Greg, vanhu vakawanda vakavhiringidzika pamusoro pezviri kuitika muVenezuela, uye nei. Chokwadi iwe nguva pfupi yadarika wakanyora chinyorwa chinonzwisisika nezvacho cheTelesur Chirungu. Mamiriro acho akaomarara asi ndinovimba mubvunzurudzo iyi tinogona kubatsira vanhu kuona kuburikidza nekuomarara kune zvakakosha nekutora nhanho yekudzokera kumashure kwehupfumi uye kugadzirisa zvese nenzira yakafanana zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye zvisingade ruzivo rwekutanga. Chinonyanya kunetsa kune vakasara vachitarisa mishumo pamusoro peVenezuela idambudziko rehupfumi - kwete zvishoma inflation muna 2015 pedyo ne200 muzana, mitsetse yakareba, kushomeka, nezvimwewo - asiwo nyaya dzekurapwa kwevanopikisa uye kunyanya huwori hwakapararira uye pakupedzisira kuderera kwerutsigiro rwakakurumbira. .
Saka, kutanga, Chavez paakatanga chirongwa cheBolivarian kurongazve hupfumi, ndeapi mamiriro aakasangana nawo? Ndeipi yaive "yekutanga" yehuwandu uye masangano, muchidimbu?
Chavez paakatanga kutora chigaro ndechekuti mutengo wemafuta wakadzikira kusvika pakudzikira kwemadhora gumi padhiramu, paive nehuwori hukuru, kusaenzana kukuru, hurombo hunosvika makumi mashanu muzana, masangano ese ehurumende. mumaoko evaduku vashoma vakanga vatonga nyika pasina kukanganisa kwemakore 10, uye vanhu vakanga vauya kuzoramba hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika - sezvakaratidzwa mukuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekurega uye kusakendenga kwezvematongerwe enyika.
Chii chaive chakatarisana naChavez chekuchinja - uye kuedza kwake kwakave nei pahuwandu hwakawanda nemasangano?
Chávez akauya kuzogadzirisa matambudziko ese aya munguva yehutungamiriri hwake, asi akatanga neayo angangove ainyanya kubata zvido zvevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvaive kuumbwa kwebumbiro idzva remitemo iro rakatsvaira vanhu vese vekare. vabuda muhofisi, vachitevedzera gwara rekunze rekusimbaradza OPEC uye kudzosera kumashure izvo zvanga zviri zvishoma nezvishoma zvekambani yemafuta ehurumende, uye kutanga chirongwa chakakwana chekugadzirisa ivhu. Gare gare akazotevera chirongwa chegwaro rakanangana nekugovera patsva hupfumi hwemafuta emunyika kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvemagariro, izvo zvaisanganisira kudyara kukuru mubazi redzidzo, uye kuwedzera kutora kwevagari kutora chikamu mukuzvitonga kwavo kuburikidza nemakanzuru, nekudaro kudzoreredza makumi emakore ekusava nehanya kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Ndeipi yaive mhinduro yevakuru vemakambani kuchirongwa chaChavez?
Mhinduro yekubvisa vakuru vevakuru muhofisi uye kutora masimba makuru pamusoro pezviwanikwa zveoiri nenyika yakakurumidza uye yaisanganisira kuedza kwaApril 2002 uye kudzima indasitiri yemafuta muna Zvita 2002. Ehe, panguva yese yaaive ari muhofisi Chavez akatarisanawo nekurwiswa nguva dzose kubva kune vega vezvenhau veVenezuela.
Chavez akahwina zvakare chinzvimbo chake, nekuda kwerutsigiro rwakakurumbira, kudzoreredza mhedzisiro ye coup, asi ndeapi mamwe maitiro akave neanopikisa?
Imwe yezvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekuedza kukwikwidza uye kuvharwa kweindasitiri yemafuta kwaive kubhururuka kukuru kwemari panguva yezviito izvi uye shure kwaizvozvo. Panyaya iyi zvaireva kuti vaive nemidziyo yemari vaichinjanisa mari dzavo kuita madhora kuitira kuti vaise mumaakaundi ekubhanga ekunze.
Ndeupi mutsauko wakaita, toti, kukosha kweBolivar - mari yeVenezuela - uye kune mamwe masimba anokanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva?
