Mwedzi uno takanzwa maonero anoshamisa kubva kune vepamusoro vachipemberera kudonha kwemutengo wedhora.
Mutori wenhau wezvehupfumi weNew York Times Daniel Altman: 'Kuderera kwedhora kunogona kuenderera mberi nehurongwa uye husina kunaka. Upfumi hwaigona kuona izvo, mumamiriro ezvinhu, zvingave zvakanakisa pasi rose: dhora rakaderera richibatsira kutsigira kutengeswa kweAmerica kunze, nepo mari yekunze ichiramba ichimhanya ichipinda munyika.'
Magazini inonzi The Economist: 'Upfumi hwenyika hunogona kunyatsobatsirwa nokuderera zvishoma nezvishoma mumamiriro egirinhi. Zvingabatsira kuderedza kusaenzana kweakaundi yepasi rose uye, nekuchinja kugadzirwa kwezvinhu muAmerica inotengeserana, zvaizoderedza hupfumi hweUnited States sezvo bubble redzimba rayo rinoputika.'
Bhanga reNyika: 'Kumhara kwakapfava kunoramba kuripo? kunyangwe zvingatora makore akati wandei kupfuura nguva yedu yepakati-yekufungidzira (2006-08) kushaikwa kweakaundi yeUS kusati kwasvika mazinga akasimba'.
Makore maviri apfuura, mune imwe tsananguro yeZNet - 'Nguva yakaoma yeUS capitalism?' - Ndakavhura nekupa zano kuti 'tarisiro yeUS economic empire kugumburwa, kugumburwa, uye pamwe kutoputsika inogamuchirwa zvechokwadi.' Iko chaiko hapana chikonzero chekugadzirisa kuongororwa, kunyangwe nzira dzeWashington-dzokutarisira dambudziko dzakachengeta humambo hwayo kubva mukudzikira nekukurumidza sezvaunoda.
Rangarira zvinhu zvitatu zvepakati zvekunetsekana kwedu pamusoro pepasi rose capitalism iri pasi pesimba. Chekutanga, dambudziko re 'kuwedzeredza' (kudyara kwakawandisa maererano nezvinodiwa zvekubuda) - rakaonekwa mukati me1960s-90s nekuderera kwekuwedzera kweiyo capita GDP kukura uye nekudonha kwemakambani purofiti (net of interest) - yakadzingwa uye yakaderedzwa. , asi pamutengo wekunetseka kwakanyanya kwehupfumi mumwedzi nemakore zviri mberi.
Chechipiri, kuderera kwechinguvana kwekuwandisa kwepamusoro kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwechikwereti uye chiitiko chemusika wemari - kunyanya chakanangana nekutengesa zvivakwa kusvika gore rino, asi kune mamwe misika yekufungidzira zvakare - inoenda kure nekugona kwekugadzirwa kwecapitalist kusangana nemitengo yemapepa mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.
Chechitatu, kushanduka kwenzvimbo mukugadzirwa uye zvemari kunoramba kuchiunza kusagadzikana kwakanyanya kwehupfumi uye kusawirirana kwenzvimbo, zvichikonzera kusaenzana kwemari nemisika pamwe nekumanikidza kubva kumisika yemacapitalist kuti ipinde munzvimbo dzisiri dzehupfumi hwevanhu uye zvisikwa, mukutsvaga purofiti yakadzoreredzwa. .
Ndapedza svondo rapfuura ndiri mumakomo ekumaodzanyemba kweMalawi, ndichidzidzisa kosi padivi nenhetembo Dennis Brutus, uye ndichishanda kuburikidza neaya masimba neboka repamusoro-soro revaratidziri gumi nevaviri vanonyanya kuchengetedza chikafu, HIV/AIDS, mvura, budiriro yemadhorobha uye kurwisana nehuwori munharaunda.
Imwe yenyika dzine hurombo zvikuru pasi rose, Malawi iri pasi pehurumende dzinopa mari dzekuMadokero - idzo dzinobhadhara mari yakawanda yehurumende uye dzinobhadhara chishomeka chekutengeserana - uye Bretton Woods Institutions, iyo inopawo gurukota rezvemari reko muhoro wepamusoro.
