MuDurban, South Africa, vatungamiri vashanu venyika vanosangana musi waKurume 26-27 2013 paInternational Convention Center, kuti vavimbise Africa yese kuti makambani epasirese ari nani vatengesi vezvivakwa, migodhi, oiri uye kurima kupfuura tsika dzeEuropean uye US multinationals. Musangano weBrazil-Russia-India-China-SA (Brics) unopawo nzvimbo vatungamiri venyika gumi nevatanhatu vanobva muAfrica, kusanganisira vadzvinyiriri vane mbiri. Imwe mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu emadhora 'Brics Bank' ingangotangwa. Pachave nekutaura kwakawanda pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzemari pane dhora rekuAmerica.
Nganonyorwa nhatu dzakabuda pamusoro peBrics. Yokutanga ndeyekushambadza uye inonyanya kubva kuhurumende nevanodyidzana vakangwara; maonero echipiri ndeyekumirira-uye-kuona kushivirira; uye yechitatu inonyanya kutsoropodza, kubva kumasimba anosangana se 'brics-kubva-pasi.' Zvose zvinogona kuwanikwa mumapeji anotevera.
Rondedzero yekutanga inomiririrwa kuburikidza nekutaura kune vanhu vane hungwaru pamusoro peBrics kwatakawana nechero wezvematongerwo enyika wemuno: Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, gurukota rezvekunze kweSouth Africa. Pakuungana kwe5th Brics Academic Forum musi waKurume 10, akakumbira kubatanidzwa kwakasimba, kwakasimba, uye nekuverenga 'Kurudziro' yemusangano weboka iro paDurban University of Technology, unogona kuongorora kuti angagutsikana here.
Hatifungi. Vanyori venhoroondo vachatonga kana, chokwadi, Brics 'yakapa nyika dzemuAfrica kugona kutanga kunzvenga kutsamira kweneo-colonial parubatsiro rwekunze, uye marongero uye "mazano" emasangano ezvemari anodzorwa nenyika dzekuMadokero' - sezvakataurwa negurukota rePretoria. vedzidzo yepamusoro Blade Nzimande pamusangano mumwe chete iwoyo.
(Vanyori venhoroondo vanogona kutonga iyi nharo se 'Pretorian' mukufunga, nezwi rinotsanangurwa pane imwe saiti saiti nenzira iyi: 'unhu kana kufanana nemasoja ane huori ari muVarindi veMuzinda waMambo maererano nehuwori kana zvematongerwo enyika; โa Hukuru hweMuzinda weMuzinda wakazadzwa nevanhu vanoda zvinzvimbo uye kazhinji vane tsiye nyoro vanoita basa uye vanonetsa." - Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.)
Zvakare kubva kuPretoria, Human Sciences Research Council ichaita yenguva pfupi Brics 'think tank,' yakatorwa kubva kuvaongorori panzvimbo dzakaita seSA Institute for International Affairs paJan Smuts House (yakareba ichionekwa seAnglo American Corporation braintrust), uye tinonetseka kuti kana Zvikumbiro zveAcademic Forum ndiyo hwaro hwekutongwa kusvika pari zvino, saka tsananguro yaNaomi Klein yerudzi urwu rwenzvimbo inogona kushanda pano: 'vanhu vanobhadharwa kuti vafunge, nevanhu vanogadzira matangi.'
Saka sezvamuri kutoona, gakava pamusoro peBrics riri kuramba richiwedzera, sezvakaonekwa naNkoana-Mashabane mashandisiro aakaita Fanon's. Nenhamo Yepasi kurwisa avo vedu vanobvunza Brics, uye neyemunhu invective yakavhurwa munyaya naPeter Fabricius we. nyeredzi newspaper. Aitaura nezvegakava remusi wa28 Kukadzi muJohannesburg raisanganisira mutevedzeri wegurukota rezvekunze kweSouth Africa, mutungamiri weActionAid-South Africa, Fatima Shabodien (ane kutaura kuzere nemibvunzo yakadzama kwakaburitswa pazasi), neni - zvichiteverwa nemhinduro yangu kuna Fabricius achinyora zvebato rinotonga reko. 'kutengesa kune international capital.'
Zvakare kubva kumagumo akaoma emutambo, Anna Ochkina weMoscow's Institute for Globalization and Social Movement Studies (kwete pfungwa-tank neClein criterion) anopikisa kuti kunongova ne'chimiro chekubatana.' Nekudaro, Vladimir Shubin anopa kupokana kwakasimba.