Avo vane mari yakawanda – vatengesi, vemabhanga, vemabhizimisi, nezvimwewo – vanogona kubvisa mari dzavo kunze kwenyika nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nekuti mari yacho iri mumari yemunyika here kana kuti yekunze. Kunyange zvazvo mhando mbiri dzekubhururuka kwemari idambudziko, nekuti dzinoreva kuti mari shoma inowanikwa munyika yekudyara zvine pundutso, kuibvisa kunze kwenyika kana ichibatwa nemari yeko idambudziko rakakura nekuti zvinoreva kuchinjanisa yemuno. mari, iyo bolivar, yemadhora. Kana mari yakawanda iri kutengeswa, kureva kuti, inoraswa kutengeswa, zvinoreva kuti kukosha kwebholivar maererano nemadhora kunoderera. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinotora madhora mashoma kutenga huwandu hwakafanana hwebhorivha. Saizvozvo, kana chinhu chakanaka chiri kutengeswa nemadhora, zvinoda mamwe maBolivars kuti atenge. Kana izvi zvikaitika, kutengwa kunze kwenyika kunodhura kune vanhu vanofanirwa kuzvitenga nemabhorivha. MuVenezuela, pamusoro pe60% yezvinhu zvose zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika - saka pakupedzisira mitengo muBolivars, mari yemunharaunda inokwira kune zvose, iyo inonziwo inflation. Kana inflation isingabhadharwi nekukwira kwemari, urombo hunowedzerawo. Nemari yakafanana muBolivars sepakutanga, munhu anogona kutenga zvokudya zvishoma, zvinhu, nezvimwe.
Zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi ndezvekuti vashoma vanoisa mari kunze kwenyika vangafarira kuisa mari yavo munyika kuti vatange mabhizinesi ikoko senge muindasitiri yemafuta semuenzaniso, izvo zvinoreva kuti vashoma vekunze vanofarira kutenga mabhomba ekushanda muVenezuela nawo. ivo, nokudaro vachiwedzera kuwedzera glut ye bolivars zvichiita kuti mutengo wemari udzike zvakanyanya.
Ndeipi yaive mhinduro yehurumende yekuyedza kudzikamisa ndege huru? Sei isina kungoti kwete, haugone kubvisa hupfumi ihwohwo? Sei, kunyanya, yakaedza kudzikamisa kukosha kweBolivar? Chekupedzisira, marongero aChavez akashanda sei kuBolivar, uye ndeapi mamwe mhedzisiro yavakava nayo pane zviwanikwa zvehurumende uye pakubhururuka kwemari pachayo, uye nei?
Mhinduro yehurumende yakanga iri, kutanga, kumisa kuderera kwemutengo webholivar nekutenga mabhodhoro - nokudaro kuderedza kugoverwa kwemabhodhoro pamusika - kushandisa madhora kubva kuCentral Bank's dollar reserves yakawanikwa kubva mukutengesa mafuta. Asi chiito ichi, kuti chikwane, chakaita kuti mari yedhora reCentral Bank idzikire nekukasira, zvichibva zvaita kuti mari ienderere mberi, sezvo nguva zhinji aya aive madhora akatorwa kunze kwenyika. Yakanga iri mamiriro asinganzwisisike, kumisa dambudziko rehupfumi rekuderera kwekukosha kweBolivars yakaunzwa nendege huru, hurumende yaitenga maBolivars nemadhora, ayo akabva - akabudiswa kunze kwenyika nokudaro achiwedzera kubhururuka kwemari.
Pakazosvika March 2003 hurumende yakaziva kuti zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kumira zvakanaka uye yakasarudza kudzikamisa kubhururuka kwemari neimwe nzira, ichitanga kushandisa mari. Izvi zvaireva kuti vanhu vekuVenezuela vaida kubvisa mari yavo kunze kwenyika vaifanira kuzadzisa zvisungo zvekutengesa mabhorivhari avo nemadhora anobatsira kumwewo. Chokwadi, vaigona, nedzidziso, kunzvenga izvozvo nekungotora Bolivars kunze, asi nekupihwa kuti bolivar imari isingashandisi mumwe munhu, zvingave zvisina maturo. Vangosvika kune imwe nzvimbo vanga vasina chinhu, vaisazokwanisa kushandisa bolivars, muMiami, toti, uye vaisagona kuchinjana nemadhora. Saka vaifanira kuwana madhora acho vari kuVenezuela. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichocho kudzora kwemari kunova imwe yenzira dzinoshanda kwazvo dzekuti nyika yakaita seVenezuela idzikise kubhururuka kukuru. Kune mamwe maitiro, akadai sekuisa miganhu pakutora kubhengi, asi ndinofunga kuti zvingadai zvakaomesesa kupfuura kutonga kwemari.
