Zvirango seHondo: Anti-Imperialist Maonero paAmerican Geo-Economic Strategy., bhuku richangobva kubudiswa naBrill, rinopa nhoroondo yakazara yezvirango zvehupfumi sechishandiso cheUS chekushandisa simba padanho repasi rose. Chinyorwa, icho chinofanirwa kuverengerwa kune avo vanonzwira vanhu tsitsi, chinosanganisira chitsauko paVenezuela naGregory Wilpert. Pano Wilpert anoenda pamusoro pezvimwe zvaakawana zvakakosha.
Pane kupatsanurwa kwemaitiro pakati pekuruboshwe muGlobal North: vanhu vakuru vaigara kuburikidza neVietnam uye / kana Iraq wars centre imperialism, nepo zvizvarwa zvidiki zvichitarisa kune dzimwe (dzakakoshawo) nyaya. Chokwadi, dai wairarama kuti unzwe Donald Rumsfeld kana Paul Wolfowitz vachiratidza pachena chirongwa cheUS semampiriyamu kana kutaura nezve kushandura Iraq kuita New Jersey, zvingave zvakaoma kuti usaise pasi imperialism. Mumwe anogona kupokana kuti chokwadi chekuti mutemo weUS wachinja mumakore mashoma apfuura - iko zvino zvave kuhwanda, kuendesa zvirango uye hondo dzeproxy pachinzvimbo chekupinda nechisimba - zvakakanganisa maonero epasirese ezvizvarwa zvidiki muGlobal North. Ndingapikisa kuti ichi ndicho chikonzero mabhuku akadai Zvirango seHondo, anonyanya kukosha. Unogona here kutsanangura kuti nei kunzwisisa mutemo wezvirango kwakakosha zvakadaro?
Ini ndinofunga isu tinofanirwa kuona kushandiswa kwezvirango mumamiriro makuru ezviitiko zviviri zvinopindirana zvemakumi mashoma apfuura. Kutanga, kune kusimuka uye kupera simba kweUS hegemony padanho repasi. Chechipiri, kune shanduko yehunyanzvi hwemauto uye zano kune zvakanzi nevamwe vanyori venhoroondo dzemauto nenyanzvi dze "hondo yechizvarwa chechina."
Nezve budiriro yekutanga (kusimuka uye kupera simba kweUS hegemony) iyo US ingangosvika pakakwirira yepasi rose hegemony panguva yekuparara kweSoviet Union mukutanga 1990s. IUS ndiyo chete yaive nesimba repamusoro panguva iyoyo uye yainakidzwa nehunhu husingaenzaniswi-tsika, hupfumi, uye hutongi hwemauto pamusoro penyika yese. Nekudaro, sezvo neoliberalism yakava iyo yekutanga-inotonga mutemo wehupfumi munyika dzese dzepasi panguva ino, pasi pehutungamiriri hweUS kana kuisirwa, uye nyika dzehutano dzave kubviswa, zvaive zvisingadzivisike kuti kuramba neoliberalism kwaizoitikawo. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika mukutanga 2000s, nesarudzo yaHugo Chávez muVenezuela uye Latin America yekutanga inonzi "Pink Tide." Neimwe nzira, dambudziko iri rakaratidza kutanga kwekupera kweUS ideological and economic hegemony. Nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, US haina kukwanisa kumanikidza kuda kwayo, sezvayaisimboita, nesimba rehondo chete. Zvakaramba zvakadaro mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seAfghanistan neIraq, asi hazvina kukwanisa kuzviita kwese kwese. Neraki kuUS, zvakadaro, budiriro yechipiri yandakataura, yehondo yechizvarwa chechina, yakauya pachayo panguva ino zvakare.
Kureva kuti, munhoroondo, hondo yave kuramba ichiwedzera maererano nemhando dzezvombo zvakaiswa uye maererano nezvainovavarira. Kubva pakavambwa nyika-nyika muzana ramakore rechi 17, mauto aingotanga kurwisana mumwe nemumwe mune zvaiita kurwisana nemaoko (1st generation warfare). Zvino, nekuvandudzwa kwepfuti nepfuti, vaigona kurwa mumwe nemumwe nemumadaro mahombe, vachigadzira nzvimbo dzehondo dzakakura uye zvinogona kusanganisira nekuuraya vanhu vazhinji (2nd generation). Kuvandudzwa kwendege dzehondo nemabhomba zvakabva zvabvumira varongi vehondo kuti vapfuure mitsetse yepamberi uye kunanga zvivakwa zvemauto mukati menzvimbo yevavengi uye nekudaro kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo nenzira yeinodaidzwa kuti "kukuvadzwa kwechibvumirano" (chizvarwa chechitatu). Zvino, nehondo yechizvarwa chechina, vatungamiriri vemauto nevezvematongerwo enyika vakatanga kushandisa tekinoroji yechizvino-zvino kuti vatarise ruzhinji rwevavengi sezvo musiyano pakati pemauto nemuvengi wevagari vemo wainge watove wadzima zvachose mushure mekubhomba kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Panyaya yezvombo zvakashandiswa, tekinoroji yese yaivepo yakaiswa. Pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvechinyakare zvechiuto zvakaita sepfuti, mabhomba uye makombora, vatungamiriri vemauto nevezvematongerwo enyika vaizoshandisawo cyber-warfare, hondo yepfungwa, mashandiro epachivande, uye zvirango zvehupfumi.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kushandiswa kwezvirango zvehupfumi sechombo chehondo ndiwo mhedzisiro yehutongi hwehupfumi hweUS - uye matambudziko anoenderana nehutongi uhu - pamwe nekuwanda kwehondo, uko nzira dzese dziripo uye dzinogona kushandiswa kurwisa vanhu vese. . Kana tangonzwisisa izvi, kupokana nekushandiswa kwezvirango sechombo chehondo inova zano rakakosha mukuyedza kukanganisa US hegemony. Izvi, zvamazvirokwazvo, mukuwedzera mukupokana nezvirango panheyo dzetsika dzehwaro nokuda kwekufa kwadzo uye hunhu hwadzo husina rusaruro.
Muchitsauko chako chebhuku Zvirango seHondo, unoona zvikonzero zviviri zvikuru nei US inosarudza kuisa zvirango. Tinogona here kuenda pamusoro pavo?
Sezvo chitsauko changu chine chekuita neVenezuela, ndingati ongororo iyi inonyanya kushanda kune nyaya yeVenezuela uye handingade kuita chirevo chekushandiswa kwezvirango zveUS kune dzimwe nyika dzese, kunyangwe zvingave zvikonzero zviviri zvakafanana muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Chikonzero chekutanga chine chekuita nezvandambotaura, izvo zvekuti Venezuela, pasi peMutungamiri Chávez, yakaita nhamburiko yakajeka yekubva pane neoliberal economic policy. Kupfuura izvozvo, Chávez akawedzera kunyanyisa panguva yehutungamiriri hwake uye aida kutanga 21st-century socialism muVenezuela. Saka kuiswa kwezvirango zveUS kunomiririra kuedza kukanganisa chirongwa cheBolivarian-socialist muVenezuela panguva iyo US yaitenda kuti kuita izvi kwaizoita kuti hurumende, yaitungamirwa naNicolás Maduro, idonhe zviri nyore uye nekukurumidza.
Chikonzero chechipiri chine chekuita nekuedza kwaChávez kutarisana zvakananga neUS hegemony padanho repasi nekuvaka yaakadana kuti yakawanda-polar nyika. Akaita izvi nekuvaka hukama hweSouth-South, mukati meLatin America neCaribbean pamwe nepasi rose. MuLatin America, akaita izvi kunyanya nekusundira mberi mapurojekiti akadai UNASUR (Mubatanidzwa weSouth America Nations) uye CELAC (Nharaunda yeLatin America neCaribbean States). Mukutaura pasi rose izvi zvaisanganisira kuvandudzwa kwekudyidzana kwakasimba nenyika dzakaita seChina, India, nenyika dzeAfrica. Zvisinei, sezvo zvizhinji zvezvirango zvakatanga kushanda mushure mekufa kwaChávez uye mushure mekunge UNASUR neCELAC dzatove zinyekenyeke nekuda kwekurudyi kwehurumende dzeLatin America, kurudziro iyi ingangodaro yakaita basa diki mukuiswa kwezvirango kuVenezuela.
Hapana kuramba kuti masanctions nguva dzose kuvadza vanhu. Muchokwadi, muna Kurume 2019, Munyori weUnited States of State Mike Pompeo akabvuma kuti hutongi hwaTrump hwakatarisira kuwedzera dambudziko revanhu veVenezuela kuburikidza nezvirango. Iye akati: “Denderedzwa riri kusimba, dambudziko revanhu riri kuwedzera neawa. (…) Unogona kuona kurwadziwa uye kutambura kuri kuwedzera kuri kutambura nevanhu veVenezuela. ” Nekudaro, zvirango hazvina kubvisa hurumende yakasarudzwa nedemocracy yeMaduro kana, nenyaya iyoyo, chero imwe hurumende yakakomberedzwa nekuvharirwa. Muchinyorwa chako, unopokana kuti mukumisikidzwa kwezvirango, iyo US inoshanda chaizvo kumanikidza "kuvhurwa" kwedzimwe nyika dzakazvimiririra kune zvido zveguta renyika. Unogona here kutsanangura iyi hypothesis?