Kune vanhuwo zvavo hapana kuvandudzwa kuri pachena, tinoudzwa, kunyangwe kuderedzwa kwechikwereti chekunze, mitengo yakakwira yezvimwe zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye nemitengo yakaderera yezvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa neAsia, uye tarisiro yekutengeswa kweuranium mushure mekunge imba yemugodhi yekuAustralia, Paladin, yatanga. chirongwa chainoti chinogona kusimudzira GDP ne5%.
Apo NGO groundWork neCentre for Civil Society zvakapa maSouthern Africa 'Corpse Awards' - mutambo wepagore wekunyomba mabhizimisi makuru - kuDurban mwedzi wapera, Paladin akatora mubairo we'Pick the Public Pocket', nekuda kwekudomwa kubva Malawi mapoka anoti Citizens for Justice, Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation, Foundation for Community Support Services, Karonga Development Trust neUraha Foundation Malawi.
Maererano nerumbidzo (www.groundwork.org.za): 'Munyaya yakanyanyisa yemakaro asina kupfeka, Paladin ari kukurudzira hurumende yeMalawi kuti iite zororo remutero remakore gumi nematanhatu. Nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, Paladin haina kuzeza munzvimbo dzakaparadzwa dzevanhu veko. Vatotanga kuvaka mugodhi uyu kunyangwe vasina kupihwa rezenisi.'
Ndiko rudzi urwu rwekupambwa kweNyika Yetatu uko mari yakawedzera kushanduka, chimiro che 'kuunganidza nekubviswa' (sekutaura kunoita purofesa weCity University yeNew York David Harvey) iyo inosvika kure kupfuura hukama hwemusika.
Achibatsirwa nehurongwa hwemari huri kuramba huchikura uye kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasirese, maitiro akadai ekutamiswa kwedambudziko anga achiwedzera mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura. Maitiro mukati memakore mashanu achangopfuura kana zvakadaro anoratidza budiriro - asiwo miganho - yekutarisira dambudziko, kunyanya muUS, Europe neJapan:
o kuwedzera kwepurofiti yemakambani, asi ichiperekedzwa nekudyara kwakashata kwemakambani muzvirimwa zvitsva nemidziyo;
oa kudzoreredza mukutengeserana, kuyerera kwekudyara kwekunze uye misika yemasheya mushure mekutanga kwa2000 kuderera, asi zvakanyanya nekuda kwekupisa China uye kusanganisa uye kutora mania, kwete mitsva yekubudirira kana misika;
o kukwira kweUS neJapan kushomeka kwemari, pasina iyo kukura kungadai kwakave kushomeka kwemari;
o kushomeka kwekutengeserana kweUS kusati kwamboitika (kunyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekutenga kunze kwenyika kweChinese);
o kuchinja kubva muna 2002 mumitengo yezvinhu zvakasvibiswa (kunyanya simba nemaminerari / simbi) asi nenzira inoyeuchidza mabhubhu ekufungidzira;
o 'chaiyo' (mushure mekukwira kwemitengo) mibairo iri pasi pe1% kubva 2001, zvisinei nechikamu chidiki gumi nenomwe chakawedzerwa neUS Federal Reserve kubvira 17;
oa kukurumidza-kukwira kwechikwereti cheimba / asset ratio muUS;
o 18% inodonha mukukosha kwedhora kubva pakutanga kwayo 2002 kumusoro kusvika zvino; uye
o basa ririkuenderera mberi rehupfumi hweAsia huri kusimukira, kunyanya China, semainjini ekukura kwenyika, achiverengera hafu yekuwedzera kweGDP yepasirese kubvira 2000.
Imwe yematambudziko asingatarisirwi asi anotyisa kuUS ibhubhu redzimba, iro rakakwira muna 2005. Pakazosvika chikamu chechitatu chegore ra2006, kukanganisa kwedzimba pakukura kweUS kwaive kwakashata 1.1 muzana, kuzungunuka kukuru kubva pagore. isati yasvika 0.5 mapoinzi, uye kubva kune ichiri yakakura yakanaka mugove mukati mekutanga kwema2000.