Vatsoropodzi vanoona kuti mubatanidzwa weBrics wakapatsanurwa zvakaipa sei panguva dzakati wandei dzakakosha, uye chokwadi chirongwa chimwe chikuru chekubatanidza muDurban kunze kwechiziviso cheBrics Bank, inzira inokahadzika yekubvutwa neSouth Africa ye'Africa gateway. Sokutaura kwandinoita (mu'Kubva kuNepad kuenda kuBrics, mutero weSA paโgedhi rekuenda kuAfricaโ'), izvi hazvigone kupera zvakanaka, kana chiitiko chemakore gumi apfuura chiri gwara.
Mushure mezvose, sekutaura kunoita Tomaso Ferrando zvakadzama, kutorwa kwevhu kuri kuitika neBrazil, India, China neSouth Africa inyaya inokatyamadza, inoyeuchidza musangano weBerlin we'Scramble for Africa' muna 1885, wekutorwa kweminda yekoloni. Izvi zvave kuita zvekare kuburikidza neBilateral Investment Treaties uye kumwe kurwiswa kwemutemo nenhengo dzeBrics nemakambani. Vanotambudzwa vanhu varimi uye vamwe vanovimba nevhu, mvura uye zviwanikwa zvine hukama, pamwe nevatengi vekudya, sekupupura kwaObang Metho wekuEthiopia.
Uyezve, kana simba rekuzvipira mukurarama kweAfrica richiyerwa muchidimbu nenzira iyo Brics yakabatsira nayo kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze - tichifunga nezvekufa kusiri madikanwa kwemamiriyoni mazana maviri eAfrica muzana rino ramakore nekuda kwemafashamo, dutu, kusanaya kwemvura, nzara uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere. mitoro (inotakurwa kunyanya nevakadzi) - ipapo dimikira remusuwo rinoshanduka rikava nzira yekupinda mugehena, sezvandinopikisa mune chimwe chinyorwa. Friends of the Earth International inoratidzira hukama hwemakambani nechidzidzo cheVale, ichiteverwa naBobby Peek vachifunga vakakunda nevakakundwa kubva mukudyara kweBrics kuMozambique.
Bhangi reBrics ndeimwe saiti yekukwikwidza, uye Carlos Tautz anopa yambiro yezvemari ine njodzi kubva kumusoro, ukuwo Susanne Soederburg achiongorora matambudziko akakonzerwa nekukweretesa kwehudzvinyiri kune avo vari pazasi.
Hazvifanirwe kunge zvakadaro, sekureva kwenyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia Chris Chase-Dunn, anotenda kuti Brics haingorevi 'sub-imperialist'; kanawo Sam Moyo naParis Yeros avo vanodaidzira kumutsiridzwa kweZvisina Kudyidzana; kana Yunivhesiti yeDelhi nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika Achin Vanaik. Ivo vanoona trajectories kubva kuBrics semiperiphery iyo inogona kufamba munzira yekupikisa-hegemonic, kunyangwe Vanaik akasendamira mhiri kweruzhowa kupinda munharaunda yeBrics-sceptic. Rimwe izwi repamusoro risingafungire kuti veBrics vanogona kukunda basa ravo 'rinobatsira idiot' ndiye mutsigiri wezvematongerwo enyika weSao Paulo Oliver Stuenkel.
Izvi zvinyorwa zvekutsvagisa zvinoda nharo yekupedzisira kubatsira kutsanangura, saka chii chaizvo icho pfungwa iyi 'sub-imperialism,' uye inogona kufamba ichipfuura nemuchadenga nenguva kubva pakushandiswa kwayo kwekutanga muBrazil ingangoita hafu yezana ramakore rapfuura? Kana kuti Nkoana-Mashabane ichokwadi here kuti izvi ndezvechinyakare, nungo dzenjere? Iwe sarudza.
