Varwi vaviri vemauto makuru emumvura muSouth Africa havana kuurayiwa mukurwisana, kunyange zvazvo panguva yekufa kwavo musi waChikumi 22 ne23, vose vakatsamwira imba yavo yebato rezvematongerwo enyika, yeAfrican National Congress (ANC).
Kuna Kader Asmal (uyo waakanzi naNelson Mandela ave sachigaro weANC), mutemo webato wekuti unzvenge ruzivo rwenyika, ukapihwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti 'Secrecy Bill', waifanirwa kupiwa mhosva, uye masaisai akanzwika nekushoropodza kwake kwakasununguka svondo rapfuura. Zuva rakatevera mushure mekufa kwake (makore makumi manomwe nematanhatu), ANC yakabvumidza kudzokororwa kwakakwana kune bhiri raangadai akazivisa kukunda. Mariro ake nechirangaridzo chake zvakaburitswa munhau dzepamusoro-soro, zvichienderana nechinzvimbo chake segweta rekodzero dzevanhu uye nyanzvi dzebato.
Mumwe wacho, murwiri wenharaunda yemuDurban Thulisile Christina Manqele (makore makumi mana nematanhatu), aive nekushoropodza kwakadzama kwezvematongerwo enyika mushure merusaruraganda, uye hapana ane masimba aive pakati pevachemi mazana mana pamariro ake emusi waChikunguru 46. Aimbova mushandi wemumba, akarwara uye akadzingwa basa muna 400, panguva iyi achichengeta vana vanomwe kusanganisira vatatu vaakaita zvisina kurongwa.
Vavengi vaviri vekare havana kumbobvira vasangana pachavo, uye kubvira pakarwiwa dare remuDurban makore anodarika gumi apfuura, vangangove vasina kumbofunga nezvemumwe nemumwe. Zvakadaro hupenyu hwavo hunotiudza zvakawanda pamusoro pemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, ndangariro dzevanhu, uye nhandare yehondo - mita yemvura yaManqele - iyo South Africa yakahwina mukurumbira wayo sepakati penyika dzine kusawirirana kwakanyanya.
Manqele, uyo aigara achienda kumutambo wepamwedzi weHarold Wolpe Lecture Series paUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Civil Society, aive mudzimai asingashande, asi muna 1999-2000, akazviwana ari pakati pekurwira kunotyisa kwekodzero dzemvura. .
Asmal, kubva muna 1994-99, aive gurukota rezvemvura renyika asati ava gurukota rezvedzidzo (1999-2004), uye mukupera kwema2000s aive sachigaro weWolpe Trust. Mushure mekunge ndamuita diki diki remazano muna 1997, Asmal akandinyorera tsamba yehasha achisimbirira kuti ndirege kutsoropodza hurumende nekuramba vimbiso yakaitwa muna 1994 papuratifomu yemushandirapamwe yeANC, Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), kuitira kuti pave nenzira yemahara. ' mvura inokwana 50 litres pamunhu pazuva.
mutemo wemvura weAsmal
Kuchengeta vimbiso iyoyo kwaizoda mutemo wenyika yose wemitengo yemvura ine mari yakakwira inobhadhariswa vatengi vemvura yehedonistic, kunyanya mafemu makuru, migodhi uye (vachena) varimi, kuitira kupa rubatsiro kune vamwe vese uye kukurudzira kuchengetedza. Kuenzanisira, kambani yemagetsi yehurumende yeEskom yagara iri mutengi mukuru wemvura, ichibhadhara mitengo yakaderera kumagetsi emagetsi anopfuta nemarasha (inopa magetsi akachipa pasi rose kuBHP Billiton neAnglo), zvidyarwa izvo hurumende inokoshesa mamiriro ekunze ichaita nekukurumidza. nokukurumidza sezvo vanogona kutsiviwa ne renewables. (Asi, hurumende yeANC iri kuvaka mbiri itsva, yechitatu nechina pakukura pasi rose, kuti igamuchire zvakakodzera vamiriri ve'Conference of Polluters' kuDurban COP17 summit mukupera kwaMbudzi.)
