Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo ehupfumi, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye emagariro muVenezuela akaomarara, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kune vekunze kuti vanzwisise. Kune rumwe rutivi kune vanhu vazhinji vanodzivirira mhirizhonga yeBolivarian, vachiratidza kubudirira kwave vakaita mukuderedza urombo nekusaenzana uye mukuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo uye kuzvitonga. Kune rimwe divi, kune kwaya yevatsoropodzi, kwete chete kubva kune avo vanowanzo fungira kurudyi rwezvematongerwo enyika, asi kazhinji kubva kuruboshwe, vanotsoropodza hurumende yeMaduro kutonga kwehupfumi hwenyika, huwori, kukwira kwemitengo uye kushomeka, uye kutongwa kwemumwe wezvematongerwo enyika anopikisa ane mukurumbira, uyo ari kupomerwa nehurumende mhosva yekukonzera mhirizhonga. Venezuela yakasvika sei pano? Chii chakaitika kubva pakafa Hugo Chavez? Basa racho rakakanganisa, rakanamira, rakarova chimbi chimbi, kana kuparara zvachose? Kuti ndipindure mubvunzo uyu, ndichatanga ndaongorora mavambo emamiriro ehupfumi aripo. Zvinyorwa zvenguva yemberi munhevedzano ino zvichaongorora kuti nhoroondo iyi inorevei kune razvino uye remangwana reVenezuela.
The Bolivarian revolution muVenezuela hapana mubvunzo kuti iri kuitika imwe kana nguva dzayo dzakaoma panguva ino. Nekukwira kwemitengo kunosvika 160-200 muzana isati yamboitika muna 2015, mitsetse mirefu inogara iri pazvitoro zvinopihwa mari, uye kushomeka kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvevatengi, ruzhinji rwese - vangave Chavista, vanopikisa vanonzwira tsitsi, kana "ni-ni" (kwete rimwe divi kana zvimwe) - anogumburwa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyange hazvo hurumende yeVaMaduro ichiti matambudziko ari kukonzerwa nehondo yehupfumi iri kurwiswa nehurumende, vanopikisa vanoti kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwehupfumi nehurumende ndiko kuri kukonzera. Chokwadi, senguva dzose, chakanyanya kuoma.
Midzi yezvinetso zvehupfumi zvanhasi inogona kuwanikwa mukuedza kwaChavez kare muna 2001, kurongazve hupfumi hweVenezuela uye hunhu. Kureva kuti, kare ikako Chavez airatidza kune vekare vepamusoro-soro munyika kuti aisazova mbavha yavo nekuita zvavanoda sevatungamiri vazhinji vasati vaita Chavez. Pane kudaro, mukupera kwa2001 akaunza shanduko yevhu uye indasitiri yemafuta mutemo wekugadzirisa iyo yakabata pane maviri evakuru akakosha masosi ehupfumi. Nekuda kwekufamba uku, vanopikisa vakatanga kuedza kwaApril 2002 uye kuvharwa kweindasitiri yemafuta muna Zvita 2002. Kuedza uku mukukanganisa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwehupfumi kwakakonzera kubhururuka kukuru kwemari mukutanga kwa2003. Pakutanga, hurumende yakaedza kurwisa ndege huru nekupindira mumusika wemari, ichishandisa madhora ayo kutenga bolivar, kuitira kuchengetedza mutengo wayo. stable. Zvisinei, izvi zvakakonzera kuti hurumende irasikirwe nemari yemadhora zvakachengetwa uye saka yakangoerekana yachinja magiya uye yakaunza chiyero chekuchinjana chakagadziriswa muna Kurume we2003.
Kubva ipapo, mari yacho yakagadziriswa uye yakagadziriswa kashoma. Vaya chete vanozadzisa zviga zvehurumende kuti vatenge madhora nemabhodhoro ndivo vanotenderwa kuita izvi. Mamiriro ezvinhu ekuwana mukana wechiyero chekuchinjana chepamutemo anosanganisira kufamba kwenyika, kutsigira mwanakomana kana mwanasikana nezvidzidzo zvavo kunze kwenyika, kana - zvakanyanya kukosha - kupinza zvinhu zvakakosha muVenezuela, pakati pemamwe marudzi akati wandei ekushandisa. Ehe, pakare pakarepo musika mutema wemadhora wakasimuka, nemutengo wekuchinjana wakanga wakasiyana kwazvo neuyo wepamutemo. Pakutanga mutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo waive 2.15 bolivar padhora, nepo mwero wemusika mutema wakakurumidza kusvika zvakapetwa kana katatu mwero iwoyo.
