto eJapan, Indian, Australia neUS muAsia, kunyanya kupokana nekuwedzera kweChina.
Dzimwe nguva, masimba ehumambo anoshandisa UN Security Council yekutonga-kwakadzika - kunyangwe vachiziva kupokana kunopatsanura kunoenderana nekupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika - uye vanobvumira UN General Assembly kuvhota pa "mitemo-yakavakirwa kurongeka" kunyanya nekuda kwekuve pamutemo.
Mazhinji emasimba ehumambo aya anoda comprador elite mibatanidzwa nevanotambudzwa-nyika neoliberal vatungamiriri mune bhizinesi nehurumende zhinji.
Chokwadi, kubva pakadonha hupfumi hwenyika mukupera kwa2000s, uye zvakare panguva yeCOVID-19 denda, kwakabuda chinhu chitsva chakakosha chekufananidzwa kwehumambo, kunyanya chakabatana neBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) bloc's. kusimuka kusvika padanho repasi rose.
Uhu hupfumi hwepakati-kati huri kuita mabasa makuru kwete mumasangano akasiyana-siyana chete, asi muboka reG20 - rakaitwa muna 2023 neIndia, 2024 neBrazil uye 2025 neSouth Africa.
Kushandiswa kwevadyidzani vedunhu repakati-simba kutsigira hurongwa hwemauto eUS hachisi chinhu chitsva, neBrazil, Turkey uye, kunyanya, Israel inokodzera mazita akareba e-sub-imperialist.
Iri raive izwi Ruy Mauro Marini Yakagadzirwa kuratidza hukama hweWashington-Brasilia muna 1965, iyo yakazozivikanwa zvakanyanya mukati mechikamu chehafu-periphery. Nhoroondo yeImmanuel Wallerstein chikoro chenyika-system.
Kukodzera kwe sub-imperi kusimba reUS zvakataurwa nemumiriri wemutungamiri akazvimirira Robert F Kennedy Jnr.
In imwe indavhiyu musi waMbudzi 5, RFK Jr akavimbisa kuti kana akasarudzwa mukupera kwa2024, aizo "Ita shuwa kuti isu tine zviwanikwa zvakatikoshera, kusanganisira zviwanikwa zveoiri zvakakoshera pasirese, kuti tive nehunyanzvi hwekuramwa mabasa kuti tive nechokwadi. kukwanisa kudzivirira avo. Uye Israeri inotsoropodza, uye chikonzero ichi chakakosha ndechekuti inhare yedu kuMiddle East. Zvakangofanana nekuva nemutakuri wendege kuMiddle East. "
Iyo ihwo husimbe hwakashata, kunyangwe hwakatendeseka, vhezheni yeWashington inodiwa sub-imperial allies. Kuratidzira kwakawanda kuri mukutonga kwecapitalism munyika dzakawanda, sepaya pakakwira kusagadzikana kwehupfumi muna 2008-11 na2020-22 uye hutongi hwehumambo nehumambo hwakashandisa G20 neIMF kuronga kuwedzera kwemari, kubhadhariswa mari mumabhanga uye kuderedzwa nekukurumidza mubereko. .
Saka tinofanira kunzwisisa sei kupokana kwehupfumi uye geopolitical aya masangano akatarisana nawo?
Shanduko huru mukuunganidzwa kwemari inoratidzwa muhurongwa hwakasimba hweimperiyasi/sub-imperialist.
Kubva kuma1970, pakatangazve dambudziko remacapitalist, East Asia yakava sarudzo yekudyara inoyevedza kumafemu akatarisana nemitengo yakaderera yepurofiti kuMadokero. Kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwekutengeserana, kudyara uye mari kwakawedzera, kwakakurudzirwa nekuuya kwepetrodollars (mafuta ehupfumi anochengeterwa) uye maEurodollar, ayo akaisa mari pakati pepakati pepakati pemari yekuMadokero.
Zvino, US/British-inotungamirwa neoliberal yemari kudzoreredzwa, kutanga mukutanga '80s, yakabvumira kuputika kwechikwereti, kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chemari uye mari yekufungidzira.
Kukwira kwemitengo yemubereko - yakatemerwa kubva kuWashington muna 1979 kugadzirisa inflation yeUS - yakakwezva mari yakawanda yekuMadokero inodyarwa mumaseketi emari emari.
Uye hupfumi hweEuropean Union hwakave hwakabatana, husina kupatsanurwa chikamu chemasimba e capitalist, paine mari imwe chete kutanga kwema1990.