Ko nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinoti chii nezvese izvi? Tsananguro dzavo uye zvikonzero zvedambudziko riri pachena, kutengeserana kweUS uye kushomeka kwebhajeti, zvinowira pasi kune zvinhu zvina:
o mwero wepasi weUS wekuchengetedza nyika, uri pasi pe14% mukutanga kwema2000;
o zvakanaka zvinorehwa ne 'hupfumi hutsva' hwekudyara kweUS, izvo zvanga zvakadzikama zvakadzika zvishoma pane 20% yeGDP mukati ma1990s-2000s, ingangoenzana neEurope neLatin America asi yakaderera pane yeJapan 25% nedzimwe nyika dzekuEast Asia. ' 33%;
o nharo yekuti 'global savings glut' - ingangoita 2% yakakwirira kudarika mazinga ekuma1990 - inobvumira mibereko yakaderera muUS kuwedzera kune mari inowanikwa; uye
oa 'Sino-American codependency' mamiriro nekuda kwekudzivirira njodzi neChinese nevamwe vanoisa mari muAsia mushure medambudziko ra1997-98.
Asi maererano naBarry Eichengreen weBrookings Institute, 'izvi zvina zvezvinhu zvinotsigira kusaenzana kwepasi rose uye kushomeka kweUS hazvizogara nekusingaperi. Pachafanira kugadziridzwa, mubvunzo uri pakuti ichauya nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare uye kuti ichange yakarongeka here kana kuti isina kurongeka.'
Eichengreen haisi kutombogadzirisa mukugadzirisa kuti misika yemari yepasi rose uye masangano anodzorwa neUS - kunyanya World Bank neInternational Monetary Fund - vakamanikidza vamwe, kumwewo.
Semuenzaniso, South Africa, Turkey neColombia dzakatambura kuparara kwemari kunopesana ne euro ye25-33% gore rino chete, uye pamusoro pemakore gumi nemaviri apfuura, dzimwe nyika dzine mari yepakati - Mexico, yakawanda yeEastern Europe, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, Brazil, Argentina - vakave nehupfumi hwavo hwakaderedzwa nevepasi rose vane mari, zvakanyanya kubatsira US neEurope. (Japan yakanyanya kunyura mukumira mukati memakore gumi nemashanu apfuura.)
Kunze kweUS, kwave ne'nguva refu yekukura kwakamira kana kusakura', rinobvuma iro World Bank mubhuku raro richangoburwa, Global Economic Prospects 2007: 'Makore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura anga aine zvipingaidzo zvakawanda zviri kukanganisa kukura munyika dzichiri kusimukira? [ne] zvikonzero chaizvo zvenguva idzi dzekukura kwekuora mwoyo kubva kudambudziko rechikwereti cheLatin America muma25, Middle East neNorth Africa's (uye, kusvika padiki, simba reAfrica), uye kubuda kweEurope neCentral Asia kubva mukushanduka kwayo kuenda. hupfumi hwakavakirwa pamisika.'
Asi nguva pfupi yadarika, iyo Bank inoti, kufambira mberi kuri kunyorwa:
o mamwe mazinga echikwereti akasimba (kunyanya kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira paavhareji),
o hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana hunovimba zvishoma nezvinhu zvinoshanduka,
oa basa rakakura kwazvo remasevhisi (ayo anowanzoita kushomeka),
o yakawanda yakagadziridzwa manejimendi ekugadzira ane yakaderera evesheni (iyo yaiwanzova chinhu chikuru mumabhizinesi apfuura), uye
o zvirinani macroeconomic management, kunyanya mutemo wemari.
Zvikumbiro zvakadaro - zvinokahadzika mune dzakawanda zviitiko, uye nekusaziva kusaziva kwekudzika - kwaita kuti varume vakaita saAltman uye Economist vapepeti vanyanye smug. Kusiyana neizvi, mamwe maempire ekuona ari kure anonetsekana nezve systemic simba shanduko mushure mekuenderera mberi kwemari nekutengeserana kugadzirisa.
Sekureva kwaMenzie Chinn, mune rimwe bepa rakatumirwa gore rapfuura kuCouncil on Foreign Relations, 'Yambiro pamusoro penzira yeAmerica iripo zvino inopiwa nokurasikirwa kweBritain nemasimba ehondo nezvematongerwe enyika muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri; Kubudirira uku kwakatevera kuchinja kubva kune mukwereti kuenda kune mukwereti. Saizvozvowo, kuderera kwenguva refu kwemutengo wedhora uye kuwedzera kwechikwereti kuchabvisa hutongi hweAmerica mune zvematongerwo enyika uye chengetedzo.'