Kwenguva yakareba, kubva muna 2004 kusvika muna 2008, hupfumi hweVenezuela hwakaita zvakanaka, huchikura nokukurumidza zvikuru, paavhareji, gumi muzana pagore. Izvi zvaigoneka nekuti mutengo wemafuta waive wakakwira zvakanyanya (uye kukwira), izvo zvaireva kuti hurumende yaigona kugamuchira zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvemadhora pamutengo wemari wepamutemo. Zvakare, mitemo yehurumende yekutora chikamu chakakurisa zvikuru chemadhora ayo nyika yakawana uye yodzoreredza mari iyoyo muzvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu, dzidzo, uye mukuedza kusiyanisa upfumi hwenyika yakaitawo musiyano.
Zvakadaro, pakati pegore ra2008 dambudziko remari pasi rose rakaitika uye zvakaita kuti mutengo wemafuta udzike kubva paUS$140 padhiramu pakati pegore ra2008, kusvika pasi peUS$40 padhiramu kutanga kwa2009. Chiriporipotyo hurumende yakanga isisakwanise kubhadhara zvinhu zvese kubva kunze kwenyika. mihoro yayo yeindasitiri yemafuta uye nokudaro muna Chikumi 2010 hurumende yakaunza nzira itsva yekutsinhana, SITME, iyo yakatengesa mabhondi emadhora aikwanisa kutengwa mumabolivari pamwero wekuchinjana wakapetwa kaviri pane wekare. Kubatanidzwa kwe SITME uye kukwereta kuvharidzira kushomeka kwebhajeti kwaireva kuti chikwereti chose chekunze chakawedzera nekukurumidza kubva muna 2006 kusvika 2014, kubva pa10% yeGDP kusvika pa25% yeGDP. Chikwereti chekunze chezita (chakazvimirira neruzhinji) chakabva paUS$41.8 bhiriyoni muna 2006 kuenda paUS$134.5 bhiriyoni muna 2014, kuwedzera kwe320 percent mumakore masere. Chikamu cheGDP chinoratidzwa pahwaro hweGDP PPP. Chikwereti kuGDP chiyero chakaderera zvishoma kana chichienzaniswa nedzimwe dzose dzeLatin America.
Imwe nhanho yakatorwa nehurumende panguva iyi yaive yekurambidza kupinda kwemadhora pamutengo wemari wepamutemo. Kureva kuti, mamiriro ekuti maVenezuel aigona kuwana madhora akasimbiswa zvakanyanya. Mari shoma yaiwanika yekufambisa, yekudzidza kune dzimwe nyika, uye yezvinyorwa zvisingabvumirwi zvekutengesa kunze. Mhedzisiro yechiito ichi yaive yekuti mwero wekutsinhana kwemusika mutema wakakwira panguva iyi, kubva pamadhora masere padhora muna 8, uye kusvika pagumi nematanhatu muna 2011.
Uyewo, sezvo zvinhu zvishoma zvaigona kutengwa kunze kwenyika nemutengo wemari wepamutemo, vatengesi vakawanda vakatanga kushandisa misika yemisika kupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika, zvichiita kuti inflation ikwire. Kunyange kana vaishandisa mwero wepamutemo wekuchinjana nawo, panzvimbo pokuderedza vatengesi vanobva kunze kwenyika vaifanira kubhadhara zvinhu nemutengo wemusika mutema, vanhu vaiziva kuti vaigona kuuraya nokuisa mitengo yezvinhu nemutengo wakakwirira zvikuru pamusika wavatema nokudaro ndokudaro. Muchidimbu, inflation yakatanga kupisa zvakare, ichibva kune yakadzikama (yeVenezuela) 13.7 muzana muna 2006, kusvika 31.4 muzana muna 2008 uye yakabata pa20-21 muzana, paavhareji, pakati pe2010 ne2012.