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Asi kana uri kufunga nezvenyaya idzi kubva 'pazasi' (kana seni, mukati me 'brics-kubva-pakati-), iwe unonzwisisa nemukati kuti gakava riri kutanga. Zvichitarisa kuti imarii iri munjodzi, masangano akazvimirira oga anofanirwa kuongorora zviri kutaurwa, mafambisirwo uye zvakabuda pamusangano weBrics nezvauchazotevera. Vatsoropodzi vemagariro evanhu vanonongedza kumapoka mana ematambudziko muBrics ese:
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kutyorwa kwekodzero dzemagariro nehupfumi, kusanganisira kusaenzana kwakanyanya, urombo, kushaikwa kwemabasa, zvirwere, dzidzo isina kukwana uye hutano, mabasa ezvivakwa zvinodhura uye pekugara, zvirambidzo pakurongeka kwevashandi, uye kuwanda kwemhirizhonga, kunyanya kuvakadzi (sekubatwa chibharo kwakanyanya/ kupondwa kwemudzidzi weDelhi Jyoti Singh Pandey wapfuura Zvita 16, uye muSouth Africa, kwaAnene Booysen muna Kukadzi 2 muBredasdorp, Reeva Steenkamp muna Kukadzi 14 muPretoria, nevamwe vasingaverengeki);
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kutyorwa kwekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzevanhu, sekunge hutsinye hwemapurisa hwakapararira, kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka munharaunda dzedu, mauto nekutengesa zvombo, kurambidzwa kuratidzira, kudzvanyirirwa kwenhau nekuvanzika kwehurumende, kuvharirwa mujeri uye kurwadziswa, kuomarara kwemadzibaba uye homophobia, uye kunyange kuuraya kwakatemwa nehurumende. (kusanganisira muDurban uko mapurisa eCato Manor ane mukurumbira wakashata akauraya vanhu vanodarika makumi mashanu mumakore achangopfuura);
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hutongi hwematunhu nehupfumi hweBrics, kusanganisira kutorwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemuhinterland, uye kusimudzirwa kwepfungwa ye 'Washington Consensus' iyo inoderedza nzvimbo yemitemo yenyika dzine urombo (semuenzaniso, mukupa kweBrics 2012 mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe neshanu emadhora kuInternational Monetary Fund nemutemo wekuti IMF ive 'yakashata,' sekureva kweGurukota reMari yeSouth Africa, Pravin Gordhan, kana nechishuwo cheChina, Brazil neIndia kumutsiridza World Trade Organisation kuti iwedzere simba radzo rekutengesa kune vavakidzani vasina simba); uye
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'kuvandudzika' kwakavakirwa pavakuru-centric, vatengi, vane mari, vanoparadza eco, kusanzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, nzira dzine simba renyukireya dzinosimudzira purofiti yemakambani neparastatal, asi izvo zvinounza matambudziko akawanda mukati meBrics yese (sezvakaonekwa panguva yeKuuraya kweMarikana kwakaitwa. nemapurisa akamirira Lonmin platinum corporation munaNyamavhuvhu apfuura, uye kuSouth Durban uko mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu ($225 bhiriyoni) yerubatsiro rwerubatsiro rwezvivakwa zvenzou dzewhite-ephant kuitira kuwedzera indasitiri yezvikepe, kutakura zvinhu uye petrochemical - uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwevashandi - zviri kurambwa zvakasimba. nenharaunda dzakatambudzwa).
Zvinovhiringidza kune vamwe, hurumende dzeBrics dzinoita chirongwa ichi panguva imwe chete yadziipa rhetoric, kunyange apo neapo 'anti-imperialist', zvichiperekedzwa nezviito zvemumiriri. Zvakadaro mubatanidzwa weBrics hauna kubatana, sezviri kuratidzwa mukusawirirana kuri kuita vevakuru pamusoro pekuti ndiyani achatungamira IMF neWorld Bank muna 2011-12. MuUN Security Council, nyika dzeBrics dzinozvitsvakira simba rakakura, kwete mubatanidzwa: mabhii anodzokororwa ekuva nhengo zvachose neIndia, Brazil neSouth Africa anopikiswa neRussia neChina.
Uye rangarira kunyadziswa apo Beijing akaudza Gurukota rezvemukati menyika rePretoria (ava sachigaro weAfrican Union) Nkozasana Dlamini-Zuma kuti asape vhiza kuDalai Lama kuenda kumabiko ekuzvarwa kwaArchbishop Tutu ekusvitsa makore makumi masere muna 80, kana kuenda kugungano rekubatana reTibet ra2011. Isu tinoita sekunge takarasikirwa nekuzvimirira kwemutemo wekunze kune maChinese whims.
Zvichakadaro, nyika yeAfrica yaremerwa nemakambani eBrics. Huwandu hwekutengeserana pakati peAfrica nenyika huru dziri kusimukira - kunyanya China - hwakakwira kubva pazvikamu zvishanu kusvika pamakumi maviri kubva muzana zvekutengeserana kwese kubva muna 5, pakapera rusaruraganda. Zvinoparadza kunyange hazvo zvichiwanzoitika, chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvePretoria, sekureva kwemutevedzeri wegurukota rezvekunze, Marius Fransman, ndechekuti 'South Africa yaunza suwo rekudyara kondinendi, uye mumakore gumi anotevera kondinendi yeAfrica ichada mabhiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi masere emadhora ekuvandudza zvivakwa. .'
