Zhizha rekuchamhembe kwehemisphere zhizha richangokwira uye kunyangwe kupisa kwakanyanya kwave kupera, zviri pachena kuti dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rakanyanyisa kupfuura zvaifungirwa nemasainzi mazhinji. Chirevo chazvino cheUN Intergovernmental Panel pamusoro peKushanduka Kwemamiriro Okunze - ane mukurumbira Rakachengetedza sangano rekutsvagisa - richakakavadzana muStockholm mwedzi unouya, asi hapana anogona kuramba fungidziro yaro: "kunyungudika kwakapararira kwechando chepasi, mafungu ekupisa kwakanyanya, kunetseka kurima chikafu uye shanduko huru muhupenyu hwezvirimwa nemhuka, pamwe kusanganisira masaisai ekutsakatika."
Zvakatoipisisa zviri kuuya, kune hofori yeArctic Ocean 'bech' ye50 bhiriyoni matani emethane ari kupukunyuka zvisingaite kubva mugungwa permafrost, maererano nevesainzi vari kunyora mujenari. muzvarirwo. North Pole ice ikozvino, pakupisa kukuru kwezhizha, chete 40 muzana yakakora sezvazvaive makore makumi mana apfuura, dambudziko rakangomiririrwa zvishoma mumufananidzo wakajeka we 'dziva' renguva pfupi iyo yakanyudza nzvimbo yepole mwedzi wapera.
Kukuvara kuchaitika mushure mekuputika, sekureva kwevanotungamira vaongorori kubva kuCambridge neErasmus Universities, inogona kudhura. $ 60 tiririyoni, inenge gore rose inobuda mune zvoupfumi hwenyika. Kudziya kwepasi rose kuchakurumidza ne15-35 makore semhedzisiro.
Nezvakazarurwa izvi, hazvibviri kuvhara makaro ekuzviparadza emafemu emafuta emafuta nevatengi vavo vakapindwa muropa nekabhoni. Vashandi vanotonga muUnited States, Russia neCanada vachafarira kurega makambani emafuta achitora mazhizha echando eArctic nekusimbaradza nekuchera, kwakabatana nekupisa kusati kwamboitika mumigwagwa yekufambisa ichangovhurwa.
Heat blowback muUS, China neDurban
Asi mamiriro ekunze ekunze anokonzeresa achangobata China, iyo ine rekodhi pasi rose CO2 emissions - zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekugadzira tsvina yakatengwa nenyika dzakapfuma idzo dzakaburitsa maindasitiri adzo kuEast Asia - inogadzira sechigadzirwa kwete chete. zvidimbu zvakakora zveutsi mumaguta makuru. Pakavewo nekufa kwakawanda kwakabatana nekupisa kutanga kwemwedzi uno. Shanghai akatambura mazuva gumi akatwasuka pamusoro pe38C, netembiricha mune dzimwe nzvimbo yakakwirira zvakakwana shandisa nzira yekukacha mazai nemaprawn.
Mune yechipiri hombe greenhouse gasi emitter (uye yakakura munhoroondo), kumadokero kweUnited States iri kutambura nekusanaya kwemvura kunotyisa, zvakanyanya zvekuti 86 muzana yemvura yeNew Mexico kuputika, kunyanyisa mhirizhonga kuputika - vhiki ino, somuenzaniso, kupisa Yosemite Park's ane mukurumbira redwoods uye anotyisidzira mvura yeSan Francisco - nepo California's Death Valley tembiricha yakakwira kusvika 50C.
Migumisiro yacho haina kuenzana zvakanyanya, ne tsvakurudzo yezvakatipoteredza-kururamisira iye zvino zvichiratidza kuti sezvo kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunobata maguta eUnited States, vapfumi vanosimudza air conditioner apo varombo - uye kunyanya vanhu vatema neLatino - vachitambura mu 'zvitsuwa zvinopisa.' Saizvozvowo, varombo mumakomo eHimalaya vakafa muzviuru zvavo semugumisiro we mafashamu emwedzi wapera.
MuAlaska, sosi yekubvisa mafuta akakura, rekodha tembiricha muma30s asara zviuru zvehove zvakafa. Mhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasi mumakungwa ndeyekusundira zvipenyu zvemugungwa kuenda kumatanda nemakiromita manomwe gore rega rega, sekuwanda. mhuka dzinoedza kuwana mvura inotonhorera.
Zvakaitika muno muSouth Africa, kubva kuEast London kusvika kuDurban, yaive njodzi kuindasitiri yehove yemuno mwedzi wapera, semabhiriyoni emasadhini ayo anoshambira gore negore kuenda kumahombekombe. akagara kure nokuda kwemvura inodziya.
Kutakura kunogona kupona kunyongana kwemamiriro ekunze zvinokonzera?
Uye pano padivi peIndia Ocean, kumwe kukuvadzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kunobva - uye kunoshanyirwawo - indasitiri yekutumira. Munzvimbo inotengeswa marasha yakawanda pasi rose, chiteshi chengarava chekuSouth Africa cheRichards Bay, kaputeni akapusa wepaChina. MV Smart (sic) akaedza kubuda pachiteshi mu 10 metres kuzvimba muna Nyamavhuvhu 20 nemutoro ungangoita 150 000 matani emarasha uye 1700 matani emafuta. Nokukurumidza akatsemura ngarava hombe nepakati pajecha.
Izvi zvakateverwa nemaawa ehurongwa hwekunyura kwechikepe cheNigeria chinotakura zvinhu, Kiani Satu, iyo yakanga yanyura vhiki yakanga yapfuura, ichidzika kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, pedyo nenzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka uye nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yegungwa. Sezvirongwa zvakanga zvaitwa bvisa mazana mazana matatu ematani emafuta kubva muchikepe, anopfuura matani gumi nemashanu akateuka, zvichida kuchenesa shiri dzemugungwa dzinopfuura 200 dzakaputirwa nemafuta.
Maniacs ane zvikepe zvino zvazorora pazasi peIndian Ocean anogona kuonana nevanobhururuka nehusiku varidzi veMT Phoenix, mushure meiyo ngarava. kuzviparadza nemaune kubva kunzvimbo dzekutandarira dzeDurban North Coast makore maviri apfuura. Vateresi vakashandisa madhora miriyoni mana vachipomba matani mazana mana emafuta ndokuzokwevera Phoenix pakadzika kusvika. sink. Masvondo mashoma apfuura, iyo salvage operation yakapikiswa yekuongorora yakakonzera implode we SA Maritime Safety Chiremera.
Izvi zvinongori zvimwe zvinoratidza kuti indasitiri yedu yekufambisa haina kugadzirira kukwira kwese kwese kwese kwemazinga egungwa uye 'monster mafungu' ayo. kufambirana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. The Columbia University Earth Institute ikozvino mapurojekiti "sea-level kukwira kwemamita matanhatu pasi rose panzvimbo yemafiti maviri kusvika matatu" ne2100, nehuwandu hwepamusoro (mamita matatu) zvinogoneka kana mamwe mazaya echando akatsemuka kubva panheyo dzawo.
Semumwe wevagadziri veOprah, Susan Casey, akanyora mubhuku rake, The Wave: Mukutsvaga maRogues, Freaks, uye Giants of the Ocean, โTichifunga kuti 60 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika inogara mukati memakiromita 30 kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, sainzi yemasaisai inongoerekana yakosha sainzi, uye nyanzvi dzinoziva zvikuru kuti kune ma<em>levees, ma<em>oiri, mahombekombe, ngarava uye mamiriyoni oupenyu ari mungozi. โ
Nyanzvi dzake dzinofanirwa kushanyira South Africa, nekuti vedu sezviri pachena vakarara pavhiri, sezvavaronga zvino kugadziridza zvakanyanyisa pachiteshi chezvikepe cheDurban. Mhirizhonga yekutakura zvinhu yakaita kuti China ive mutengesi anobudirira kunze - uye yakaparadza indasitiri yekugadzira zvinhu muSouth Africa - yakagadzira ngarava dzinogona kutakura makontina anodarika 10 000 (ayo anoda kuti marori 5800 aburutse), anozivikanwa se'super post- Panamax'. Vanodanwa kudaro nekuti miganho yazvino yePanama Canal inongobvumira hafu iyo mutoro, saka a $5.25 bhiriyoni kuchera ichadzika nekukurisa mugero panosvika gore ra2015, paine madhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana emadhora ekuChina anotsigirwa nemari yemakwikwi ari kutariswa muNicaragua iri pedyo.
Zviteshi zvizhinji pasi rose zviri kutevera sutu, kusanganisira pano kupi $ 25 bhiriyoni inotarisirwa kubva murubatsiro rwenyika, purovhinzi nekanzuru uye zvikwereti zvechiteshi chengarava/petrochemical yeSouth Durban - kwakabva chimiro chedu senzvimbo yakasvibiswa zvakanyanya muAfrica kumaodzanyemba kweNigeria. Chirongwa ichi chinonyanya kufambiswa neTransnet, bazi guru (asi rinopisa kune-privatize) yezvekutakuriswa kwehurumende, uye ndiro rechipiri rinonyanya kukosha munyika. Chikamu chebudiriro yenyika iyo inoti kubva mukubata makontina 2.5 miriyoni muna 2012, goho reDurban richakwira kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi maviri pagore panosvika gore ra20 โ kunyange hazvo nhamba idzi dzisingaenderani nezvinodiwa neindasitiri.
Mimwe mienzaniso yemamiriro ehurongwa hwehurumende: Kupeta kaviri kwepombi yemafuta kubva kuDurban-Johannesburg kweTransnet mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana matatu emadhora hakusati kwapera, asi huwori hwatove huchifungidzirwa indasitiri yekuvaka yakabatana-yakakwana, sezvo mari yekutanga yaive hafu yemutengo. Uye zvisinei nemafungiro avo 'aerotropolis', Durban's King Shaka International Airport uye inomhanya Johannesburg-Pretoria-airport Gautrain ose ari maviri ari kushanda pachikamu chidiki diki chesimba raitarisirwa nevarongi vehurumende. Nhandare dzemitambo dza2010 inzou chena dzakachena zvekuti kunyangwe mukuru wenhabvu wemuno aizvikudza Danny Jordaan akanzwa kumanikidzwa kuita. kukumbira ruregerero.
Vanoramba mamiriro ekunze kubva kuDurban kuenda kuDeutschland
Chimwe chikonzero chavanobereka ndechekuti mamiriro ekunze haasi kuisirwa mune chero yeidzi nzou chena dzinopisa kabhoni, sezvandakadzidza nekupa zvisina zvibereko zvirambidzo zveEnvironmental Impact Analysis. Somugumisiro we dzinonetsa Ndakapa muna Mbudzi wapfuura, vanachipangamazano veTransnet vakazofunga nezvetarisiro yekuti kukwira kwegungwa nemadutu makuru zvinogona kukanganisa kuwedzera kwechiteshi chengarava cheDurban.
Asi veTransnet kudzidza pamusoro pekukwira kwegungwa naChristopher Everatt naJohn Zietsman veZAA Engineering Projects muCape Town vanoramba mamiriro ekunze sezvinoitwa nevakuru veSA Council on Scientific and Industrial Research's Roy Van Balllegooyen. Tarisai, ndinonzwisisa kuti - sekutyisa kweAIDS-kuramba makore gumi apfuura - kupomerwa kwemamiriro ekunze-kuramba kutuka kwakanyanya mazuva ano. Asi chii chimwe chaungadaidza chirevo chaNovember 2012 (kunyanya naEveratt) chinodudza zvidzidzo zvishanu zvekuti isu tichatambura chete 0.6 metres inokwira yegungwa kukwira zana rino, asi zvichibva pane data kubva muna 1997, 2004, 2006 uye 2008 mishumo.. Ruzivo rwemakore mashanu, mundima iyi, rusina nguva.
MuSouth Africa, of facto vanoramba mamiriro ekunze vava kutungamirwa nemutungamiri weBato reCommunist: Minister of Trade and Industry, Rob Davies. Svondo rapfuura, Davies akasundira kuburikidza nemvumo yeCabinet kuti vagadzire imwezve gwenya remagetsi emarasha pamwe nemvumo yekupwanya iyo isingaite mvura. karoo, โNyika Yenyota Huruโ mumutauro wevaSan wevagari vepakutanga.
Mienzaniso inotyisa iyo Davies akadzivisa kutaurwa neungwaru zvinosanganisira kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza nehuwori, hukama hwevashandi uye matambudziko emagariro nemagariro enzvimbo yeSouth Africa yekuvaka feshi yemagetsi, yeEskom mabhiriyoni gumi emadhora. Medupi jenareta iyo pa4800 MegaWatts ichave yechitatu pakukura pasirese. Medupi yaifanirwa kunge ichigadzira simba muna 2011, asi nekuda kwekunetsana kuri kuramba kuchiitika, inogona kuzopedzwa chete pakati pegore ra2014.
Mushandi mukuru weEskom, asina kudomwawo naDavies, iBHP Billiton, imba huru pane zvicherwa pasi rose, kambani pa pakati peSouth Africa's crony-capitalist nexus inofambidzana nemazuva erusaruraganda. Eskom yave kupa kambani yekuAustralia mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe nechidimbu pagore nekupa chipo chemagetsi akachipa pasi rose.
Another of facto Kuramba mamiriro ekunze ndiye gurukota rerubatsiro rwebudiriro yeGerman, Dirk Niebel, anopikisa chirongwa cheEcuadoran civil society chekuchengetedza Yasuni National Park kubva mukushandiswa kwemafuta. Maererano ne Niebel, "Kurega kuchera oiri chete hakubatsiri mukuchengetedza sango." Hongu kwete, asi raigona kunge riri danho rakakosha kuti Germany ibvise mubhadharo wayo mukuru chikwereti chemamiriro ekunze kune vakawirwa nemamiriro okunze akaipa.
Mushandirapamwe weYasuni we "kusiya mafuta pasi pevhu" wakanaka, uye ndiri ikoko, mukati meAmazon pamuganhu wePeru makore maviri apfuura, ndakaona iyo Oilwatch network ichiunganidza wedzera pfungwa (kunyangwe kuDurban uko kutsvaga mafuta kwakatanga kumahombekombe). Oilwatch yakagadzira a 'Yasunization' zano remamwe mafossil mafuta, anosimudzirwawo ne Masangano Ezvekutonga Kwezvakatipoteredza, Zvikwereti uye Kutengeserana nyanzvi-activist network yakavakirwa muBarcelona. Vanotungamira network Joan Martinez-Alier naNnimmo Bassey varipowo akarwadziwa pakufa kuri pachena kwaYasuni.
Asi nekupusa, hurumende yaRafael Correa - akadzidziswa muUS semuongorori wehupfumi, achigomera - aigara aine chinangwa chekutengesa. Yasuni mumisika yepasi rose kabhoni, zano rekuzvikunda rinopihwa maitiro emisika kune zvese zviri zviviri kubiridzira nekuputsika kwenguva dzose; mitengo yekabhoni nhasi ingangoita chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvavaive makore maviri apfuura.
Saka izvozvi, nekuti Correa inosagadzikana haisati yave nemaoko ake pamari, muchidimbu nekuti akatadza kutaura nemasangano epasirese kuti amanikidzire hurumende, PetroAmazonas yeEcuador nePetroOriental yeChina ichaenderera mberi nekuboora. Mushandirapamwe mutsva wakatangwa kumisa kutorwa, kutanga tsamba imwe pashure peimwe kubva kuAccion Ecologica, iyo eco-feminist lobby yakatanga chirongwa ichi, yakabatanidzwa nemutungamiri ane hunyanzvi weConfederaciรณn de Naciolidades Indรญgenas del. Ekwadho, Carlos Perez Guartambel.
Climate activist counter-power inoungana
Yasuni inzvimbo yakakosha yekutara mutsara, nekuti pamwe ndiyo nzvimbo ine zvipenyu zvakawanda pasi rose. Asi kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina njodzi dzekupikisa-simba, zvakare, sepasirese, vazhinji vadziviriri vezvisikwa vanouya kuzopokana nehutsinye hwekurwiswa kweindasitiri yemafuta emafuta.
South Africa yanga isinganyanyi kukoshesa mamiriro ekunze, nekuti zviuru zvekuratidzira kwazvino kwakanangana nenyika nemacapitalist vanoramba zvinodiwa ipapo, kubva kumasevhisi ekanzuru kusvika kumihoro. Zvakadaro, muJohannesburg, kambani yeAnglo American Corporation neVedanta yemagetsi emagetsi emarasha zvakapupurira kuratidzira 1000 nharaunda uye vatsigiri vezvakatipoteredza mwedzi wapfuura.
Zvinotoshamisa kuti Pew Research Center ongororo yakaitwa yakaratidza kuti zvikamu makumi mana nezvisere kubva muzana zvevanhu vekuSouth Africa vanonetsekana kuti 'kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose' 'ingozi huru', ichiteverwa ne'simba nerunziro rweChina' (48 muzana) uye 'kusagadzikana kwemari pasi rose' (40 muzana). Munyika yose, 34 muzana yevanhu Pew vakabvunza vakatsanangura kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze sekutyisidzira kukuru, iyo yepamusoro pane chero mhinduro (munzvimbo yechipiri, 54 muzana vakati 'kugadzikana kwezvemari munyika yose). Zvikamu makumi mana chete kubva muzana zvevanhu vemuUS vakabvuma, vachizviisa pachinzvimbo chechinomwe.
Zvakadaro kunyangwe mudumbu rechikara, vanhu vazhinji vanoita kunge vari kuunganidza, uye kune kuwedzera hukama mumweya kuti zvinoitika muYasuni zvakakosha zvakanyanya kune veFirst Nations vanorwira kumadokero kweCanada (imwe yeakanakisa mabhurogi masaiti ekugadzira aya. links iri http://climate-connections.org/)
Semuenzaniso, mapurojekiti emafuta emafuta akarwiwa zvakanyanya mumavhiki apfuura nemauto akasiyana seaIdaho Nez Perce MaNative America, Idle No More, uye Wild Idaho Rising Tide; by Nebraska varimi; nevaratidziri vanobva kuguta remafuta ane tsvina reHouston vari kukwikwidza idzva coal terminal; uye muUtah umo vasina chete vekuchengetedza mhuka vakamhan'arira kumisa kuchera kwe800 000 acre tar sands field yakatambanukira muColorado neWyoming, asi varwi makumi mashanu panyama. yakavharira kucherwa kwejecha retara uye kuvaka panzvimbo mbiri mwedzi wapera.
350.org's Bill McKibben munguva ichangopfuura yakataura nezve 'Summerheat' yekuzvarwa patsva kwekurwisa kwemamiriro ekunze eUS, โkubva kumahombekombe eLake Huron neLake Michigan, uko kunorongwa pombi yejecha rejecha, kusvika kuColumbia River kuVancouver, Washington, uko kunorongwa chiteshi cheoiri chikuru, kubva. Utah's Colorado Plateau, uko mugodhi wekutanga wetar-jecha wekuUS wakakumbirwa, kugwenya remagetsi rinobatidzwa nemarasha paBrayton Point pamahombekombe eMassachusetts nematsime ari kuparuka ekumaruwa eOhio.
Sangano riri kuramba richikura rakava nemigumisiro, anodaro McKibben, muchidimbu kuburikidza nekusateerera kwevanhu: โMumakore mashoma apfuura, rakamisa kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda dzemagetsi anobatidzwa nemarasha, kurwisa indasitiri yeoiri kusvika pakudhirowa pombi yeKeystone, vaine chokwadi chekuti. ruzhinji rwemasangano eAmerica kuti asiyane nezvisaririra zvawo zvemafuta, uye akapikisa miitiro yakaita semigodhi yemarasha yekubvisa pamusoro pegomo uye kutsemura gasi.
Izvi zvinokurudzira nokuti nguva yechirimo haina kugadzikana kana totaura nezvesimba rakaoma munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Zvichakadaro, chando chedu chezvematongerwo enyika chakanyanya kupedzwa tichifunga kuti Kongiresi yakakosha yeSA Trade Unions icharamba yakabatana nehurumende here kana kuti. split muhafu. Bapiro rakajekeswa zvakanyanya raizoenda kune zvakatipoteredza, nharaunda uye kunetsana kwevanhu, vachisiya vafarirwa naRob Davies, sevanofambira mberi vekuUS (vaifanira) kudurura fungidziro dzekupedzisira nezve munyengeri Barack Obama.
Asi kusiri kure neDurban, makore zana apfuura mwedzi unouya, Mahatma Gandhi akatanga kugadzirira kurwiswa kwevanhu vakawanda kusiri kwechisimba pamugodhi wemarasha wevachena vachitsigira kodzero dzevakadzi vekuIndia dzekuyambuka muganhu wedunhu uye mihoro yevashandi. Pfungwa inozivikanwa se satyagraha (simba rechokwadi) rakabva padzidziso richienda kukuita, sezvo kupandukira kwemauto kwakawana chibvumirano icho, makore 80 gare gare, chakabetsera kusunungura South Africa kubva murusaruraganda. Panguva ino, hapana hwindo remakore makumi masere; isu tese tinofanira kusimuka kune dambudziko nekukurumidza sezvinoita thermometer uye kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse.
Patrick Bond anotungamira University of KwaZulu-Natal Center for Civil Society uye akanyora Zvematongerwo enyika zveKutonga Kwemamiriro ekunze (UKZN Press, 2012).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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