Kukwereta kuti ubhadhare iyo yakaderera chiyero chekuchinjana yaive neimwe mhedzisiro, inova iyo yakawedzera huwandu hwemabhorivhari mukutenderera, zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzekunze kwenyika. Huwandu hweM2 hwekupihwa kwemari (inosanganisira kutenderera kwemari uye kuchengetwa kwebhangi) hwakawedzera nechikamu che28 (2,800 muzana) pakati pekupera kwa2006 kusvika pakupera kwa2014, nepo matura ekunze akaderera neinopfuura 50 muzana panguva imwe chete, kubva kutenderera US$30 bhiriyoni kusvika US$15 bhiriyoni, sekureva kweVenezuelan Central Bank. Kunyangwe paine gakava pakati penyanzvi dzezvehupfumi nezvekukosha kwechiyero ichi pachiyero chekuchinjana, hazvirambike kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuwedzera kwemitengo, uko vazhinji veVenezuela veruzhinji nemabhizinesi mazhinji vanotsvaga kutenga madhora kuitira kuchengetedza mari yavo kubva mukuderera. kudiwa kwakaderera kwemabolivar uye kuderera kwemadhora kuchareva kuderera kwekuchinja kwemusika mutema pakati pemadhora nemabhorivha.
Ese aya maitiro akave akawedzera apo Mutungamiri Chavez akafa nekenza munaKurume 5, 2013 uye sarudzo nyowani dzakaitwa nguva pfupi yadarika, muna Kubvumbi, zvakakonzera sarudzo yaNicolas Maduro ne1.5 muzana yekukunda. Mhirizhonga yakaitika mushure mesarudzo, yakakurudzirwa nemumiriri webato rinopikisa, Henrique Capriles Radonsky, apo akadana vanhu kuti varatidzire “nehasha dzavo dzose,” pakafa vanhu gumi nevana, zvakatoita kuti maonero ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi anyanye kuipa. Kumwe kuyedza kudzongonyedza, mhirizhonga yemumigwagwa inozivikanwa se "guarimbas," pakati paKurume naChikumi 14, uye izvo zvakakonzera kuti vamwe makumi mana nevatatu vakafa uye vanopfuura zana vakakuvadzwa, zvakawedzera matambudziko ehupfumi.
Kureva kuti, destabilization yakagadzira imwe dzvinyiriro pamusika mutema wekutsinhanisa, izvo zvairevawo kuti pakanga paine gaka rinokura pakati pemukuru nemusika mutema wekuchinjana mitengo inogona kushandiswa kuita purofiti yakakura. Munhu upi noupi aiva nomukana wokushandisa mukana uyu akatarisana nemiedzo mikuru yokuita kudaro.
Kunyange zvazvo mari yekutengeserana yepamutemo yakagadziriswa pa6.3 bolivars padhora kubva pakutanga kwe2013, chiyero chemusika mutema chakanga chasvika katatu kuti, pa18 pamadhora. Mune mamwe mazwi, mumwe munhu akaenda kuU.S., semuenzaniso, anogona kutenga kusvika kuUS $ 4,000 madhora pamutengo wepamutemo (kubhadhara 25,200 bolivars). Kana vakasashandisa mari iyi kumusoro kana kuti vakatenga zvinhu zvakafanana kunze kwenyika, vaigona kuitengesa pamusika mutema voita purofiti ye300 muzana, vachiwana 75,000 bolivars.
Kutenderera kwakashata kwakatanga mukutanga kwegore ra2014, apo mukaha unoramba uchikura pakati pevamiriri vehurumende uye zvisiri pamutemo mitengo yekutsinhana yakagadzira kukurudzira kukuru kuti vawane pundutso kubva mugomba irori, zvichibva zvawedzera kuti gaka iroro. The black market exchange rate yakatanga kuwedzera exponentially mukufamba kwe2014 and 2015, ichisvika zana bolivars per dollar mukupera kwa100 and 2014 bolivars per dollar pakupera kwa800, ichigadzira 2015:125 ratio pakati pemusika mutema neiyo official exchange mitengo. . Mhindu huru inosvika 1 12,500 muzana nokudaro yakabvira.
Somugumisiro, vanhu vakawanda vakabatanidzwa mukuedza kuwana madhora pachiyero chepamutemo, kunyanya nekutenga zvinhu zvakatsigirwa muVenezuela uye (re-) kuendesa kunze kwemuganhu kune purofiti yakakura (vanhu vanozivikanwa se bachaqueros). Hongu, makambani makuru ane chekuitawo nehurongwa uhu, achiti anoda kuunza zvinhu zvakakosha kunze kwenyika, vobva varega kuunza kunze kwenyika izvi kana kuzvitengesa zvakare kuti vawane madhora. Pakati pegore ra2014 mutungamiri Maduro akafungidzira kuti zvinosvika zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvezvinhu zvese zvakapinzwa kunze kwenyika kuVenezuela (pamutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo) zvakaburitswa kunze zvakare.