Chii chaizvo chinonzi chekuchinjana uye chii chaive marongero aChavez pachiri, uye zvavanofunga? Uchishandisa chiyero chekuchinjana, ndiani anonyanya kutenga madhora uye nei? Uye ndiani anotengesa madhora kwavari?
Mari yekuchinja inokuudza mutengo wemari yemuno. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uine bolivars uye uchida kutora hupfumi hwako kunze kwenyika, unofanirwa kutengesa mabhodhoro nemadhora kana imwe mari, sezvo bolivar haigone kushandiswa kunze kweVenezuela. Chiyero chekuchinjana nokudaro chinokuudza kuti mabhorivha mangani aunoda kurega kuti ugamuchire dhora kana vice-versa. Kurume 2003 isati yasvika, chiyero chekuchinja kweVenezuela chaichinja zvichienderana nekuti imarii mabholiva aitengeswa uye kuti madhora mangani aipihwa, Kana mabholivha akawanda aitengeswa pane vanhu vaive nemadhora vakagadzirira kubhadhara nemutengo wekare, ipapo mutengo we. bolivar yaibva yadzika. Dzimwe nguva hurumende yaimbopinda mumusika wemari nekutengesa madhora kubva mumatura ayo eCentral Bank. Izvi zvinoderedza kupihwa kwemabhorivha uye kuwedzera kupihwa kwemadhora, nekudaro kurwisa kutengeswa kwemabholivars uye kuchengetedza mwero wekuchinja wakagadzikana.
Imwe tsananguro yakajairika uye inowanzoenderana yekuderera kwemutengo mumari yemuno ndeyekuti kune "kusavimbika" mumari kana mumitemo yehupfumi yehurumende uye saka vanhu vanoda kutora mari yavo kunze kwenyika.
Kunyange izvi zvingave zvechokwadi mune yeVenezuelan kesi, ndinofunga izwi rekuti "kusavimba" rinovharika kupfuura zvarinoburitsa. Zvakanga zvichiitika muVenezuela ndezvekuti hurumende yakanga ichiita zvinopesana nezvido zveavo vane mari yakawanda uye saka, hongu, chikamu ichocho chaida kutora mari yavo, midziyo yavo, kunze kwenyika nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Vakanga vasina chivimbo, kana kuti vaitya zvakanyanya kurasikirwa, asi kwete huwandu hwevanhu. Kukundikana kwekuedza kupidigura hurumende pamwe nekudzimwa kweindasitiri yemafuta chaive chiratidzo kumasangano akapfuma kuti kusandura hurumende hakusi kuzoitika munguva pfupi iri kutevera uye kuti kana vachida kuchengetedza midziyo yavo, ngavabude munyika.
Nei vanhu vakatyora mwero wekuchinjana kunyangwe pakutanga - kuita zvekutengesa pamitengo yakasiyana? Chii chakakonzera kuti pave neimwe nzira kana mwero wemusika mutema? Zvinorevei kuti kune mumwe, kureva kuti, mukuita, anotsinhanisa pachiyero chepamutemo, anotsinhanisa, kumashure munguva yatiri kutaura, pane imwe chiyero - uye vanozviita kupi, kana mumwe ari zviri pamutemo uye imwe haisi? Sei munhu wese asingango shandisa chiyero chepamutemo?
Musika mutema wemadhora wakaitika nekuti havasi vese vaifarira kutora mari kunze kwenyika vaigona kuzadzisa zvakaomesesa zvinodiwa kuti vawane madhora pamutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakatanga kutengesa mabhorivhari avo kune chero munhu aida kuzvitenga, izvo zvingangove zvakanyanya makambani ekunze aida kubhadhara mari mumabholivhari muVenezuela kana vanhu vakakwanisa kuwana chiyero chekuchinja chepamutemo uye vaida ita purofiti yakakura nekutora mukana wemusiyano wemutengo pakati pemukuru uye mitengo yemusika mutema yebolivar. Muchiitiko ichocho, kana vakatengesa maBolivars mashomanana nedhora, asi vanogona kuchinja dhora kune mamwe maBolivars akawanda - maererano neBolivars ivo vari kuita pfuma huru.