Chinn akaenderera mberi achiti: 'Maitiro aya ari kukanganisa basa redhora semari yepasi rose inofambisa kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika nezvemari, chinhu icho United States yakawana zvisingayereki kubva mumakore apfuura. Dhora risina simba rinoderedzawo simba reAmerica mumasangano ezvemari epasi rose akaita seWorld Bank neIMF. Chekupedzisira, kudzikira kwemari yekuAmerica kunoreva kuti dhora rega rega rerubatsiro rwemauto nebudiriro harina zvarinoita panguva chaiyo iyo nyika yakatarisana nematambudziko makuru. Kutyisidzira ikoko tinofuratira nengozi yedu.'
Kune avo vanopikisa imperialism, kutyisidzira kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa chete kana kuramba kwepasirese kuUS-yakatarisana neoliberalism kukawedzera nekukurumidza uye zvine mutsindo, zvinoenderana nekukundwa kuri kuuya kwePentagon muIraq neAfghanistan, kuwedzera kwesangano reUS neoconservative, kurasikirwa kweLatin America simba renyika, World Trade Organisation ichangopinda mukusakosha, uye matambudziko emari eIMF akasara ari mumwe wevarongi vezvehupfumi hwenyika (nekuda kwekukurumidza kubhadharwa kwezvikwereti nevakwereta vakati wandei).
Zvisinganyanyi kufara, zvisinei, Bhizinesi reWorld Economic Prospects rinoratidza zvinhu zvitatu zvakaderera pakudyidzana kwepasirese - 'kusaenzana kuri kukura, kudzvanyirira mumisika yevashandi uye kutyisidzira kune mubatanidzwa wepasi rose' - izvo 'zvisiri pachena chete mukudyidzana kwepasirese kwazvino' asi 'kungangoitika. kuva acute. Kana masimba aya akasiyiwa asina kudzorwa, anogona kunonotsa kana kutokanganisa kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose.'
Bhanga rinoona kuti kutyisidzira kubva 'kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kusagadzikana munharaunda, kana kuwedzera kutsva kwevadziviriri vangangove kwakakomba', muchidimbu nekuti 'kudzokera kuvashandi vane hunyanzvi kucharamba kuchiwedzera nekukurumidza kupfuura avo kune vashandi vasina hunyanzvi, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera mihoro yemazuva ano. maitiro anoonekwa munyika zhinji, kana dzisiri zhinji.
Kana zvirizvo, 2007 igore rakakosha kutyisidzira mubatanidzwa wemaneoliberals uye neoconservatives vari kutungamira masangano epasi rose uye mazhinji enyika dzeG8. Kuratidzira kwakanaka kwevaAustralia kuchikwata cheG20 chemwedzi wapera chemakurukota ezvemari kunogona kudzokororwa mukati megore muCape Town, apo Trevor Manuel wekuSouth Africa anenge achitambira boka iri.
Zvichakadaro, veEuropean activists vachazunungusa G8 muGermany muna Chikunguru. IMF neWorld Bank vanodzoka kubva kuSingapore yavo ya2006 yakachengeteka kuenda kuWashington kumisangano yegore munaGunyana uye pasina mubvunzo yakavandudza kuratidzira.
Kuratidzira kunopesana nehondo kuMiddle East neZionism kuchawedzera. Pachave nekurwira kodzero dzevabvakure nedzevechidiki, mabasa nehutongi hwehupfumi, kuwana mishonga uye mamwe mabasa akabviswa veruzhinji akaita sedzidzo, mvura nemagetsi. Hondo dzekurwisana nerusaruraganda uye rusaruraganda dzichaenderera mberi. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri pane ese ezvemamiriro ekunze 'radar skrini, nekushomeka kwakaderera kune emanyepo makuru nzira sekutengesa kabhoni uye offset.
Sezvo Brutus akaudza vanhu vekuMalawi, 'World Social Forum muNairobi mwedzi unouya inotipa mukana wekubatanidza kushanda nesimba kwekururamisira, uye apo isu tinotora mukana wekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika kukunda kudyidzana kwepasi rose, tinofanira kugadzirisa kurongeka kwedu kumba, tichibatanidza. nyaya dzose idzi nepatinogona napo.'