Kuchinja kwemauto mushure mehudzvanyiriri hakuna kubvumira shanduko iyi. "Zvinzvimbo zvandinoisa pamberi hazvisi zvinzvimbo zvekutengesa," Asmal akandishora muna Chivabvu 1998 mushure mekupokana kuri nyore kugovera kuvakuru vake. โRDP haitauri nezvemvura yemahara kuvagari vemuSouth Africa. Kupihwa kwemvura yemahara yakadai kune chekuita nemari kukanzuru zvekuti ini segurukota renyika ndinofanira kunyatso chengetedza makanzuru.
Chokwadi, ndicho chikonzero nei a national cross-subsidisation policy yaidiwa, uye zvichiri kudaro, kuitira kuti kushomeka kwemari yemuno kusarambe kuchikwidza mitengo yemvura (38 muzana muno muDurban neChishanu!), zvichikonzera kudzimwa kwemagetsi kune avo vasingakwanisi kubhadhara.
Zvichiri kunetsa, aimbova mukuru wezvemitemo paTrinity College yeDublin akatora pfungwa inotsvedza kutsanangura patsva izwi rekuti 'nzira yekurarama' kuti rireve, kwete mahara, asi panzvimbo pezvo zvakaenzana nekubhadhara mari yakazara yekushandisa nekugadzirisa. Chokwadi '100 muzana yekudzoreredza mutengo' ndiyo yaive mutemo Asmal akanyengetedzwa kuti atore nevakuru vakuru mukutanga kwake. White Paper.
Dzvinyiriro yaipokana nekupa mvura yerutsigiro yakanga yakanyanyisa, uye yakakurira pfungwa yaAsmal yaizviti yegutsaruzhinji. Vamiriri veParis neLondon vanga vachirovera pasi mikova yeSouth Africa kunyangwe rusaruraganda rusati rwadonha.
Mumharidzo ya1995 yepowerpoint kuna Asmal, maneja weWorld Bank weLesotho Highlands Water Project akataura nyaya iyi: kana vatengi varombo vaine tarisiro yekuwana chimwe chinhu pasina, zvibvumirano zvemakanzuru "zvingave zvakaoma kumisa." Saka kana vatengi vanga vasingabhadhare mabhiri avo, Asmal aifanira kuisa "tyisidziro yechokwadi yekucheka sevhisi."
Anogona kunge aisafarira vezvemari veWashington, asi Asmal aiita zano ravo akatendeka; muna 1999 Bhanga rakazvirova dundundu kuti raive 'instrumental' mu 'radical revision' yemitengo yemvura. Saka pakasvika shoko kubva kubazi raAsmal rekuti kudzoreredza mutengo wakazara waive mutemo mutsva wemvura weSA, izvo zvaimbove zvemahara - semuenzaniso, mvura yemazuva ano yebantustan-yaKwaZulu muNgwelezane pedyo neRichards Bay - zvino yaizotengwa mutengo. Kuratidzira kwemuSouth Africa kwemanyepo kwekuita mabasa evashandi kwakatanga zvine mutsindo.
Kudzoreredzwa kwemitengo ndiko kwakaita kuti maneja wemvura weNgwelezane abvise mazana edzimba kubva mugedhi redziva dzavakanga vasisakwanise muna Nyamavhuvhu 2000. Pakarepo mushure mekunge vanhu vatendeukira kumvura yemunzizi yeko, Ngwelezane yakava musimboti wechirwere chekorera chakaipisisa muSouth Africa. Mazana akafa. (Pakave ipapo chete apo mutevedzeri waAsmal, Ronnie Kasrils, akakurudzira vakuru vebato kuti vadzore mutemo uye vape mvura Yemahara Yemvura, kunyangwe hafu yedanho rinokurudzirwa reRDP.)
Hondo yemvura yaManqele
Zvichakadaro, kwemaawa mashoma pakutyaira uchidzika nemhenderekedzo yegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweDurban, Manqele akanga achishanda pamwe chete nemushakabvu Fatima Meer, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Ashwin Desai uye mutungamiri weWestcliff Flats Residents Association Orlean Naidoo kubatsira kubatanidza vagari vemuChatsworth vemuAfrica neIndia mune yakazova Durban Social Forum. hapana basa rakareruka rakapihwa nhoroondo yenzvimbo yakakamurwa, desegregation dynamics uye acute race/class kusawirirana. Muna 1999, Manqele akarwara, akapererwa nebasa uye akaona mari yaainge akwereta nekanzuru ichisvika $1300.
Kudzimwa kwemvura kwekutanga nevakuru veguta kwaive muna Ndira 2000. Manqele akatsanangura mufirimu remufirimu Plumbing the Rights, โMurume uya auya kuzovhara mvura. Ini handina mvura mushure meizvozvo handina chikafu zvakare, uyezve ndiri kufunga imwe nzira ingave yekutengesa muviri wangu ipapo, ndiri kufunga chikafu zvakare kuti ndiri kufunga kuti handikwanise kusvika ikoko. chihure ini ndachembera. Husiku hwese handirare uye BP yakakwira.โ
Vesangano reChatsworth vakazobatsira Manqele kubatanidza mapaipi aya zvisiri pamutemo, izvo zvakaita kuti iye nevana vanomwe vadye marita anodarika 25 pamunhu (magetsi maviri emuchimbuzi mumwe nemumwe) ainzi aipihwa neguta mahara zuva rega rega. Asi sekurangarira kwakaita Naidoo, mvura yakazongobhadhariswa chikwereti cherudzii: โNdeyerudzii rwesevhisi yemvura yemahara iyo โ kana vanhu vasingakwanise kubhadhara mari yavo yezuva nezuva, vanozobhadhara sei zvikwereti zvavo kuti vawane mahara. mvura? Saka ingori tariro yenhema.โ
Kuchinja kwekusatenderwa kwemutemo kwakaratidzwa mufirimu nemurongi weChatsworth, Brandon Pillay, akazosarudza kanzura weguta reANC: โPane dhisiki remhangura rakaiswa mukati mepombi iyi uye rinovhara mvura saka zvatinoita tinongoedza kuvhura. pombi iyi, uye pakuvhura pombi iyi tinongobvisa disc tobva tawana mvura.
Manqele akaudza mugadziri wemafirimu mushure memwedzi mishoma, apo cholera yakapinda mudenda remanyoka neAIDS, โNdosaka ndava kudzokera ikoko kunovhura mvuraโฆ uye ndinotyira vana, kutambura kwevana, ndokusaka zvino kana ndisina kumboita chinhu ichocho [kubatanidzwazve kusiri pamutemo] zvino ndichafa, handigoni kugara ndisina mvura.โ
Muna Kurume 2000, magweta aManqele akakunda mutongo wakanangana neguta, zvichipa tarisiro yedambudziko rakasimba kunhaka yaAsmal. Asi danho raManqele rekuda kurwira kodzero dzake dzemvura kumatare rakakundikana muna Chikunguru, nekuti sekutaura kwakaita mudzidzisi wezvemitemo paBristol University, Bronwen Morgan, โumbowo hwakadzama hwakaunzwa nekambani yemvura nezvenyaya yekuti akakanganisa dandemutande, izvo zvakatsanangurwa. sechiito choutsotsiโ uye sezvinonzi, โchimiro chomutongi chakachinjwa zvikuru noufakazi hwokubata kwake navagadziri vepombi dzechiedza chomwedzi.โ
Takatarisana nevanopfuura zviuru gumi vagari vemutaundishipi yeDurban vakadzingwa nguva pfupi yadarika, nyaya yezvematongerwo enyika yainge yakakura. Kuronga kweMisa kwakanga kuchitanga mumaguta makuru eSA uye masangano matsva emagariro evanhu akamuka, achikurudzirwa nemasimba evakadzi vepasi-pasi uye kubatana kwemarudzi kunofananidzirwa nehondo yemvura yeChatsworth.
Kunyange zvazvo dare rakazopa mutongo wakanangana naManqele, vakuru vezvemvura mumanisipala vakachinja maitiro, vachizivisa kuti pachinzvimbo chekuti vadimburwe zvachose, paizoiswa ma'flow limiters', musiyano unokosha, asi izvi zvakare zvaiwanzobviswa nevanorwira kodzero dzemunharaunda. Asemburwa negwara renyika uye hurongwa hwemutemo, nhaka yaManqele yaive yekuchengeta sangano renharaunda rakasimba zvakakwana kuti vasimbise simba rekubatanidza mvura mumigwagwa kubva ipapo.