Iyo chaiyo nzira yekugadzira misika mitema yekuchinjana iri nyore uye hazvigoneke kuti hurumende itonge. Kureva kuti, semuVenezuelan, zvese zvaunoda iakaundi yekubhangi muzita rako kunze kweVenezuela, pamwe muUS uye unowana mutengesi wemari yemusika mutema anobvuma kukuitira kutengeserana. Kureva kuti, ngatitii urikuda kutengesa ma X bolivars emadhora eY - unongoendesa ma X bolivas muakaundi yebhangi reVenezuela remubhuroka iye obva atamisa maY madhora kubva kuakaundi yake kuU.S. iyo U.S. Hapana mari inomboyambuka chero miganhu ndosaka zvisingaite kuti hurumende itonge. Hurumende inogona kudzikamisa huwandu hwekuendesa kubhangi-ku-bhangi mukati menyika, asi kutonga kwakadaro hakuna kufarirwa zvakanyanya uye kunomiririra matambudziko makuru ehupfumi, sezvo kutengeserana kwakadaro kuchidikanwa zuva rega rega kuti ubhadhare mabhiri.
Maitiro ekudzikamisa hupfumi, kunyangwe kubhururuka kwemari, akashanda sei makore awo ekutanga? Chii chakanga chiri hwaro hwebudiriro yaro?
Kudzora kwemari kwakashanda zvakanaka mumakore ekutanga, kubva muna 2003 kusvika 2008, zvakanyanya nekuti hurumende yaive nemadhora akakwana kubva pamari yairi kuwana - nekuti mutengo wemafuta waive wakakwira panguva iyi - kuwedzera kana kushoma kuzadza zvishuwo zveVeVenezuela zvekuva nemadhora. . Ehe, avo vaisagona kushandisa chiyero chepamutemo vakashandisa musika mutema, asi ukuru hwemusika mutema panguva iyoyo hwaive hune mwero uye saka kwete dambudziko rakawanda.
Iye zvino tasvika kumatambudziko ehupfumi hwenyika yose muna 2008. Zvairevei kuVenezuela uye nei kuderera kwemitengo yemafuta kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwehurongwa hwekuchinjana? Ndeipi yaive mhinduro yeVenezuela kune mamiriro matsva, uye chii chaive chikonzero uye chinangwa?
Kuderera kwemutengo wemafuta muchikamu chechipiri chegore ra2008, kwaireva kuti hurumende yainge iine mari shoma yekuzadzisa zvaidiwa mudzimba dzemadhora, yakawanda kana yakawanda yaishandiswa kutenga zvinhu zvakakosha kunze kwenyika. Mhinduro yehurumende mumamiriro ezvinhu aya yaive katatu.
Kutanga, yakasimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu ayo vanhu vaigona kutenga madhora nemutengo wepamutemo. Chechipiri, yakaunza mitsva mitsva yekuchinjana mari, iyo iyo dhora yainyanya kudhura kutenga - asi isingadhuri sezvayaive pamusika mutema. Chechitatu, zvakare nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwayo mari, yakatanga kukwereta madhora kune mamwe ekutengeserana uku. Murangariro wezviito izvi waive wekudzikisa huwandu hwemadhora iyo hurumende yaifanirwa kupa, ichiri kuzadzikisa zvinodiwa nedhora zvekupinza zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodyiwa nevanhu vekuVenezuela. Nguva zhinji hurumende yakatangawo kupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika yakananga kunze kwekupa madhora kumakambani akazvimirira anozobva atora zvinhu kunze kwenyika.
Chii chaive mhedzisiro chaiyo yemitemo mitsva? Ini handisi kutsvaga manhamba asi tsananguro yako yekukanganisa kwayakaita hupenyu hwezuva nezuva?
Mhedzisiro huru yezvirambidzo zvakawedzera pakuwana madhora pamutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo waive wekuti mamwe bolivars akaguma atengeswa pamusika mutema, nokudaro kuita rudzi irworwo rwekutengeserana chikamu chikuru chehupfumi. Uyezve, sezvo mari yakawanda yakanga ichitengeswa pamusika mutema apo pakanga paine madhora mashoma aripo aireva kuti mutsauko pakati pemusika mutema wekuchinjana uye mutengo wekuchinja wepamutemo wakawedzera. Iko ndiko, nepo chiyero chekuchinjana chepamutemo chakaramba chiri pa6.3 bolivars padhora, pamusika mutema waifanira kubhadhara kusvika 18 bolivars padhora - katatu zvakanyanya.
