Patrick Bond ndiMuzvinafundo Anoremekedzwa weSociology paYunivhesiti yeJohannesburg, pamwe nenyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika uye nyanzvi yezvekukurudzira magariro evanhu. Ndiye munyori we BRICS: An Anti-Capitalist Critique uye Kunyanya Kusaenzana Kubudirira: Kusagadzikana Kwemari, Deep Capitalist Crisis uye Super-Exploitation muSouth Africa neNyika. Muhurukuro iyi naFederico Fuentes ye LINKS International Journal yeSocialist Renewal, Bond inotaura nezvemazuva ano emarudzi akawanda emambure emasimba eumambo, basa rinoitwa nenyika dzeBRICS mukati megadziriro iyi, uye kukosha kwekubatanidza pfungwa ye "kusaenzana kwekuchinjana kwezvisikwa" pakuongorora kwedu imperialism.
Mumakore zana apfuura, takaona izwi rekuti imperialism rinoshandiswa kutsanangura mamiriro akasiyana uye, dzimwe nguva, richitsiviwa nepfungwa dzakadai sekudyidzana kwenyika uye hegemony. Tichifunga izvi, ndechipi kukosha kwasara muchirevo che imperialism uye unotsanangura sei imperialism nhasi?
Pfungwa yeimperialism yaive yakabatana nemakwikwi emakwikwi ehondo pakati pemasimba mashoma makuru eEurope. Maitiro avo emukati mecapitalist-dambudziko akakurudzira kuwedzera kusati kwamboitika kwenzvimbo, kwakafambiswa nemisika mikuru yemari, iyo yakazopinda mumiganhu yakasiyana. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichocho, masimba emauto ekoloni aiwanzoiswa kuti akunde dunhu uye kumisa manejimendi ehurumende uye, gare gare, hukama husina kurongeka neo-colonial ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Hutongi hwemakoloni hwakagadzira mapurisa, emutemo uye emari masisitimu aidiwa necapitalism kuti ikunde matunhu, kutonga vanhu uye kubvisa zviwanikwa, zvekutanga muzana ramakore re16 muBritish, French, Germany, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Belgian neItalian nzvimbo dzesimba, uye yakabatanidzwa gare gare neUnited States.
Muzera redu razvino, iyo imperialist formula inoramba yakakosha, iine chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukosha mushure meHondo Yenyika II uye zvave zvisingabviri kudzivirira kubva kuma1990s: iyo mushure mehondo yehupfumi, magariro nemagariro, geopolitical uye kutonga kwemauto. United States, ichiwedzera kudzidzira kuburikidza neWestern-headquatered multilateral masangano ane mashandiro anofarira zvido zvemakambani makuru emarudzi akawanda uye kunyanya vane mari. Imperialist multilateral masangano anosanganisira World Bank neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), yakavambwa muna 1944, uye gare gare World Trade Organisation (WTO, yakatanga 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Masangano emari eBretton Woods akawedzera zvakanyanya munguva ye'80s uye'90s mushure mekushambadzira kwebhangi renyika, pamwe neBank for International Settlements semubatanidzwa wemabhanga epakati anotongwa neaya eUS, Great Britain, Europe neJapan. Kuwedzera kukosha kwehurongwa hwekutonga kwemari kwakabuda kunyanya mushure mekurwiswa kwekuMadokero kumabhanga eMuslim zvichitevera kurwiswa kweAl Qaeda munaGunyana 2001 kuNew York neWashington.
Zvichienderana nedambudziko rakanyanya kuoma - shanduko yemamiriro ekunze - iyo United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change yagara ichishandira iyo huru yekambani mafuta emafuta uye zvishuwo zvemaindasitiri. Sezvakapupurirwa mukati Dubai mukutanga kwaDecember, misangano yegore negore yemamiriro ekunze epasi rose iri pasi pekutonga kwemaimpiriyasi nekudaro inotadza kumanikidza kuderedzwa kwekuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa kusvika padanho rinogoneka - kana kutobvisa mafuta ezvicherwa - uku vachiramba mutemo une musoro: musvibisi-anobhadhara muripo. Panzvimbo iyoyo, imperialist mamiriro ekunze vanogadzira vanosarudza magimmicks akadai semisika yekabhoni ayo, muchokwadi, anobiridzira mweya, uye techno inogadzirisa ngano. Network yakakura ye chinzvimbo kwakabva MaNGOs uye philanthro-capitalists vave vagonesi vakakosha uye vanyori vezvemamiriro ekunze ezvematongerwo enyika, sezvazviriwo mune dzinenge dzese (silo-delimited) nhandare yepasirese yenyika.
Mamwe maratidziro asina kurongeka esimba rehumambo anogona kuwanikwa kuDavos-based World Economic Forum, iyo yakatora jira remangwana repfungwa trust, imwe yaimboshongedza Bilderberg Group neUS Council on Foreign Relations. Saizvozvo, kushanda kuumba kuziva kweruzhinji, vezvenhau vemakambani uye akawanda ekufunga matangi ane hunyanzvi pesvedzero ane basa rehutongi hwehutongi hweimperiyasi, hwave mumaguta makuru pasi rose.
Asi nyika dzinoramba dzakakosha, uye mubatanidzwa wemauto, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ezvehupfumi pakati pemaguta makuru ane simba ndiwo anoramba ari chinhu chakakoshera kusimba kwe imperialism. Kubva kuma70s, G7 bloc yagara ichibatanidza simba reWestern state, zvichienderana nekubatana. Pentagon-yakatarisana neNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO, yakamutswa mumakore achangopfuura, nepo Five Eyes intelligence alliance (inosanganisira Great Britain, Canada, Australia neNew Zealand) inobatanidza zvido zvemauto eAnglophone. Uye iyo Quadrilateral Security Dialogue inosanganisa mauto eJapan, Indian, Australia neUS muAsia, kunyanya kupokana nekuwedzera kweChina.
Dzimwe nguva, masimba ehumambo anoshandisa UN Security Council yekutonga-kwakadzika - kunyangwe vachiziva kupokana kunopatsanura kunoenderana nekupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika - uye vanobvumira UN General Assembly kuvhota pa "mitemo-yakavakirwa kurongeka" kunyanya nekuda kwekuve pamutemo. Kukakavadzana mukati memauto emaimpiriyamu, sekunge kutsigira kutanga-2000s kupinda muAfghanistan neIraq, kwakakundwa sehutungamiriri hweUS neo-conservative hwakabatanidzwa kuburikidza nehutongi hwaGeorge W Bush naBarack Obama, nerutsigiro rwakasimba rweBritish. Kunze kwezviviri kunze kuUN - kurambidzwa kwa1987 kwema chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) uye homwe yemishonga muna 2002 - mitemo yeneoliberal yakatsigirwa kwese.
Pachiyero chenyika, sezvo denda reCCIDID-19 rakakonzera kuvharika kwehupfumi muna 2020-21, nyika zhinji dzakapinda mukugovera mihoro yeKeynesian uye kumwe kupindira kwemaindasitiri. China inoramba iri kutungamirira nyika mamiriro anokwanisa mikuru asiri pamusika uye kazhinji kurwisa musika kupindira, akadai kurambidza cryptocurrencies, achiisa yakaoma exchange controls, zvakasimba kudzora Big Data uye mari muhurumende zvinhu (kunyanya kwezvakatipoteredza rehabilitation). Asi izvi zvinoitika mukati memamiriro ezvinhu: kuwanda kwakawedzera kwemari yekugadzira yeChinese, zvichitungamira "kubuda" nemafemu mazhinji emaindasitiri, kunyanya pamwe neBelt & Road Initiative isina kuenzana, zvakare inoratidza kuwedzera kwevatorwa.
Mazhinji emasimba ehumambo aya anoda comprador elite mibatanidzwa nevanotambudzwa-nyika neoliberal vatungamiriri mune bhizinesi nehurumende zhinji. Chokwadi, kubvira pakadonha hupfumi hwenyika mukupera kwa2000s, uye zvakare panguva yeCOVID-19 denda, kwakabuda chinhu chitsva chakakosha chekufananidzwa kwehumambo, kunyanya chakabatana neBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) bloc's. kusimuka kusvika padanho repasi rose. LINK Aya hupfumi hwepakati-kati ari kuita mabasa makuru kwete mumasangano akasiyana-siyana chete, asi muboka reG20 - rakaitwa muna 2023 neIndia, 2024 neBrazil uye 2025 neSouth Africa. Kushandiswa kwevadyidzani vedunhu repakati-simba kutsigira hurongwa hwemauto eUS hachisi chinhu chitsva, neBrazil, Turkey uye, kunyanya, Israel inokodzera mazita akareba e-sub-imperialist. Iri raive izwi Ruy Mauro Marini Yakagadzirwa kuratidza hukama hweWashington-Brasilia muna 1965, iyo yakazozivikanwa zvakanyanya mukati mechikamu semi-periphery LINK ne. Immanuel wallerstein's world-systems chikoro.
Kukodzera kwe sub-imperialism kumasimba eUS zvakataurwa nemumiriri wemutungamiri wenyika akazvimiririra Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., uyo neimwe nzira anoshora zvakanyanya matrillion-dollar ekushandisa pagore muchiuto. Asi mune indavhiyu musi waMbudzi 5, RFK Jr akavimbisa kuti kana akasarudzwa mukupera kwa2024, aizo "Ita shuwa kuti isu tine zviwanikwa zvakatikoshera, kusanganisira zviwanikwa zveoiri zvakakoshera pasirese, kuti tive nehunyanzvi hwekuramwa mabasa kuti tive nechokwadi. kukwanisa kudzivirira avo. Uye Israeri inotsoropodza, uye chikonzero ichi chakakosha ndechekuti inhare yedu kuMiddle East. Zvakangofanana nekuva nemutakuri wendege kuMiddle East. "
Iyo ihwo husimbe hwakashata, kunyangwe hwakatendeseka, vhezheni yeWashington inodiwa sub-imperial allies. Kuratidzira kwakawanda kuri mukutonga kwehupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda, sepaya pakakwira kusagadzikana kwehupfumi muna 2008-11 uye 2020-22 uye hutongi hwehumambo nehumambo hwakashandisa G20 neIMF kuronga kuwedzera kwemari, kubhadhariswa mari mumabhanga uye kuderedzwa nekukurumidza-mubereko. .
Iwe wakatsanangura huwandu hwemasimba eimperiya uye masangano. Asi isu tobva tanzwisisa sei kupokana kwehupfumi uye geopolitical zvavakatarisana nazvo, semuenzaniso muchimiro cheUS-Russia kusawirirana?
Shanduko huru mukuunganidzwa kwemari inoratidzwa muhurongwa hwakasimba hweimperiyasi/sub-imperialist. Kubva kuma1970, pakatangazve dambudziko remacapitalist, East Asia yakava sarudzo yekudyara inoyevedza kumafemu akatarisana nemitengo yakaderera yepurofiti kuMadokero. Kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwekutengeserana, kudyara uye mari kwakawedzera, kwakakurudzirwa nekuuya kwepetrodollars (mafuta ehupfumi anochengeterwa) uye maEurodollar, ayo akaisa mari pakati pepakati pepakati pemari yekuMadokero. Zvino, US/British-inotungamirwa neoliberal yemari kudzoreredzwa, kutanga mukutanga '80s, yakabvumira kuputika kwechikwereti, kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chemari uye mari yekufungidzira. Kukwira kwemitengo yemubereko - yakatemerwa kubva kuWashington muna 1979 kugadzirisa inflation yeUS - yakakwezva mari yakawanda yekuMadokero inodyarwa mumaseketi emari emari. Uye hupfumi hweEuropean Union hwakave hwakabatana, husina kupatsanurwa chikamu chemasimba e capitalist, paine mari imwe chete kutanga kwema1990. Saizvozvo, masangano epasi rose anodzora mabasa ane chekuita nenyika dzine chikwereti ainyanya kuita zvido zvemakambani epasi rose nemabhangi, kunyanya kana dambudziko rechikwereti re'80s raendesa simba remitemo kuWorld Bank neIMF. Ichi chikamu chemari cheimperialism idambudziko rakadzama zvichitevera nyika zhinji 'COVID-19 zvikwereti.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kwakasiyana-siyana kwenguva refu kudzvinyirirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kusawirirana kwemauto kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mukati me2010s - zvakanyanya kuoneka sehondo dzakazara muUkraine neMiddle East pari zvino, asi pamwe zvakare mukukonana kunokwanisa kuitika chero nguva muCentral. Asia, Makomo eHimalaya, Gungwa reSouth China uye peninsula yeKorea. Kupatsanurwa uku kunogona kukura nekukasira, kudzika zvishuwo zvakakura pamwe chete uye kugadzira mafungiro e“musasa” - Madokero kupesana neChina/Russia inotungamirwa inodaidzwa kuti kurongeka kwakawanda, izvo zvakazokanganisa zvakanyanya hunhu hwekupokana nemaimperiya pasirese.
Iko kukakavara kwakawedzera kusvika kune kutama kwevashandi, kutengeserana uye mari, sezvakapupurirwa nekukwira kwe xenophobia uye kushoropodzwa kwekurudyi kwe "globalism". Izvi zvakajekeswa mukukunda kwerudyi-bapiro populist mumavhoti matatu e2016: Brexit, Donald Trump muUnited States, uye Rodrigo Duterte muPhilippine, achiteverwa nemamwe mavhoti anosanganisira muBrazil, Italy, uye zvino Argentina neNetherlands. Chiri pasi pekushaikwa kwekutenda mune zvematongerwo enyika akasununguka hakusi kungotadza kutungamira kwezvavanobvuma ndiko kunonzi "polycrisis" iri kuitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemutoro wenyika dzakawanda, asiwo kudzikira kwehuwandu hwekudyidzana kwepasirese (kunyanya kutengeserana / GDP) mushure me2008 zvichiguma. mu "deglobalisation" kana chii The Economist mazwi "slowbalisation” uye yazvino UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) mushumo unoreva se“stall-speed” kukura. Gwaro reUNCTAD rinoreurura "mabhenefiti asina kuenzana kubva mukubatanidzwa kwekutengeserana," ayo kubvira 2021 atanga kuburitsa "hupfumi hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika hwekutengeserana" zvichibva pa "kuvaka macheni akasimba ekupa, kutsigira shanduko yesimba, kuunza mabasa ane hunhu, kugadzirisa huwori uye makambani. kudzivirira mutero, uye kugadzira dhijitari yakachengeteka dhijitari" - izvo zvese zvinokanganisa "kudyidzana kwepasi rose, kutengeserana kusununguka chaiko."
Pamusoro pezvikanganiso izvi zvakabvumidzwa pachena muhurongwa, hondo yekutengeserana yeUS-China, kutanga muna 2017, uye kurwisa kweRussia muna 2022 kuUkraine kunoratidza kumwe kupokana uye miganhu mukati mekuwedzera kwenzvimbo. Kudzika uye kuyerera kweiyo paleo-Conservative ideology inopesana neo-con imperial ajenda icharamba ichivhiringidza mamaneja nemasangano, sezvakaonekwa panguva yekutonga kwaTrump.
Asi kunetsana kwakawanda kwakadai - kwakazvarwa nekupokana kwemukati mecapitalist - hakusi kupindirana kweumambo muhunhu. Vanoratidza hunhu husina kunaka mukati meimperialism - kubva kwakabva mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin akayambuka mutsara nekupinda muCrimea muna 2014 neUkraine yese muna 2022 - uye mukati meimperialism - semuenzaniso apo Treasure yeUS yakatora matanho akanyanya kurwisa kubatanidzwa kwemari yeRussia. , kudzinga Moscow kubva mubhangi guru rekutengeserana uye kutora mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora ayo asina hanya-akapararira-akapararira pfuma yehurumende uye oligarch.
Zvakaoma kufunga nezve imperialism yemazuva ano pasina kana kumbobata zvese izvi uye kutaura masangano ari pasi pesimba rehumambo. Kubva panguva yehutongi hwaLenin, sisitimu iyi yakashanduka kuita network yakanyanya kuomarara ine mutoro wekugadzirisa hupfumi hwenyika hwese pasi pezuva, muchikamu nekubvisa maitiro ayo edambudziko kuburikidza nekunyanyisa kusaenzana uye kwakasanganiswa budiriro. Tinoda maturusi epfungwa - kunyanya sub-imperialism, kunyangwe izwi iri richinyanya kutsausa kune veTatu World nationalists - kurwisa imwe neimwe yemaitiro aya. Izvi zvichatibvumira kuti tipfuure shanduro yakapfava yekurwisa-imperialist yekuti "muvengi wemuvengi wangu ishamwari yangu," inowanzo wanikwa mune inodaidzwa kuti campist logic. Mushure mezvose, Putin pachake akajekesa manheru ekurwisa kweUkraine kuti aiomesera sei Lenin's Bolshevik nhaka yekuendesa simba kumarudzi, kutyisidzira mune mafioso-maitiro: "Iwe unoda decommunisation? Zvakanaka, izvi zvinokodzera isu zvakanaka. Asi sei kumira pakati? Takagadzirira kuratidza kuti decommunisation chaiyo ingarevei kuUkraine. " LINK
Kunyange zvakadaro, muvengi-muvengi-shamwari-yangu manzwiro - semuenzaniso, kutsigira kurwisa kwaPutin, muchidimbu nekuti vanofunga China seyepasirese socialist vanguard - ichiri kutonga "mafungiro”, sekutaura kunoita Vijay Prashad danho iri kuGlobal South politics. LINK Manzwiro akadai anogara achitaurwa nehutungamiri hwemauto mashanu makuru-kuruboshwe ari muno muSouth Africa: Economic Freedom Fighters, Radical Economic Transformation bato riri kutonga reAfrican National. Congress, South African Communist Party, uye mapapiro maviri makuru evashandi vakarongeka - Congress of South African Trade Unions uye National Union of Metalworkers yeSouth Africa. Saka, magadzirirwo atinoshandisa ari kuwedzera kukosha, semuenzaniso mukukwikwidza kurwisa kweRussia kuUkraine neIsrael-US 'genocide kurwiswa, paine mutsara wekuongorora.
Hurukuro dziri kuruboshwe pamusoro peimperialism nhasi dzinowanzodzokera kubhuku raLenin pamusoro penyaya yacho. Ibhuku raLenin rakawanda sei rinoramba rakakosha nhasi uye zvinhu zvipi, kana zviripo, zvakatsiviwa nezviitiko zvinotevera?
Hongu, tese tinodzokera kubhaibheri diki iroro - saka ngatitarisei kusimba kwaro, asiwo kusasimba kwaro. Tsanangudzo yepakati inobatanidza zvinhu zvishanu zvehurongwa hwehupfumi hwepasi rose mumubatanidzwa iwoyo, uyo wakaratidza kukura kwakakwana kushanda tandem: kusangana kwemari nekugadzirwa; mari yemari inosanganisa maindasitiri, yakagarwa uye mercantile capital pasi pehutongi hwemabhangi; kunze kwenyika mari; monopolies nema cartels aishanda achiyambuka miganhu; uye kupatsanurwa kwenyika pakati pemasimba makuru ecapitalist, izvo zvaive pachena zvakanyanya muBerlin "Scramble for Africa" muna 1884-85 uye - paakapedza kunyora. Imperiya - Chibvumirano chaMay 1916 cheBritish-French-Russian Sykes-Picot Chibvumirano chakavezwa humambo hweOttoman. Munzira dzakasiana-siana, idzi kombamiro dzose dziri pachena nhasi.