Pandakataura kuti chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveUS ndechekudzikisira zvirevo zveVenezuela-neoliberal nesocialist, ndinofunga kuti Washington ine zvibodzwa zviviri mupfungwa. Kutanga, inoda kudzivirira nyika yakadai seVenezuela kubva pakuva anti-capitalist imwe nzira kune inotonga paradigm, ndiko kuti, kudzivirira inogona kuitika "muenzaniso wakanaka" unogona kukurudzira vanhu mune dzimwe nyika kutevera nzira yakafanana. Chechipiri, inodawo kuve nechokwadi chekuti zviwanikwa zveVenezuel, kunyanya matura ayo emafuta, anowanikwa kuguta renyika.
Pano tinopinda mune imwe nharo yepakati-kuruboshwe pamusoro pekuti US iri kutevera zvido zvetransnational capital kana yeUS capital. Iyi ingangove yakaomesesa gakava kuti ipinde mairi, asi ndinongotaura kuti ini ndinoona gakava rekuti hurumende yeUS iri kutsvaga zvido zvetransnational capital kuti ive inomanikidza. Sezvo mari zhinji yakanyatso kupindirana uye isina kunyatso kudzika munyika chero ipi zvayo, hurumende yeUS haina hanya nezvese zvekuti BP (British), Exxon-Mobil (US), Total (French), kana Eni (Italian) inokwanisa kuwana mahara. Oiri yeVenezuelan, chero bedzi capital yepasi rose isina kuvharirwa kuwana kwairi. Nhoroondo kutaura tinoona izvi zviri izvo kune nyika dzese uko US yakapindira. Zvichireva kuti, US inenge yakangoita imwe-ruoko yakamisa kurongeka kwenyika uko kutonga uye kuyerera kwemahara kwemari yepasi rose ndiyo musimboti wekutanga. Nyika dzinoramba kurongeka kwepasi rose idzi dzinomanikidzwa kutevedzera kungave kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwehondo yechizvarwa chechina kana, kana dzikasanyanya kurwa, kuburikidza neIMF, World Bank, uye World Trade Organisation.
Mumwe angapokana here kuti, mune yeVenezuelan, mutemo wati wabudirira nekuti hurumende yave kuenda kurusununguko rwehupfumi hwehupfumi mumakore mashoma apfuura?
Hongu, ndinofunga kuti igakava riri pamutemo. Ndinoreva, zvirango zveUS zvakadzipa Venezuela zvekuti hurumende iri kuda mari. Kazhinji, inoda mari yekuvakazve indasitiri yayo yemafuta, izvo zvinoda mari yakawanda yegore negore kuti mafuta arambe achiyerera uye kuti arambe achichenesa. Ini handikwanise kupinda mukuomerwa kwehurongwa hwehupfumi hweVenezuela, uye ndinofungidzira mumwe anogona kutaura kuti zvingave zvakagoneka kusunungura chikamu chemafuta chekudyara uku uchichengeta mamwe marongero ehupfumi ehupfumi munzvimbo. Zvichida.
Zvinoita sekuti masanctions anoshanda chaizvo (zvakadai) kuitira kuti nyika dzakatemerwa zviswedere pedyo. Muchokwadi, munhau yeVenezuelan, nyika yeCaribbean yakasimbisa hukama nevadyidzani vakaita seRussia, Iran, neChina, pamwe chete, hongu, Cuba. Zvirango zvinogona kupedzisira zvapesana nezvido zveUS?
Ehe, kune nzira dzakati wandei dzekuti kumisikidzwa kwezvirango kunopedzisira kwave kudzosera kubva pachinangwa chavo chepakutanga, izvo zvinoita kuti ushamise kuti sei US ichiramba ichivatevera. Chekutanga, pane yaunotaura, yekuunza nyika dzakatemerwa zvirango pedyo nenzira yezvibvumirano zvekushandira pamwe.
Chechipiri, uye yakanyatsoenderana neyekutanga, kudyidzana kwepedyo pakati peVenezuela, Russia, China, Iran, zvichingodaro, zvinoreva kuti inogona kumisa chirongwa chekupikisa-hegemonic, chinopesana neUS hegemony. Semuenzaniso, pane kutaura nezve kumisikidza imwe nzira kune dhora rekuAmerica semari inochengeterwa pasi rose. Kana izvo zvikaitika, zvaizoderedza zvakanyanya hupfumi hweUS. Zvakare, nyika idzi dzinowedzera uye dzinoita sechivharo mumasangano akawanda akadai seUnited Nations.
Chechitatu, imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti nyika dzakatemerwa zvirango dzinova dzakasununguka kubva kuUnited States uye izvi zvinobatsira kusimukira kwehupfumi hwadzo. Izvi zvinoratidzika kunge zvakanyanya kuitika nezvirango zvakatemerwa Russia, senyanzvi yezvehupfumi James K. Galbraith akaratidza. Ndingapokana kuti izvi zvave zvakadaro, kune imwe nhanho shoma, muVenezuela, uko zvirango zvakasundira nyika kuti iwedzere kuzvimiririra maererano nekugadzirwa kwekurima, chimwe chinhu chaigara chinangwa chaChavez asi chaive. haambokwanisi kubudirira panguva yehutungamiri hwake.
Chechina - uye ichi chinobhururuka zvachose pamberi pezvirango zvepakutanga chinangwa - ndechekuti ivo vanowanzosimbisa ruoko rwehurumende yakanangwa. Pakave netsvakiridzo yakawanda yesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika inoratidza kuti zvirango zvinoita kuti vanhu vawedzere kutsamira kuhurumende yepakati pakugovanisa zvinhu nemasevhisi, uye kuti izvi zvinoreva kuti hurumende inosimbaradzwa uye haina kupera simba zvachose nezvirango. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana chinangwa chezvirango chiri shanduko yehutongi, sezvazvinowanzoitika mumamiriro mazhinji, sezvo hurumende isiri kuzobvuma chero chinhu kana kupona kwayo kuri panjodzi.
Kuti ndidzoke muchidimbu kumubvunzo wekuti sei US ichiramba ichitemera zvirango kunyangwe vaine mhedzisiro yezvinangwa zvavo zvataurwa, ndinofunga izvi zvinoburitsa pachena kuti masanctions haana kana chekuita nezvinangwa zvakataurwa. Pane kudaro, ini ndinotenda kuti chinangwa chaicho ndechekuita kuti nyika yakakanganiswa ive isingaite zvehupfumi zvekuti inova mwana weposta nei "socialism isingashande" - zvirinani, kana iri nyika dzakaita seVenezuela kana Cuba.
Unopedzisa chitsauko chako nekukakavara kuti zvakakosha kuti vanhu vanzwisise "zvinoparadza uye sehondo-zvakaita semhedzisiro" yezvirango, uye kuti vanhu vanofanirwa kuziva kuti vari kutyora mutemo wepasirese uye kunyangwe mutemo weUS. Muchidimbu, unoita sei nyaya yekuti zvirango hazvisi pamutemo?
Kunyange chiri chokwadi kuti zvirango hazvisi pamutemo pamatanho mazhinji, ndinoda kutanga ndataura kuti zvinosuruvarisa kuti hapana zvakare nzira yekumanikidza yekuti vanotyora vakaita seUS vazvidavirire.
Pamutemo wepasi rose, zvirango zvinotyora UN Charter (Article 2.4), iyo inotaura zvakajeka kuti kushandiswa kwesimba reunilateral hakusi pamutemo. Ehe, iyo US inoti zvirango hazvisi zvekushandisa simba, izvo, kwandiri, zvinoita sezvisina musoro. Zvakare, iyo Geneva neHague Kokorodzano inorambidza kushandiswa kwechirango chakaungana. Tichifunga chirevo chaPompeo chawambotaura, hazvisi kure-kure-kare kutaura kuti zvirango zvinomiririra nzira yekuranga pamwe chete. Bva, charter yeOrganisation of American States (OAS) charter (Chikamu 19) inotaura kuti nyika dzose dziri nhengo dzinorambidzwa kupindira mune zveupfumi hwomukati meimwe nyika iri nhengo.
Nezvemutemo wemuUS wemuUS, nzira huru yekutemera zvirango yanga iri International Emergency Economic Powers Act ya1977, iyo inoda kuti mutungamiri wenyika aratidze kuti nyika inotarisirwa kupihwa neUS, "chinhu chisina kujairika uye chinotyisa kuchengetedzeka kwenyika. yeUnited States.” Mutungamiri Barack Obama vakapa chiziviso ichi nekuremekedza Venezuela muna 2015 uye yakagadziridzwa nemutungamiri wega wega gore rega kubva ipapo. Kune ani nani ane inopfuura hafu yeuropi, zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kuve pachena kuti Venezuela haimiriri kutyisidzira kwakadaro kuUnited States. Nemamwe mashoko, chiziviso chacho ndechenhema, uye nokudaro zvinodiwa nemutemo zvekuisa zvirango hazvisi kuzadzikiswa. Nehurombo, zvakadaro, matare eUS haadi zvachose kutora nyaya dzine chekuita negwara rekunze nekuti idzi dzinoonekwa sedzine kodzero yeWhite House neCongress.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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