Iri gaka pakati pemukuru nemusika mutema wekuchinjana mitengo yairevawo kuti vanhu vazhinji vakaedza kutora mukana uyu musiyano wemutengo, sezvo mibairo yekuita izvi yaiwedzera kukura. Semuyenzaniso, kana ukatenga 1,000 bolivars zvinhu zvinokosha zvakaunzwa kunze kwenyika pakuchinjana kwepamutemo - zvichireva kuti vanodhura mari inosvika zana nemakumi matanhatu emadhora kutenga kunze kweVenezuela (160 bolivars yakakamurwa ne1,000, iyo yepamutemo exchange rate), unogona kuedza kutengesa chigadzirwa ichi. muColombia nemadhora zana nemakumi matanhatu uye mozochinjana idzo madhora zana nemakumi matanhatu kudzokera kumabolivari pamusika mutema wegumi nemasere kusvika pa6.3, zvichireva kuti wava nezviuru zvitatu zvemabhorivhari zvino. Nenzira iyi wakawana purofiti ye160% pakutenga kwako kwepakutanga iyo yakakudyira chiuru chemabhorivha, nekungotenga chimwe chinhu kuVenezuela nekuchitengesa kuColombia.
Musiyano wemutengo wekuchinjana unowedzerawo kukwira kwemitengo nekuti vatengesi vazhinji vanoona mukana wekutengesa zvigadzirwa nemitengo yakaenzana nemusika mutema muVenezuela, semuenzaniso, kutengesa chigadzirwa che3,000 bolivars, kunyangwe pavakawana chigadzirwa pamutengo wepamutemo, zvichivadhura 1,000 bolivars chete.
Mumwe muuyo mukuru wakanga uri kushomeka kwechigadzirwa. Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvichigona kutengeswa nemhindu yakawanda munyika dzakavakidzana dzakaita seColombia kana Brazil kupfuura mukati meVenezuela, vanhu vanobvisa zvinhu kunze kwenyika, zvichisiya musika weVenezuela uchishomeka zvichikonzera kushomeka. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pazvinhu zvechikafu, semukaka, bhinzi, nyama isina kugadzikiswa, nezvimwewo nekuti pamusoro pedambudziko guru, hurumende yeVenezuela yakaunza kudzora kwemitengo pane izvi kuitira kuti vanhu havagone kubhadharisa chero mamiriro ezvinhu kwavari muVenezuela. sezvavanogona kubhadharisa kune dzimwe nyika, kunze kwekunge vazvitengesa zvisiri pamutemo pamusika mutema muVenezuela.
Izvi zvinotisvitsa pakukunda kwesarudzo kwaMaduro uye mhirizhonga yakazotevera. Kurwisana kwacho kwaingovawo zvako kuwedzera uye kwakapera here, kana kuti kwakave nemigumisiro yechigarire, kunyange zvazvo ichishanda zvisinganyanyi kuoneka pane mhirizhonga yomumugwagwa?
Mhirizhonga iyi yakave nemhedzisiro isingaperi mupfungwa yekuti yakasundira musika mutema wedhora mukudarika, zvichikonzera mhirizhonga. Izvi zvinoreva, apo mhirizhonga uye kuparara kwe2002 kwakakonzera kuiswa kwechitsinhanho chakagadziriswa kuitira kudzora ndege huru, muna 2013 uye 2014, misika yakasviba yemadhora yakanga yatove yakave yakakura yehupfumi uye kuedza kwekugadzirisa mushure meMaduro. sarudzo yakakonzera kudzvanywa kutsva kwekubvisa bolivars, kusunda kwainge kusisagone kudzorwa kuburikidza nekutonga kwemari kwaive kwagara. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukosha kwe bolivar maererano nedhora kwakadonha zvakare, zvichireva kuti waifanira kupa mamwe mabhorivhari kuti uwane madhora mukudzoka. Zvakare, mukaha pakati peiyo yepamutemo yekuchinjana uye musika dema yakawedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvakagadzira imwezve mikana uye zvinokurudzira kuita mari kubva pane gap, iyo, zvakare, yakawedzera saizi yepakati pakati pekuchinjana kuviri. rates.