Muuyo une mufungo wezvose izvi wakanga uri wokuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvakava zvishoma pamitengo inodzorwa nemitengo uye mukukwira kukuru kwemitengo yezvinhu zvisina kudzorwa. Ndiko kuti, kare kare muchikamu chechipiri chaChavez muhofisi, muna 2006, hurumende yakanga yatanga kuunza mitemo yemitengo yezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru, kuitira kuti vagadzirise tsika yevatengesi yemitengo yezvinhu zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekutsinhanisa kwemusika mutema panzvimbo yemukuru. rate. Nekufamba kwemakore, hurumende yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma huwandu hwezvinhu izvo zvinodzorwa nemitengo, izvo, kana zvikateererwa, zvairevawo kuti zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvave zvichitengeswa nemitengo iri pasi peiyo yaigona kutengeswa munyika dzakavakidzana, nokudaro zvichiwedzera zvigadzirwa izvi. izvo zvinogona kuunza purofiti yakakura kuburikidza nekutengesa zvakare kunze kwenyika.
Mubvunzo mukuru unobvunzwa nemunhu wese - mukati meVenezuela nekunze - ndewekuti, kana iyo yakaderera yakagadziriswa chiyero ichitungamira kumatambudziko mazhinji ehupfumi, nei hurumende isina kusimudza mwero? Pane tsananguro huru mbiri dzeizvi. Chekutanga, kukwidza mwero wekuchinjana wepamutemo kuitira kuti uenderane nehuwandu hwekuchinjana kwemusika mutema uye nemitengo munyika dzakavakidzana zvinoreva kukwidza mitengo yezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika pamutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo, zvichibva zvawedzera kuwedzera inflation yatove kure. zvakanyanyisa. Uye kunze kwekunge mibairo yakasimudzwa zvakafanana, kushandura mwero wekuchinjana kungarevawo kuderera kunowirirana kwemari uye nokudaro kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehurombo. Chechipiri, kushandura chiyero chekuchinjana chepamutemo chaizomiririra kubvuma kukundwa mumamiriro ezvinhu arikunzi nehurumende hondo yehupfumi kurwisa Venezuela. Nepo kugadziridzwa kwemutengo wekuchinjana kana kudzikiswa kungangofanirwa kuitika munguva pfupi kana gare gare, hazvisi mubvunzo kuti danho rakadaro (uye chibvumirano chinorehwa) chingaitwe sarudzo dzemusi waZvita 6 dzeNational Assembly dzisati dzaitwa. Ziva, #pane gakava mukati meVenezuela kuti zvine musoro here kudaidza shanduko mumutengo wekuchinjana kuti "gadziriso" (izwi rinosarudzwa nehurumende) kana "kuderera." Ini ndinosarudza kuidaidza kuti gadziriso nekuti nehunyanzvi mari yacho yakatorasikirwa nehuwandu hwayo hwekukosha nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo, saka, kutaura zvazviri, kudzikiswa kweyero yekuchinjana kunowedzera kugadzirisa kune chokwadi chekuti inflation yakatodzikisa mutengo - izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana iwe uchifunga kuti vanhu vashomanana vanogona kuwana mari yepamutemo yekuchinjana, nokudaro zvichiita kuti chiyero chemusika dema chive chechokwadi kune vanhu vazhinji kupfuura avo vepamutemo.
Mune mamwe mazwi, mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino muVenezuela mugumisiro, kutanga, wekutonga kwehuwandu hwekuchinjana kwaireva kudzivirira mari pamusoro pekuedza kwekugadzirisa kwe2002, iyo pachayo yaiva mugumisiro wehurumende yeChávez kurwisa zvido zvekirasi ye capitalist. Chechipiri, iyo yatove isina kusimba kudzora mwero wekuchinjana yakawedzera zvakanyanya mushure mekuderera kwemutengo wemafuta muna 2008 uye zvakare muna 2014, izvo zvakaita kuti zviomere hurumende kuzadzisa kudiwa kwemadhora pasina kuenda kuchikwereti. Chechitatu, kuedza kutsva kwevanopikisa kupikisa hurumende yeMaduro zuva rakatevera sarudzo yaMaduro muna Kubvumbi 2013 uye zvakare mukutanga kwe2014, yakashandura kusagadzikana kwehupfumi huripo kuva hutsika hunotyisa hwekukwira kwemitengo, kuperevedza, kuderera kwemusika mutema, nekuvandudza inflation. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu nokudaro akaoma zvikuru kuhurumende uye anoodza mwoyo zvikuru nokuda kwavanhu.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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