(Anogona kuonekwa pano: http://video.ezinemark.com/paying-for-clean-water-in-south-africa-4328aa37700.html uye http://www.5min.com/Video/Fighting-for-Human-Right-to-Water-in-South-Africa-506875311)
Nhema tariro nhaka
Vamwe vedu taifanira kunge takateerera uye kudzidza zvakawanda kubva kuna Manqele nekuti makore matatu gare gare, tiri paUniversity yeWitwatersrand Graduate School of Public and Development Management muJohannesburg, Sowetans yakandikumbirawo mazano uye ini nekusaziva ndakavakurudzira kuti vaendese nyaya yavo yemvura matare.
MuJoburg, kurudziro yaAsmal yakanga yave nechisarudzo, mukukurudzira kutengeswa kwemvura - chibvumirano cheguta chakakundikana muna 2001-06 naSuez - panguva imwe cheteyo akapa mvumo yekuparadza nharaunda uye kupatsanura dhamu (Mogale) muLesotho yazara huori, uko makambani gumi nemaviri emunyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira rimwe divi reSuez, vakasungirwa chiokomuhomwe panguva yekuvakwa kweKatse Dam mukupera kwema1990s. Mari yekupa mvura yemuJoburg yakakwira zvakapetwa kaviri.
(Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti, Asmal aitungamirira Komisheni yeNyika yeMadhamu panguva iyoyo.
SaManqele, varwiri verusununguko vekuSoweto vakambokunda zvidiki 'tariro yenhema' muJoburg High Court muna 2008 neSA Supreme Court kutanga kwa2009, asi nyaya yavo yekupeta kaviri mvura yemahara zuva nezuva kusvika pamakumi mashanu emarita uye kurambidza pre-payment metres yakapidigurwa. neDare reConstitutional Court munaGunyana 50. Asmal akanga akanyarara. Zvakawanda kumutemo wekodzero dzevanhu, uye nekutenda kwedu mumasangano akasununguka eruzhinji.
Imwe nhengo yechikwata chegweta chaManqele, Heinrich Bohmke, akataura kuti nyaya yake "yambiro yechimbichimbi - kune avo vaizoinzwa - yenjodzi yekuronga zvido zvezvinodikanwa zvehupenyu maererano nekutonga kwebumbiro remutemo. Mhosva yakarasika, Westcliff Flats Dwellers Association yakabviswa kutongwa kwakamirirwa uye, kutaura zvazviri, yakasvika pakuzvifunga semuunganidzwa wezvakanaka kana vagari vakashungurudzwa. "
Mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wakanga usisina basa, Bohmke anoenderera mberi achiti: โMushure mekurasikirwa, kurarama zvakare kwaireva kusatenderwa uye kusiya kugarika kwevanyajambwa. Yakanga iri nekuda kwesimba, kusimba uye kugona kwevanhu vakaita saChristina kuti zano remutemo rakarambidzwa uye sangano rikavakwazve. "
Manqele aive murwi wemunyu wepasi, mukadzi mukuru akashanda mukomiti yevagari vemo kusvika svondo rapfuura. Asmal acharangarirwa zvikuru nevakawanda, kunyanya nekuda kwekumira kwaakaita munguva pfupi yapfuura achipikisa rusaruraganda rweIsrael. Kana iwe uchinge wapera simba, Asmal (pamwe neKasrils) yakaratidza, kugona kwako kwakanakisa kunogona kutumbuka.
Zvakadaro nhaka yake inosanganisira kudzimwa kwemvura uye kushambadza, megadhamu dzeLesotho uye kusatarisisa kunotyisa kwehutsanana hwemumba, pombi yemasuweji epombi uye dambudziko reJoburg reAcid Mine Drainage; iyo neoliberal yeโOutcomes Based Educationโ curriculum fiasco, ine mukurumbira wakaipa wekuita matriculator Pass Rates kuti aite seaunza budiriro, uye sarudzo dzekubatanidza yunivhesiti dzave kudzokororwa; uye muna 2003 basa rakakosha rinopa humbowo huvharo hwekutengesa zvombo zvehurumende kuWashington-London's Iraq War belligerents.
Asi mukutora divi neoliberalism muhondo dzemvura dzine mukurumbira pasi rose, Asmal akasangana nemutambo wake: mukadzi akaremerwa munharaunda yeDurban anoda uye anokwanisa kurwisa. Uye apo matare akanga akazara nemhepo inopisa sezvaaisiita apo neapo, ndipo pakasvika nguva yake yokuzvitonga ndipo patakawana kurudziro isingaperi kubva kuna Christina Manqele.
VaPatrick Bond vanotungamira Center for Civil Society, http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za.