Ndapota tsanangurai, zvakare, sezvo zvakakosha zvikuru kunzwisisa zviitiko, nei kuvapo kwehuwandu hwepamutemo - chii chakanga chiri zvishoma kudarika 6 Bolivares kutenga dhora? - uye mwero wemusika mutema weanosvika gumi nemasere padhora (mukutanga kwa18) - wakagadzira zvisingaite kudzivirira kurudziro yemhando dzakasiyana dzehuori?
Zvakanaka, iyo 300% purofiti yaunokwanisa kuita kwete nekugadzira chero chinhu, kana kushanda, asi nekungowana madhora emabholivari pachiyero chepamutemo asizve mabholivari emadhora pamutengo wemusika mutema ikurudziro huru yekuverevedza kana kuita mutambo system. . Asi, nekutengeserana kwega kwega gaka riri pakati peyero yepamutemo uye musika wemusika dema rinowedzera kuwedzera, nekudaro zvichiwedzera kuwedzera purofiti uye kurudziro. Urwu ndirwo rudzi rwekutenderera kwakashata kunokonzeresa njodzi.
Uye nei musiyano uripo pakati pemitengo wakaramba uchikura kusvika pamusika mutema wemazana zana padhora pakupera kwa100 uye 2014 bolivars padhora pakupera kwa800 uye chii chaireva izvi kune huwori - uye, zvakanaka, kana tichitaura nezve huwori, tiri kutaura nezvaani?
Kana mava nemhepo yakaipa, gap rinotanga kukura nekukurumidza, izvo zvatinoona zvichiitika muna 2014 na 2015. Kana vari ivo vari kuita zvehuwori, vanhu vakatanga kubatanidzwa ndevaya vanochengetedza bhodha uye vari inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvigadzirwa hazvisi kuburitswa kunze kwenyika. Vazhinji vaivava varwi, avo vari kupiwa chiokomuhomwe kuti vataridzike kune rimwe divi. Pasina panikiro, vazhinji vanobatanidzwa mukutengeserana vamene, kunyange zvakadaro. Zvakare, vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nemabhizinesi akazvimirira, avo neimwe nzira kana imwe nzira vanogona kuwana mari yepamutemo yekutsinhana vaizobatanidzwawo.
Chekupedzisira, mihoro yehurumende, maererano nekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu uye kuti mangani emadhora avanogona kuwana kubva mukuchinjanisa pamusika mutema yave yakaderera zvisingaite, saka chero ani zvake anogona kuwana madhora nenzira ipi neipi achava nekurudziro huru kuita kudaro. Semuenzaniso, mushandi anotambira 30,000 bolivars pamwedzi, inova muhoro wakajairika, haakwanise kuchinjana muhoro uyu kuita madhora pachiyero chepamutemo chekuchinjana. Kana aikwanisa, ivo vaizowana $4,762 (30,000 / 6.3). Nekudaro, hazvigoneke kuti munhu awane chiyero ichi. Kana ukaturikira muhoro uyu nemutengo wemusika mutema, uyo wava pedyo ne800 ikozvino, mushandi uyu anenge achingoita $37.50 pamwedzi. Kunyange kuverenga kwekubhadhara kuri kwechokwadi, zvakadaro, sezvo uchifanirwa kufunga kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvekutanga zvinogona kutengwa zvakachipa muVenezuela, zvinoyerwa nereti yemusika mutema. Zvakadaro, mihoro yave yakaderera, maererano nekuwedzera kwemitengo yekurarama.
Imwe nzira yekuwana madhora ndeye kukickbacks nevekunze makondirakiti - ndiko kuti, kana iwe uri chibvumirano nekambani yekune imwe nyika kune imwe mhando yekudyara kana purojekiti yezvivakwa, purofiti kubva kudiki-kudzosera kumashure mumadhora emadhora angave akakura mumabholivari, hama. kumuhoro wevashandi vehurumende.
Pamwe chete nezvose izvi, chii chaive mhedzisiro yemitengo yeVenezuela? Zvimwe tora mienzaniso miviri, gasi remota, uye chikafu, ndinofunga mukaka waiva muenzaniso wakanaka, ndizvozvo here? Zvekare, musiyano uripo pakati pemitengo mukati meVenezuela neavo vari kunze wakave nei? Uye nei mitengo iyi yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru?