Asi zvikanganiso zvinenge zviviri zvinooneka. Chekutanga, rangarira kupokana kwe1929 nekutanga Frankfurt School economist, Henryk Grossman, kune pfungwa yaLenin uye, pamberi pake, Rudolf Hilferding: iyo yose-inotenderera "mari yemari". Mune zvakakosha chitsauko chechitatu of Imperialism, Lenin akasimbirira, kuti: “Unhu hwe capitalism yose zvayo kuti muridzi wemari inoparadzaniswa nekushandiswa kwemari pakugadzira, kuti mari inoparadzaniswa neyakagadzirwa mumaindasitiri kana kuti inobereka zvibereko, uye kuti murondi anorarama chose chose nemari inowanwa mumari. , inoparadzaniswa kubva kune muzvinabhizimisi uye kubva kune vose vane hanya zvakananga mukutonga kwemari. Imperialism, kana kutonga kwemari yemari, ndiyo nhanho yepamusoro-soro yecapitalism umo kupatsanurwa uku kunosvika pamwero wakakura. Hukuru hwemari yemari pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ese emari zvinoreva hukuru hweanoroja uye hwemari oligarchy; zvinoreva kuti nhamba shoma yenyika ‘dzine simba’ dzine mari dzakatanhamara pakati pedzimwe dzose.”
Zvakawanda zvemugadziri wesocial-democratic kupfuura Lenin, Hilferding akanga arayira muna 1910 kuti “kutora mabhanga makuru matanhatu eBerlin kwaizoreva kutora nzvimbo dzinokosha zvikuru dzeindasitiri huru.” Izwi rekuti mari yemari rairatidza simba rechikamu - iro Lenin naHilferding vakapa mienzaniso yakawanda - asi. kwete kusasimba kwayo nekupokanidza, sokukakavara kwakaita Grossman nguva pfupi isati yatanga kuparara kwezvemari kwenyika muna 1929-31 mubhuku rake, Mutemo weKuunganidza uye Kuparara kweCapitalist System: Chidzidzo muMarxian dambudziko dzidziso.
Chechipiri, kuumbwa kwaLenin kwaifungidzira kuti hondo dzepakati pakati pemakambani - dzichitsigirwa nenyika dzinomiririra zvido zvavo - dzaizotsanangura nhanho ye imperialist ye capitalism, mukupesana nekunzwisisa kwekare kwakatsanangurwa naRosa Luxemburg muna 1913. pano, nekuda kwe "kusamira kuyerera kwemari kubva kune rimwe bazi rekugadzira kuenda kune rimwe, uye pakupedzisira mune periodic uye cyclical swings yekuberekana pakati pekuwandisa uye dambudziko ... kuunganidzwa kwemari imhando yemetabolism pakati pehupfumi hwecapitalist uye idzo nzira dzepre-capitalist. yekugadzirwa pasina iyo isingagone kuenderera mberi uye iyo, muchiedza ichi, inoodza uye inoita. " Kushushikana kuri mukuongorora kweLuxemburg kuri pamusoro penzira iyo imperialism inotevera kubva kusimba recapitalist, inotarisana nechaunga, zvisikwa uye mavambo ekutanga: "hukama husiri hwe capitalism hunopa ivhu rakaorera re capitalism; zvakanyanya: mari inodya matongo ehukama hwakadaro, uye kunyangwe iyi nyika isiri-capitalist ichikosha kuti iunganidzwe, iyo yekupedzisira inoenda pamutengo weiyo svikiro zvisinei, nekuidya. " Lenin akaona nharo dzakadaro se "marara" uye akanyora kubva mubhuku reLuxemburg se "dhaka rinokatyamadza". Asi zana remakore rakatevera rakaratidza kuti kunyange munguva yekusakwikwidzana kweWestern imperialism inotungamirirwa nemasimba ehondo ega, mamwe maitiro akawandisa ekuunganidza nekudzingwa - se David Harvey yakatumidza zita rekuti capitalist / non-capitalist humbavha - kazhinji ndiyo nzira inotora capitalism kana ichida kubvisa kwechinguva kupokana. Casualised labour, welfare-state austerity, privatization uye nekusvika kwakafara kwemaindasitiri ekuwedzera mune izvo zvakanzi naMarx "zvipo zvepachena zvechisikigo” zviratidzo zviri pachena.
Dzimwe mhinduro mbiri kudambudziko, dzakakosha kubva pakatanga maseketi emari, ndidzo dzakanzi naHarvey "kugadzirisa kwenzvimbo" - kuchinjika kwenzvimbo kune nzvimbo dzinopa mari - uye "kugadzirisa kwenguva" - uko kugona kubvisa mari. nekufamba kwenguva inotsamira pane yakawedzera kuomarara masisitimu emari, kuitira kuti ubhadhare gare gare asi uchidya izvozvi, kukorokodzera misika yakazara. Mhedzisiro yacho"itsva imperialism, "Kunyanya kutsamira kupfuura nakare kose pakuchinja, kumisa uye kuba kuitira kubvisa mari inowanza munzvimbo dzakafumurwa dzehupfumi nemasekete, pane kutarisana nekuparara kuzere kwemhando ye1930s Great Depression.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti ndedzipi shanduko, ingave yakarongwa kana iri kuitika, ichabvumira kutamiswa kwemari yakawandisa kuenderera mberi, uye nekudaro kufambisa kumutsiridzwa kweimperialism, uye izvo zvinomira munzira. Muna 1964 yake Strategy for Labor, Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu vekuFrance Andre Gorz akaseka zvigadziriso zvidiki zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zveimperialism se "shanduko dzekuchinja" uye izvo zvinokanganisa pfungwa huru yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi se "shanduko dzisiri dzekuchinja". Musiyano iwoyo unoda vakakomba vanopokana nemaimperiya kuti vapfuure huroyi hwavo hwazvino nehukama hwepakati-nyika, muchidimbu nekuda kwemabatirwo akaitwa BRICS+ mukati menyika dzakawanda.
Tichitarisa shanduko dzakaitika muzana ramakore rapfuura, huremu hupi hune mwero hune huremu hwemaimpiriyasi nhasi, kana zvichienzaniswa nekare?
Kupesvedzera kukuru kwakabuda pamusoro nepamusoro penyika yenyika uye kunowanikwa mukati mepakati penyika dzakawanda dzemaimperiyati achangobva kukurukurwa. Ndosaka Madokero aigara achinetseka nezvekuwedzera kuomarara - asi zvakadaro zvakakosha - kufananidzwa kweBRICS muzvimiro zvesimba renyika, uye zvino nhengo dzayo dzekuwedzera shanu (tichifunga kuti Argentina inoramba kukokwa kwayo) - US sub-imperial allies Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates neEgypt, pamwe neEthiopiya, uye yakasimba Washington muvengi Iran.
China inonyanya kukosha, uye pakati pe2014, Obama aive Abvunzwa neinotungamira imperialist periodical nezve assimilation tarisiro:
The Economist: Iwe unoona nyika dzakaita seChina dzichigadzira bhanga reBRICS, semuenzaniso - masangano anoita seanofanana nehurongwa, pane - uye anogona kuisa kumanikidza kuhurongwa pane kuwedzera kwairi nekuisimbisa. Ndiyo nyaya yakakosha, ingave China inopera mukati meiyo system kana kuipikisa. Ndiyo nyaya hombe yenguva yedu, ndinofunga.
Obama: Zviri. Uye ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti United States neEurope dzirambe dzichigamuchira China semubatsiri akazara mune idzi tsika dzepasirese. Zvakakosha kuti isu tizive kuti pachava nenguva apo kunenge kune makakatanwa nemakakatanwa. Asi ndinofunga izvo zvinogoneka. Uye kutenda kwangu kuti sezvo China inochinja hupfumi hwayo kubva pakungove mugadziri wepasi-mutengo wakaderera kuenda pakuda kusimudza kukosha kweketani, ipapo nyaya dzakaita sekuchengetedza zvinhu zvehungwaru dzinowedzera kukosha kumakambani avo, kwete kumakambani eUS chete. .
Nzira yekugamuchira nayo yaiwanzobhadhara. Pakazosvika 2017, manheru ekugadzwa kwaTrump, [mutungamiri weChinese] Xi Jinping. akadaro muDavos kuti aizotora nemufaro majasi kubva kuna Obama: “Kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwehupfumi kwakaita kuti hupfumi hwenyika husimukire uye kufambisa kufamba kwezvinhu nemari, kusimukira mune sainzi, tekinoroji nebudiriro, nekudyidzana pakati pevanhu… Ungazvida kana usingazvide, hupfumi hwenyika. ndiro gungwa guru rausingagoni kutiza mariri. Kuedza kupi nokupi kwokubvisa mari yakawanda, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvigadzirwa, maindasitiri nevanhu vari pakati pehupfumi, uye kupinza mvura munyanza kuti idzokere mumadhamu nehova dziri kure hazvibviri.”
Vaimbove mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weBRICS New Development Bank (NDB), VaPaulo Battista, vakataura mashoko akafanana neaObama paValdai Club kuRussia nguva pfupi yadarika. kuzvishora yebhanga iroro neContingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), iyo yaifanirwa kuve imwe nzira yeIMF: “Regai ndikuvimbisei kuti patakatanga neCRA neNDB, paive nekunetsekana kukuru nezvaiitwa neBRICS. munzvimbo iyi muWashington, DC., muIMF uye muWorld Bank. Ndinogona kupupurira izvozvo nokuti ndaigara ikoko panguva iyoyo, seMutungamiriri Mukuru weBrazil nedzimwe nyika muBhodi reIMF. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu vomuWashington vakadekara, vachifunga kuti zvimwe hapana kwataienda.”
Hakuna kupi siyana, kunyatsojeka. Nekudaro kunyangwe nekutaura-kuruboshwe kushoropodzwa kweMadokero, kune kufamba-kurudyi kuwirirana nekudyara kweimperialism kwesimba rekambani mukati mehurongwa hwemarudzi akawanda hunowanzo tsigirwa neWest neBRICS +. Chinangwa chese chehumambo / sub-imperial manejimendi chinoramba chiri chekuwedzera kwemisimboti uye maitiro ekutengesa muzvinhu zvese zvehupenyu hwevanhu uye zvisikwa, zvakasimudzirwa neBig Data, kuwedzera kwekutarisa kugona, hungwaru hwekugadzira uye humwe hunyanzvi hunyanzvi. Kunyangwe kana zvinhu zveveruzhinji zvepasirese zvichidikanwa nekukurumidza, sekubvisa chenjere kubva musimba rinodzokororwa uye kuchengetedza hunyanzvi, kana mukurapa denda rekudzivirira uye manejimendi, WTO yakaratidza kukosha kunyangwe kushoropodzwa kusingawanzo, seIndia neSouth Africa ichikumbira kuregedzerwa kugadzirisa COVID. -19 - chimiro chavakasiya pakati pa2022 apo Brazil, Russia neChina hazvina kubatsira kukunda European Big Pharma kuramba.
Maitiro ekufungidzira agara achienderana nekupindirana kwemacapital - uye ichangoburwa-yepasirese capitalist kirasi ine mutero-haven dziviriro uye nekugara kwakawanda - panguva yeinogara ichikwira kutengeserana, mari yekunze uye kuyambuka-kuyerera kwemari, kusvika peak of globalization muna 2008. Mafungiro akagamuchirwa pasi rose aive akakosha - iyo neoliberal inonzi Washington Consensus - uye ichiri kubatanidzwa neprivatisation, deregulation, outsourcing, casualisation, market-based public policy uye makumi ezviuru zvehumbavha hweveruzhinji. , semaousterity marongero anosimbiswa zvakare (zvichitevera kwechinguvana 2020-22 kumbomira).
Panyaya yekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza, iyo ideology yeecological modernization inosanganisa kutenda mune tekinoroji uye misika. Kana iri mutemo wemagariro, kuyedza kugadzirisa imperialism uye kumisikidza zvibvumirano zvemagariro zvakakundikana, kunze kwe2020-21 makore eCCIDID-19 emergency. Pane kudaro, kutyisidzira kutsva kunogona kuwanikwa mu "mari yekubatanidzwa" nzira dzekuwedzera mari yerubatsiro kuburikidza nechikwereti chechikwereti che microfinance, seyakagadziridzwa nenzira yekubiridzira muno muSouth Africa makore gumi apfuura nemutungamiri mutsva weWorld Bank, Ajay Banga.
Enzanisa pfungwa iyi neyemapurojekiti ehumambo ekare, senge rusaruraganda, kana Bismarck's Germany iyo yakatanga nyika yerubatsiro, kana nzira yekolonial uye neo-colonial simba yakasimudzira hupfumi hwevashandi munyika dzakanyanya capitalist, kana mushure mehondo Keynesianism uye. social-democratic framework umo masimba eUS neEurope akaratidzira nzira dzadzo kune nzira dzeSoviet neChinese. Imperialism yemazuva ano ndiyo yakanyanya hutsinye, inobvisa uye inoshanda shanduro. Neoliberalism inotungamira kune isina-inobata yakavharirwa capitalism inodzikisira hutongi uye inosanganisira iyo yakazara-yakazara masimba epasirese chimiro zvekuti kunyangwe mafemu enyika dzeBRICS anovimba neWashington-Geneva-New York masangano kuti atore purofiti kumusoro nekudzika pasi rose kukosha cheni, umo. Shanghai-Mumbai-Johannesburg-Sao Paulo guta guru rinowanzoita basa rakasviba rekuchera nekugadzira asi kashoma kutora huwandu hwepurofiti inowanikwa muR&D, kushambadzira uye mari.
Zvingaite sekuti, kunyanya mushure memusangano weBRICS + Johannesburg muna Nyamavhuvhu, vamwe vakasiya vazivi vaimboona BRICS seanogona kupikisa kune Western imperial hegemony vava kukahadzika nezvemikana yezvematongerwo enyika akawanda? Unowanawo maonero iwayo here? Chii chakakosha, kana chiripo, runofanira kupa ruboshwe kune iyo pfungwa yekuwanda kwehuwandu, ukapihwa izvo zvawatsanangura maererano nebasa renyika dzeBRICS mukati meimperiya system?
Ini ndinofunga ndizvo zvazviri, uye zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutadza kwemusangano uyu kufambisira mberi hurongwa hwekubvisa dhora. Imwe ichiratidza hurukuro nezvenyaya iyi yakaitika munaSeptember. Hezvino zvimwe zvidimbu:
PEPE ESCOBAR: "Hapana chinogona kuitwa neBRICS chero bedzi IMF ichiramba ichiraira ... rimwe dambudziko. Icho chokwadi chekuti New Development Bank, iyo BRICS Bank, zvakanyanya, zvakanyanya, sekutaura kwaGlazyev nguva dzese, ichiri madhora. Uye vachapukunyuka sei kubva mukuda kwemadhora?… tichabvisa sei dhora kubhanga reBRICS, bhanga idzva rebudiriro? Ichi chimwe chinhu icho Dilma Rousseff, aimbova purezidhendi weBrazil, iye zvino mutungamiri weNDB, akataura izvozvo mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, uye akataura izvozvo panguva yemusangano weBRICS. Ah, chinangwa chedu ndechekuti 30% yezvikwereti zvedu zvipfuure dhora mumakore mashoma anotevera. Asi iyi inzungu zvachose. Inofanira kunge yakafanana ne70% kana 80% ikozvino. Uye iwe uchamirira 30% gore rinouya kana mumakore maviri. Saka izvi zvinoreva kuti ichiri bhanga remadhora rakakwana. Chii chekuita, Radhika naMichael?
RADHIKA DESAI: Zvakanaka, regai nditange. Saka ndingati chinhu chikuru chatinofanira kunzwisisa ndechekuti New Development Bank handipo patinofanira kutarisa kana tichitarisa nzira dzekubvisa mari. Ndinobvuma kuti inoramba iri mukati mesimba reIMF neWorld Bank nezvimwe zvakadaro… tiri kukoshesa kudyidzana pakati pe… dhora renyika harina kusimba sezvaungafungidzira. Saka, ndinofunga kuti uku kuchava kudhonza ...
MICHAEL HUDSON: “Dambudziko rine BRICS harisi kungonzvenga IMF. Vangakwanisa sei pasi pano kuita mari yavo yeruzhinji muzvivakwa nemigwagwa uye nezvinhu zvatanga tichitaura nezvazvo kana vachifanira kubhadhara kuseri kwechikwereti chemadhora ekunze icho chave chichitsigirwa neIMF… Saka kana kuzoita huchenjeri hunopesana neiyo yekare neocolonialist yemari imperialism, iwe unofanirwa kuita kuti BRICS ibve kuMadokero, kwete kungotengeserana pakati penyu, asi muchiti, tichave nekumisa chikwereti chekunze.
Avo vachiri kutenda BRICS vari kana kuti vanogona kunge vari anti-imperialist, pachinzvimbo che sub-imperialist, vanofanirwa kunetsana nemibvunzo inotevera:
- Sei vatungamiriri veBRICS kuBretton Woods Institutions vachitsigira mamiriro ezvinhu, vachitsigirwa nePfuma yavo nemabhanga epakati?
- Nei iyo BRICS NDB portfolio ichiita seisina kungoita madhora zvisina musoro (sezvo zvikwereti zvakawanda chaizvo zvakagadzirirwa zvekushandisa zvisingade kutengwa kunze kweUS-denominated), asiwo zvichienderana nemvumo yeNew York ratings agency (saka NDB ichijoinha). anti-Moscow zvirango mukutanga kwaKurume 2022) uye saka saka eco-social-inoparadza uye crony-capitalist yakashata?
- Sei mukwereti weBRICS ari kushupika zvikuru kubva kuIMF/Bank — South Africa — asati atombotanga kubvunza kuti chikwereti chayo chakagarwa nhaka uye chine chekuita nehuori chinosemesa ndechipi?
- Sei, apo Putin akatadza kubhadhara chikwereti chekunze cheRussia pakati pa2022, hapana chakanyatsoitika semhedzisiro yakananga, uye nei achinyatso kuda kutangazve kubhadhara?
- Ndeapi masimba emagariro atinoda kuisa muSouth Africa nedzimwe nyika dzeBRICS kuti tiwane hegemony ye "huzivi hunopesana neiyo yekare neocoloniyalist yemari imperialism"?
- Kana isu tese tichida kubvisirwa mari uye imwe yenzira dzinonanga ikoko kudonha kwemari yekuMadokero, saka ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvatinodzidza kubva kuQuantitative Easing, bailouts, yakaderera mubereko uye mamwe eWestern central-bank rekuponesa tricks kubva 2008-13 uye 2020- 21 - uye nzira yekubvisa ingabudirira sei kana vakuru vezvemari vekuMadokero vaine marudzi ese ekunyomba uye kurangwa, uye mabhanga eBRICS nemakambani anovimba zvakanyanya nekutengeserana kwekuMadokero, kudyara uye mari?
Nzira chete yekupindura mibvunzo iyi ndeyekubva pafungidziro dzemapolar kuenda kune imwe nzira yechokwadi, yakakasharara, nekugadzira iyo BRICS sesimba rinowanzova pasi pehumambo (zvisinei nemaitiro e"kushandira pamwe kweanopikisa”), kudhirowa, kuvandudza nekuwedzera mazano nenzira iyi yaRuy Mauro Marini, David Harvey, Sam Moyo naParis Yeros, Samir Amin nevamwe.
Hurukuro zhinji pamusoro peimperialism nhasi inotarisisa mukutsinhana kusina kuenzana senzira yekutamisa ukoshi hwakasara kubva mukudzvanyirirwa kuenda kunyika dzeimperiyasi. Muzvinyorwa zvako unosimudza pfungwa ye "unequal ecological exchange". Unogona here kutsanangura zvaunoreva neizvi uye nei kuedza kuongorora mazuva ano imperialism ichida kubatanidza iyi pfungwa?
Izvi zvakakosha, zvichipihwa mwero wekuti macheni ehukoshi hwepasi rose uye matambudziko ari pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza anotityisidzira isu tese. Amin akatsanangura nhoroondo dzakawandisa dzeimperialism dzinoregeredza kupera kwezvinhu zvisingagone kuvandudzwa nenzira inotyisa mubhuku rake ra2010, Mutemo Wekukosha Kwenyika Yose: "Kuunganidzwa kweCapitalist kwakavakirwa pakuparadzwa kwezvigadziko zvehupfumi hwese: vanhu nemhoteredzo yavo yechisikigo. Zvakatora kumirira kwezana ramakore nehafu kusvikira vezvemamiriro ekunze vawanazve chokwadi ichocho, zvino nyatsobuda pachena. Ichokwadi kuti nhoroondo dzeMarxism dzakapfuura chidzitiro pamusoro peongororo dzakaitwa naMarx pamusoro penyaya iyi uye dzakatora maonero eve bourgeoisie - inofananidzwa nemaonero epanguva 'anonzwisisika' - maererano nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. ”
Kunyangwe mumwe munhu wandinoyemura nekutsoropodza kwake kwakasimba kwekufamba kwepurofiti, Michael Roberts, anotera kune ecological eraser paanopokana - munguva yake yapfuura. LINKS bvunzurudzo - kuti pane "kuenderera mberi kwekutamisa kukosha kwemari muchimiro chepurofiti, rendi uye chimbadzo kubva kunharaunda" asi pasina kunyatsogadzirisa kuendeswa kwehupfumi hwepanyama hwapera uye kukanganisa kwekusvibiswa, kunyanya kubudiswa kwecarbon dioxide. Saka, nepo achitaura nezve "kubviswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa" seimwe yekutamiswa kubva kuMaodzanyemba kuenda kuMaodzanyemba, kukosha kwake kweketani kuongororwa kunoregeredza basa reiyo sub-imperial extractive industries uye fossil mafuta. Zvakare, nekuti Roberts anoregeredza nzira iyo hupfumi hwakapera hunofambiswa neBRICS extractivism, kuverenga kwaanoita nezve kuchinjika kweSouthern "surpluss" kuenda Kumaodzanyemba hakuna nani pane kuverengera kweGDP yebourgeois economist, umo mune yakanaka account account muhupfumi. zvinoenderana nekutora zvinhu zvinogona kugadziriswa pazviwanikwa zvisingadzokerike zvakare zvapera, kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo, kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa uye kusabhadharwa kusingabhadharwe kuberekana kwevashandi.
Kupfurikidza nokusarangarira ikoku, Roberts anogona kuramba kutsoropodza kwedu achiti: “Vamwe vanhu vanotaura nezve‘sub-imperialism,’ apo nyika inodzvinyirirwa noubati ushe hwoudzvanyiriri asi, yobva yabata vavakidzani vayo nenzira yakafanana. Humbowo hunesimba hweizvi hauna kusimba. Russia, China, India, Brazil neSouth Africa hazvigamuchire zvakawanda munzira yekuwedzera kuchinjirwa kubva mukutengeserana nekudyara munyika dzine urombo - hapana kana zvichienzaniswa neiyo imperialist bloc. Saka, handina chokwadi chekuti sub-imperialism ipfungwa inobatsira. " Asi pane humbowo hwakasimba hwehumbowo hwezvikamu zvitatu zvekudzoka pakudyara muumambo, hutongi hwehumambo uye hwepasirese, kunyangwe pasina kubatanidza zviwanikwa. Kana Roberts akasawana humbowo hwakasimba hwekutamiswa kubva kunyika dzine hurombo dzine hurombo kuenda kune vabati vepakati-varume vepakati uye vanogadzira muketani yeukoshi yepasirese, zvimwe imhaka yekuti "akapfuura chidzimiso" pamusoro pemhando dzese idzi dzekusaenzana kwekuchinjana kwezvisikwa. Izvi zvinomutendera kuti adaidze kuongororwa kwezvipo zvehumambo husina kuenzana uye hwakasanganiswa budiriro "husina simba," uye kuti China "kwete hupfumi hwehupfumi" - kunyangwe hupfumi hweAfrica huri kudzikira muhukuru nekuda kwezvicherwa uye kupera kwemafuta. nemakambani ekuChina emigodhi neoiri.
Ichokwadi kuti Roberts naGuglielmo Carcheddi vanobata zviwanikwa uye njodzi yemamiriro ekunze nekunzwa kwakanyanya mubhuku ravo, Capitalism mune makumi maviri nekutanga Century Kuburikidza nePrism yeKukosha, uko ivo vanobvuma, kuti: “Ukuru hwoupfumi hunochinja ‘zvipo zvapachena zvomusikirwo’ kuva purofiti. Uye mukuda kuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira purofiti, zvinopedza nekudzikisira zviwanikwa. " Asi vanomira zvishoma nezviyero zviri pachena zvinoratidza kusaenzana kwenzvimbo uye hunhu hwehudzvanyiriri hwekuita uku.
Unoona here mukana wekuvaka mabhiriji pakati pekurwisana pasi rose, uchifunga kuti masangano emunharaunda ane masimba akasiyana (angave eimperiya kana sub-imperialist) semuvengi wavo mukuru? Ko 21st century anti-imperialist internationalism ingaite sei?
Izvo zviviri zvakasarudzika zvandakambotaura pakati pekubvumidzwa kweUN kuzere-neoliberal imperialism - kurambidzwa kwa1987 kweCFC inoparadza ozone uye homwe yemishonga ya2002 - inogona kuve mienzaniso yekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika. Ose ari maviri, chekutanga, akasanganisa muratidziri uye masimba ehurumende, uye, chechipiri, akatariswa pamwero wepasirese izvo zvaive uye zviri zvechokwadi matambudziko epasi rose. Iyo Montreal Protocol yakatiponesa kubva mugomba riri kukura muozone layer - iyo kunyange [Ronald] Reagan, [Margaret] Thatcher uye [Helmut] Kohl hurumende dzakaona senjodzi iripo - nekurambidzwa kwakaitwa zvizere ne1996 (uye kuregererwa kwepakutanga. ye hydrofluorocarbons yakazobviswa). Izvo zvakare zvakaponesa pasi kubva pane izvo NASA inoratidzira ingadai yakave inogona kunge iri 0.5oC yekuwedzera kudziya kwe 2100. Kurambidzwa kwakadaro pamatsime makuru ecarbon dioxide uye methane, pasina emissions-trading loopholes, ndiyo iyo UN yaifanira kunge ichitarisira. muDubai, asi hazvina nekuda kwekuipa kwemasimba.
Chechipiri - kuuya kweUN Global Fund yekurwisa AIDS, Tuberculosis neMalaria - iyo, muno muSouth Africa, makomuredhi eTreatment Action Campaign, pamwe nevanodyidzana nedzimwe nyika vakaita seMedicins sans Frontiers neUS-based ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash). Power), yakadiwa ikahwina, yakatevera kuregererwa kweIntellectual Property yemishonga yemazuva ese yeAnti-retroviral mukati meWTO muna 2001. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni makumi mana vairarama neHIV. Vatungamiri vehomwe iyi, nenzira yekuzvirumbidza asi vaine kodzero, vanotsanangura pawebhusaiti yavo "chiito chekubatana kwepasirese nehutungamiriri ... .
Idzi ndidzo nzira mbiri dzepasirese kune zvinhu zvepasirese zveveruzhinji, mukati uye zvinopesana nemafungiro emasangano mazhinji, ayo chero ecosocialist anofanirwa kufunga nezvekukunda. Dzimwe hondo dzakananga dzine zvidzidzo zvinokurudzira, zvakaita sekurwisa rusaruraganda kweSouth Africa, uko kunomira pachena nekuderedza zvakaringana mubatanidzwa wemasimba emarudzi evachena uye muzinda pakati pemakore ekuma80 - kuburikidza nehondo yemuno nezvirango zvepasi rose - kuitira kuti. democracy yakahwinwa pano (kunyangwe magariro nehupfumi uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akawedzera kuipa). Nguva nenguva, mapurojekiti akadai seChiapas Zapatistas anozvitonga manispala, Brazil's Landless Workers Movement (MST) mabasa emapurazi kana Rojava grassroots, feminist, democratic socialists akapa nzvimbo dzekufananidzira. Uye takaona zvimwe zvisingaverengeki zviito zvekupokana-imperialist pasirese, sekuratidzira kwakawanda kwePalestine kubatana kwekuratidzira, kusanganisira kuramba, kubviswa, zvirango (BDS) mishandirapamwe, vachipokana neIsrael, US neBritish nyika. Kuratidzira kwemamiriro ekunze kwakarongeka kwepasirese dzimwe nguva kwakaratidza vimbiso huru, uye zvakanakisa zvikumbiro zvemuno - dzimwe nguva pasi pemureza we "vadziviriri vemvura" - zvinopa izvo Naomi Klein anoti "blockadia” activism, nematambudziko mazhinji akadai anobva ku “climate action” kuenda ku “climate justice”.
Nekudaro, sezvo mafambiro anoenderana nekuzivikanwa kwakawedzera kukwezva uye kubatanidzwa kwakaitika kune imwe nhanho - ichitisiya isu nevanofarirwa naObama kana neinonzi "kutsamira-mu feminism" ye1% - takaona kubuda kurudyi-bapiro doppelganger girazi mufananidzo, sokunyevera kunoita Klein. Kusimuka kunotyisa kweanopokana-imperialism, kana kunyanya kupokana ne "globalism," kutenderedza network yakavakwa naSteve Bannon vari kutamba basa rakashata, rekurangana kubatanidza proto-fascistic vanozviti vanopokana nepasirese pasi rese. Nekune rimwe divi, kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwemushandirapamwe wehutungamiriri weBritish Jeremy Corbyn 2017, iyo yaisanganisira kusvibisa UK Independence Party iyo yakapfuura neBrexit gore rakapfuura, inoratidza mauto evashandi vanogona kuhwina kuruboshwe vachishandisa zvinomanikidza zvemagariro nehupfumi. . Panguva imwecheteyo, ichangoburwa German Die Linke yakakamurwa zvinoratidza kuti njodzi yemauto ezvematongerwo enyika akatsvuka kuti abvumirane nekuvenga vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika ichiri yakakomba.
Kana zviri zvekubudirira kwemauto ekurudyi, kurudyi-bapiro populism kunofanirwa nerumbidzo nekuda kwekugadzirisa matambudziko ari kuruboshwe aive akatonga kare, sekushoropodza kwesimba renyika inomanikidza, kutarisisa zvakanyanya, kurapwa kwakanyanya uye hukama hwehukama hwehurumende - kunyangwe ivo vakakanganisa. chirongwa chesainzi-based vaccine kurwisa COVID-19. Makakatanwa pamusoro pekutaura kweruvengo uye censorship aripo pese pese, sezvo Big Data inogadzira izvo Yanis Varoufakis mazwi. technofeudalism. Izvi zvinomiririra matambudziko akadzama evanorwisa maimperiya mumakumi emakore anotevera, nekuda kwesimba riri kukura muUS (Seattle-Silicon Valley) neChinese (Shenzhen-Hangzhou) mahofisi makuru emakambani makuru etechnology akapihwa kusakwana kweWashington- Beijing regulators.
Tichidzokera munhoroondo ichangoburwa kusvika panhongonya yebato repasi rose rinoratidzira vachipokana nemasangano akasiyana siyana muzana remakore rapfuura uye kuungana vachipokana nehondo yeUS-British paIraq muna 2001, tinogona kuwana zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinokatyamadza. Sangano reWorld Social Forum rakatanga zvakanaka muna 2001 kuBrazil, asi mukati memakore gumi rakanga rava shopu yehurukuro isina dzidziso yaitongwa neNGOs. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba zvinoramba zviripo - semuenzaniso, Via Campesina, World March yeVakadzi neMvura MaWarriors - uye mafambiro akatarisana nemamiriro ekunze anoratidza kuti vanogona kuungana munzira dzakabatana pachikero chepasirese uye chemuno. Asi zviri pachena zvakakwana kuti mafambiro maviri ekutanga ekupera kwa2023 - mamiriro ekunze uye kubatana kwePalestine - kunofanirwa kuhwina kumwe kukunda kwakadzama mumwedzi iri kuuya, senhanho yekuvaka patsva mauto edu kubva kune ese ari maviri imperialism. uyewo ikozvino sub-imperialism.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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