'Resource Curse' kushata kunowanzo tevera zvivakwa zvakadaro. Izvi zvakare ndezvechokwadi, geopolitically, kana zvasvika pakufambisa mari yeBrics. Muna Ndira 2013, semuenzaniso, Pretoria yakaendesa mauto mazana mana kuCentral African Republic panguva yekuyedza kupidigura hurumende nekuti 'Tine midziyo ikoko inoda kuchengetedzwa,' sekutaura kwemutevedzeri wegurukota rezvekunze, Ebrahim Ebrahim. Mhosva dzeaimbove mukuru weSouth Africa ndedzekuti zvicherwa izvi zvinosanganisira uranium yakarongwa kuburikidza nehuwori vatungamiri venyika, uye Ebrahim akasimbisa kuti Pretoria yakatumira zvombo zvemhando yepamusoro kuhurumende ine hutsinye yaFranรงois Bozizรฉ.
Dzimwe nyaya dzakanyanya kunetsa ndedzeDemocratic Republic of the Congo uko muzinda wemigodhi uri muJohannesburg (AngloGold Ashanti) wakabhadhara varwi vehondo munzvimbo yakaurayiwa vanhu mamiriyoni mashanu kuti vawane zvicherwa zvakaita secoltan yatinoshandisa munharembozha dzedu, neZimbabwe. uko makambani ekuChina nemauto emuSouth Africa, vatengesi vekuIndia neIsrael, vatengesi vekuDubai nemamwe magora - vanotsigira hutongi hwemutungamiri wenyika VaRobert Mugabe, pamwe chete vachipamba nyika mangoda anokosha mabhiriyoni emadhora.
Muna 2010, makambani gumi nemanomwe kubva pamakambani makumi maviri epamusoro muAfrica aive ekuSouth Africa, kunyangwe mushure mekubhururuka kukuru kwemari kubva kuJohannesburg makore gumi apfuura, izvo zvakaona Anglo American, De Beers, SA Breweries neOld Mutual vachitamira kuLondon. Sezvakangoita muzuva raCecil John Rhodes, makaro emabhizimisi emuSouth Africa anotsigirwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende, kuburikidza neNew Partnership for Africa's Development (yakakundikana) - inorumbidzwa se'uzivi huripo' neBush Administration - uye African Peer Review Mechanism isina maturo. . Nguva pfupi yadarika, National Development Plan yeSA yakabvuma nehana 'pfungwa [sic] wenyika semudzvinyiriri wedunhu.'
Mukudheerera Africa, makambani echinyakare eSA, US, Europe, Australia neCanada akabatanidzwa nemafemu makuru kubva kuChina, India neBrazil. Kupamba kwavo kwakavakira pahwaro hwemakoloni - mugwagwa, njanji, pombi uye kuwedzera kwechiteshi - chakabatana nemigodhi, minda, peturu uye gasi. Durban inongogadzirisa nzira yekudyara.
Pane kudyidzana kwakafanana neWashington kana zvasvika pamari yepasi rose: muna Chikunguru 2012, hupfumi hweBrics hwakatumira mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe neshanu emadhora emari nyowani kuIMF, iyo yaitsvaga mari itsva yekubhadhara mabhanga akafumurwa muSouthern Europe. Sezvakaitika muAfrica kubvira kutanga kwema75, kuomerwa kwakaitika muGreece, Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, Ireland nedzimwe nyika dzemuEurope dziri kutadza kukuvadza kunokuvadza kupfuura kunaka kune zvese zviri zviviri upfumi hwemuno nehwepasi rose. Panyaya yesimba rekuvhota mukati meIMF, zvakabuda mukupindira kweBrics uku ndezvekuti China yakawana mamwe mavhoti akawanda (pakutonga kwemadhora kuIMF), ukuwo Africa yakarasikirwa nechikamu chikuru chemugove wayo.
Nezvikonzero izvi, Ko Durban 2013 ichazivikanwa semutsivi ane musoro wekutanga kuvezwa kweAfrica: Berlin 1885?
Kuvaka pasi-kumusoro veruzhinji network yekuongorora, kutarisa uye kumiririra manzwi akanyarara ekupokana hakuna kumbobvira kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Chimwe chikamu chechirongwa ichi chinosanganisira ongororo yezvakanakira nekuipira kweBrics.
Tinovimba kuti iwe muverengi unogona kupinda munhaurirano iyi nekuti kubva kuAfrica, zvishoma zvakataurwa pamusoro peBrics, zvichipihwa zviri munjodzi.