Mitengo mune zvakanyanyisa dichotomized. Zvigadzirwa zvinodzorwa nemitengo, zvakaita semukaka, bhinzi, mupunga, nyama isina kugadzikiswa, mafuta ekubikisa, shuga, izvo zvinogona kunetsa kuwana kana kuti zvaunofanira kumira mumutsara kwemaawa mashoma, zvichave zvakachipa zvisingaite - mapeni mashoma payuniti. pamutengo wekuchinjana kwemusika mutema. peturu haibhadharwi. Vanhu vanowanzopa mushandi wepachiteshi chepeturu zvakanyanya kupfuura zvazvinoita kuzadza tangi. Saka iwe unogona kuona, kuita purofiti yakapetwa kagumi kubva pakutengesa kunze chigadzirwa chakatsigirwa uye chinodzorwa nemitengo, ikurudziro huru. Kurudziro iyi inokurudzirwa zvakare nenyaya yekuti chero chinhu chisingabatsirwe nemutengo wekuchinjana wepamutemo chave kudhura zvisingaite. Semuenzaniso, kudya kwemanheru muresitorendi yeavhareji kana fenicha kana seti yeTV zvave kudhura zvakanyanya, zvichienderana nemari inowanikwa nevanhu vazhinji. Saka, kunze kwekunge iwe uchida kusiya zvinhu zvakasarudzika zvakadaro, une chimwezve chinokurudzira kuita mari padivi. Chinhu chimwe chetecho chingaenda pakutenga motokari, furati, kana chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi chisingadzorwi mutengo.
Ko zvese izvi zvinoita sei pakuwanikwa kwezvinhu mumasherufu muzvitoro? Pamihoro yevanhu? Pamafungiro evanhu?
Migumisiro yakasiyana ine maitiro akasiyana pamafungiro evanhu, ndingati. Semuenzaniso, imwe mhedzisiro iyo inflation rate inopfuura 100% ine pamafungiro evanhu ndeyekutsvaga nzira dzekushandura chero mari yebholivar kuita chimwe chinhu chisingarasikirwe nekukosha nekukurumidza, senge real estate, mota, kana madhora. Izvi zvinobva zvawedzera mitengo yezvinhu izvi, zvichiwedzera kukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu.
Kushomeka kwacho kune mhedzisiro yekuti pese paine mutsara kumwe kunhu, unotanga wapinda mumutsara woona kuti chii chiri kutengeswa gare gare - kunyangwe usingachide, sezvo uchigona kuchitengesa kune mumwe munhu asina. nguva yekumira mumutsetse. Zvakare, zvinoreva kuti huwandu hunotyisa hwekubudirira hwakarasika - nenzira yekusaenda kubasa - nekuda kwekumirira mumitsetse, kunze kwekunge uchikwanisa kubhadhara mumwe munhu kuti amire mumutsetse wako.
Chekupedzisira, mari yakaderera maererano nemutengo wezvinhu zvisina kudzorwa zvinoreva kuti kana paine nzira yekuwana imwe mari yekuwedzera, iwe unoedza kuzviita.
Ndinofanirawo kucherechedza kuti ndakanzwa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya anowanzo kukanganisa pfungwa yekubatana iyo yakagadziriswa mumakore mashoma apfuura.
Iye zvino tasvika kumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano uye mubvunzo wakapararira zvikuru - kana iyo yakaderera yakagadziriswa shanduko yakatungamirira uye inoramba ichitungamirira kumatambudziko akawanda ehupfumi, nei hurumende isina kusimudza chiyero? Ndeipi calculus yavo inogamuchira kubviswa kukuru uye kutyisidzira, zvakare, kune rutsigiro rwehurumende, pane kungochinja marongero emitengo?
Ndinofunga kuti pane zvikonzero zviviri zvikuru zvekuti hapana shanduko yakaitwa kusvika parizvino kune iyi mitemo yehupfumi. Tataura izvozvo, hurumende yakaedza kuunza mamwe matanho akasiyana-siyana, akadai semwero mutsva wekuchinjana, kudzora mitengo kwakawanda, mitemo yakawanda yepurofiti, nemimwe mitemo, asi hapana kana chimwe cheizvi chakakwanisa kumisa mhirizhonga. zvandataura pano. Saka zvinoratidzika kwandiri uye kune vakawanda vanoona kuti kushandura chiyero chekuchinjana padanho rakadzama ndiyo chete nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri.