Saizvozvo, masangano epasi rose anodzora mabasa ane chekuita nenyika dzine chikwereti ainyanya kuita zvido zvemakambani epasi rose nemabhangi, kunyanya kana dambudziko rechikwereti re'80s raendesa simba remitemo kuWorld Bank neIMF.
Ichi chikamu chemari cheimperialism idambudziko rakadzama zvichitevera nyika zhinji 'COVID-19 zvikwereti.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kudzvinyirirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kusawirirana kwemauto kwakawedzera zvakanyanya munguva ye2010s - zvakanyanya kuoneka sehondo dzakazara muUkraine neMiddle East pari zvino, asi zvinogona zvakare mukukonana kunogona kuitika chero nguva muCentral Asia, Makomo eHimalayan, South China Sea uye peninsula yeKorea.
Kupatsanurwa uku kunogona kukura nekukasira, kudzika zvishuwo zvakakura pamwe chete uye kugadzira mafungiro eโmusasaโ - Madokero kupesana neChina/Russia inotungamirwa inodaidzwa kuti kurongeka kwakawanda, izvo zvakazokanganisa zvakanyanya hunhu hwekupokana nemaimperiya pasirese.
Iko kukakavara kwakawedzera kusvika kune kutama kwevashandi, kutengeserana uye mari, sezvakapupurirwa nekukwira kwe xenophobia uye kushoropodzwa kwekurudyi kwe "globalism".
Izvi zvakajekeswa mukukunda kwerudyi-bapiro kwevazhinji mumavhoti matatu e2016: Brexit, Donald Trump muUS, uye Rodrigo Duterte muPhilippine, achiteverwa nemamwe mavhoti anosanganisira muBrazil, Italy uye zvino Argentina neNetherlands.
Chiri pasi pekushaikwa kwekutenda mune zvematongerwo enyika akasununguka hakusi kungotadza kutungamira kwezvavanobvuma ndiko kunonzi "polycrisis" iri kuitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemutoro wenyika dzakawanda, asiwo kudzikira kwehuwandu hwekudyidzana kwepasirese (kunyanya kutengeserana / GDP) mushure me2008 zvichiguma. mu "deglobalisation" kana chii The Economist mazwi "slowbalisationโ uye yazvino UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) mushumo unoreva seโstall-speedโ kukura.
Pamusoro pezvikanganiso izvi zvakabvumidzwa pachena muhurongwa, hondo yekutengeserana yeUS-China, kutanga muna 2017, uye kurwisa kweRussia muna 2022 kuUkraine kunoratidza kumwe kupokana uye miganhu mukati mekuwedzera kwenzvimbo.
Asi kunetsana kwakawanda kwakadai - kwakazvarwa nekupokana kwemukati mecapitalist - hakusi kupindirana kwehumambo muhunhu. Vanoratidza hunhu husina kunaka mukati me-sub-imperialism - kubva kumutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin akayambuka mutsara nekupinda muCrimea muna 2014 uye neUkraine yese muna 2022 - uye mukati meimperialism - semuenzaniso apo Treasure yeUS yakatora matanho akanyanya kurwisa kubatanidzwa kwemari yeRussia. , kudzinga Moscow kunze kwebhangi guru rekutengeserana uye kutora mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora ayo asina hanya-akapararira-akapararira pfuma uye oligarch.
Zvakaoma kufunga nezve imperialism yemazuva ano pasina kana kumbobata zvese izvi uye kutaura masangano ari pasi pesimba rehumambo.
Tinoda maturusi epfungwa - kunyanya sub-imperialism, kunyangwe izwi iri richinyanya kutsausa kune veTatu World nationalists - kurwisa imwe neimwe yemaitiro aya.
Izvi zvichatibvumira kuti tipfuure shanduro yakapfava yekurwisa-imperialist yekuti "muvengi wemuvengi wangu ishamwari yangu", inowanzowanikwa mune inodaidzwa kuti campist logic.
Saka, magadzirirwo atinoshandisa ari kuwedzera kukosha, semuenzaniso mukukwikwidza kurwisa kweRussia kuUkraine neIsrael-US 'genocide kurwiswa, paine mutsara wekuongorora.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Nekuwedzera kweBrics kunouya kukukurwa mukusimudzirwa kwemaimpiriyasi, pamwe mamwe makwikwi, asi hapana vimbiso yenyika yakagadzikana zvechokwadi. Pamwe tichava ne imperialism yakakura, funga kuti zvinorevei.