Chikonzero chekutanga chandinofunga kuti hapana shanduko yakakosha yakaunzwa ndechekuti danho rekugadzirisa shanduko yepamutemo kune chimwe chinhu chiri padyo nemutengo wemusika mutema ungareva kuwedzera kukuru kwemutengo wezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze uye zvinodzorwa mutengo. Izvi zvingakonzera mheremhere huru uye pasina gadziriso yakaenzana mari inowanwa ingarevawo kudzikira kwemararamiro uye kuwedzera kwehurombo.
Mupfungwa ndinofunga kugadzirisa mari yese uye chiyero chekuchinjana chinogoneka, asi chingave basa rakakura, iro hurumende isingade kuisa njodzi nguva pfupi sarudzo huru isati yaitwa.
Chikonzero chechipiri chekushaikwa kwechiito ndechekuti kugadziriswa kwemari kunoreva kuziviswa kwekukundwa pamberi peiyo hurumende iri kudana hondo yehupfumi. Zvakare, kuzivisa kwakadaro kunofanira kuitwa nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, asi kwete pamberi pesarudzo.
Zvichida ikozvino tinogona kupfupisa uye iwe unogona kupa maonero - kana mamiriro ezvinhu aripo muVenezuela ari mugumisiro, kutanga, wekuchinjana kwekuchinja kwekugadzirisa iyo yaireva kudzivirira mari pakuedza kuparara kwe2002, izvo ivo pachavo zvakaguma kurwisa kwehurumende yeChávez pazvido zvekirasi yemacapitalist, uye nekuti, chechipiri, kudzora kwekuchinjana kwatove kudiki kwakawedzera zvakanyanya zvichitevera kudzikira kwemutengo wemafuta muna 2008 uye zvakare muna 2014, uye chechitatu, nekuti izvi zvakaita kuti zviwedzere kuomera hurumende. kuzadzisa kudiwa kwemadhora pasina kuenderera mberi muchikwereti, uye chechina, kuedza kwevapikisi kutsva kwekudzikamisa kurwisa hurumende yeMaduro zuva rakatevera sarudzo yaMaduro muna Kubvumbi 2013 uye zvakare mukutanga kwe2014, yakashandura kusagadzikana kwehupfumi huripo kuve kutenderera kwakashata kwekukwira kwemitengo, kushomeka, kuderera kwemusika mutema, uye kukwira kwemitengo patsva, iwe unofunga kuti chii chinofanira kuitwa nehurumende yeMaduro, kana chero hurumende yeBolivarian, kuti vadzoke munzira yekusimudzira Venezuela nenzira ine hunhu uye inobatanidzwa?
Ndinofunga kuti hapana nzira yakapoteredza kugadzirisa mari. Ini ndinonzwisisa kuti sei hurumende ichida kupa rubatsiro rwezvinhu zvekutanga, zvinova izvo zvazvino chiyero chekuchinjana, asi kuve nemusiyano wakakura kudai wemitengo mukati menyika unoenderana nenyika dzakavakidzana nawo zvinogadzira mikana yakawandisa uye zvinokurudzira kukanganisa hupfumi, huwori, uye nekutengesa zvisiri pamutemo. Dai Venezuela chaive chitsuwa chaigona kubva nemukaha wakakura kudaro pakati pemitengo yemumba neavo vavakidzani vayo, asi hachisi chitsuwa nekudaro chinofanira kusvika pane imwe mhando yemitengo pakati pemisika miviri.
Nekudaro, sezvandambotaura, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekururamisira chero rudzi rwekuchinja kwekuchinjana kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa nekugovaniswazve kwerubatsiro, kubva pazvinhu zvakakosha kusvika kumihoro kuitira kudzivirira kuwedzera kwehurombo. Mubazi rehurumende, iro rinoshandisa chikamu chikuru chevanhu zvinofanirwa kunge zviri nyore kushandura mari yerubatsiro kumaricho. Uye mubazi rakazvimirira, rinofanirwa kuitwa zvakare, sezvo richitochaja mitengo yakakwira yezvinhu zvisina kudzorwa uye richikwanisa kukwidza mitengo yezvinhu zvinodzorwa nemitengo. Purofiti yaizodzika uye inofanira kudzikira, hongu, asi zvinogoneka.
Sezvineiwo, shanduko dzakadai dzinoperekedzwa nehurongwa hwekutaurirana neruzhinji rwevanhu, kutsanangura nyaya uye kuona nzira yakanaka yekuita shanduko idzi. Izvo, zvinosuruvarisa, zvingangotora nguva yakareba kuti shanduko yemutemo iyo panguva ino iitwe nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta