Kwemakore makumi mapfumbamwe, takamirira kuona zvakabatanidzwa zvenzvimbo nezvematongerwo enyika zvekuwana vanhustan yemudhorobha munzvimbo diki kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweJohannesburg inonzi Alexandra Township. Nhasi ranga riri zuva rekusimuka, nekufora kwehurumende kweSouth Africa kwakanyanyisa kurwisa hurumende kubva 1994 vachikwevera vanosvika zviuru makumi maviri (maererano neBBC) mukati nekubuda muAlexandra. Vakafora makiromita gumi pazuva rinopisa, rinopisa, vachienda kunzvimbo yeWorld Summit on Sustainable Development, vachishora vanhu vepasi rose pamwe nekutonga muPretoria nekusaguma kweneoliberalism.
Rakanga riri zuva risingadaviriki, uye kuita kwangu kukuru ipfungwa yakazvininipisa yekukosha kwakadzama kwenhoroondo: kurwira kirasi/nharaunda kwakazoyambuka mugwagwa mukuru unoparadzanisa sabhabhu yakapfuma kwazvo munyika, Sandton, kubva kune imwe yevarombo. Nekuti kunyangwe pakati pemakore ekuma1980 kureba kwehudzvanyiriri hwekupokana nerusaruraganda, pfungwa yekuti makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vaigona kufamba vakananga kumavirira kubva kuAlexandra pamusoro penzira ine mitsetse misere uye kupinda mugomba rehukuru-hedonistic bourgeoisie yainzi isingafungidzike.
Kubva na9 am mhomho yevanhu vakaungana kufora ye "United Social Movements". Mubatanidzwa wemaminetsi ekupedzisira wakaunza Social Movements Indaba, iyo pachayo inosanganisira vanorwisa hupfumi uye Jubilee South radicalist vekunze kubva kuSouthern Africa, pamwe neLandless People's Movement, Via Campesina nemazana akati wandei anofambira mberi. (Kuti unzwe nezvekupatsanurwa kwezvematongerwo enyika zvinofambira mberi muSA, ona chinyorwa changu cheZNet, 28 Chikunguru.) Tsvuku negirini, yemaguta nemaruwa, yemuno neyepasi rose, inozvimiririra uye yesocialist yakasangana zvakanaka.
Iri pamusoro pemupata paive nedenga raipenya reSandton, rakanyanya kuvakwa mukati mekufamba kwema1990 kweguta chena kubva kuCentral Business District. The Convention Center uko nhumwa dzeWSSD 6,000 dzaishanda dzakagara padyo neCitibank's Africa muzinda, mumumvuri weMichaelangelo Hotel uye nepamusoro peSandton City skyscraper nenzvimbo yezvitoro.
VaAlexandra vane hukama hwei nevavakidzani vavo vakapfuma? Mafemu emari eSandton, mahotera uye zvitoro zvakasarudzika zvinokwevera vashandi kwenguva yakareba, inobhadharwa mari shoma mukuchengetedza, kuchenesa uye mabasa evafundisi. Kana vangodzima, Alexandrans inokurumidza kudzingwa kubva mukushandisa nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira, kuvengana kwekirasi kwakajeka uye kuongorora kwakanyanya.
Vanodzokera kumatangwena nekuputsika kwemasuweji. Kwemakumi ezviuru akawanda, pombi imwe chete yemvura pane dzimwe nguva inoshumira mhuri 40 mutsvina yakazarisa. Panyaya iyi, hapana chakanyanya kushanduka kubva pakasvika demokrasi muna 1994, kunze kwedzimba nyowani asi diki pagomo rekumabvazuva kwetaundishipi, uye chirongwa chakashata chekubvisa zvitangwena nekutamisa vanhu murukova rune tsvina rwunopfuura nemuzvitangwena.
Zvakangokosha senzira yekufananidzira yekufora yaive hondo dzenhamba uye dzechishuwo: vakazvimiririra vakasiya vakazvishamisa nekunyatsoridza hwamanda masangano ane ruzhinji. "Global Civil Society Forum" inotsigirwa nemasangano evashandi, machechi neANC pachayo yakakwezva vangangosvika zviuru zvishanu kunhandare yenhabvu yeAlexandra kuti vanzwe Mbeki maawa maviri gare gare. Panyaya yemakwikwi aya yaive mbiri mune zvematongerwo enyika yeSouth Africa uye kugona kwevezvematongerwo enyika vePretoria kuvanza kupokana kwakadzama kubva kuvatungamiriri venyika.
Kuedza kwaMbeki kutonga kweSouth Africa-uye kupokana kwepasi rose-kwemagariro nehupfumi kwave pasina nhasi. Sangano reSA NGO Coalition remasangano anokwana zviuru zvitatu, rakanga rabuda nezuro wacho richiti bato reANC ndiro riri kukanganisa gungano iri. Vaifora vasingasviki chiuru cheCivil Society Forum vakabuda munhandare rwendo rurefu rwekuenda kuSandton, uye vazhinji veivava (kunyanya maPalestine) vakanga vavharirwa kare pavakaedza kubuda, sezvo kufora kukuru kwakapfuura pedyo.
Mutaundishipi yanga isina kurongeka, nekuda kwekukamukana kwakawanda mune zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda mumakore gumi apfuura, kukwezva kweAlexandrans kuUnited Social Movements pachinzvimbo cheboka rinotsigira hurumende kwaiburitsa. Social Movements Indaba yakanga yati svondo rakanga rapfuura, “Tichatora Sandton!”–asi neimwe nzira mubvunzo wekutanga waiva wekuti, ndiani aizokunda mwoyo nepfungwa dzaAlexandra?
Nezuro, manheru ekufora kukuru, kukunda kwaMbeki svondo rega-rega kweruzhinji mue-zine ANC Nhasi (http://www.anc.org.za) kusanganisira chinotevera chakatambudzwa:
“Kupatsanurana kukuru zvekuti kunyangwe vazhinji vari kurwisana munhaurirano dzeWSSD kuti zvibude zvine musoro zvichabatsira mabhiriyoni evarombo munyika yedu, Africa nepasirese, kune vamwewo vanoti vanomiririra zvakafanana. ruzhinji rwevanhu, avo vanoti vazvisungirira kuita nenzira inoita kuti Musangano uyu waparara.
“Ava havadi chero nhaurirano nenhaurirano. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vakasarudza kupikisa uye kukunda UN, hurumende dzose dzepasi, masangano ehurumende, masangano makuru emasangano ehurumende anotora chikamu muSummit uye nyika yebhizimisi, ose ari kuita maitiro. hazvina kusiyana nezvinoitika nguva nenguva mumitemo yedu ine makamuri mana eNEDLAC, ayo anosanganisira hurumende, mabhizimisi, vashandi pamwe nemasangano asiri ehurumende.
“Vane pfungwa idzi, dzavanogara vachitaura vakasununguka munyika medu, pasina chinovakanganisa, vanewo maonero avo ehupfumi. Sezvimwe nemamwe mazano uye maonero pamusoro pemubvunzo wepakati weramangwana revanhu, tinofanira kufunga uye kuvapindura zvine musoro, chero chii chiri kuitika mumigwagwa yeJohannesburg, kuitira rubatsiro rwepasi rose.
Nekufora kwakapetwa kakapetwa kamakumi maviri kwevanhu veUnited Social Movements, uye nenhandare isina vanhu vakawanda sevateereri vake nhasi, Mbeki anofanira kunge akazununguka. Mukuru wake wezvematongerwo enyika, gurukota muhofisi yemutungamiri wenyika, Essop Pahad, akange aita zvese zvaaigona kudzikamisa kukuvara uku asi, achipindura zvisina musoro, zvakatowedzera.
Sezvineiwo, "benefits yepasi rose media media" yaive chikonzero, asi kudivi reUnited Social Movements. Kutariswa nepasi rose ndiko kwakaparira dzvinyiriro yeruzhinji yaidiwa kunyange kuwana mvumo yemapurisa yokufora kwekuratidzira.
Kuratidza divi rakasviba repfungwa dzaMbeki, kupera kwevhiki kwapfuura, kunze kwemusuwo mukuru weyunivhesiti yangu (Witwatersrand), boka remapurisa remhirizhonga rakavhara kufora kune runyararo kwevanhu vangangosvika mazana manomwe vasina chinhu chinotsamwisa kupfuura makenduru. Takanga taswera tichiita musangano neInternational Forum on Globalization (http://www.ifg.org), pakudoka kwezuva, mutungamiri weSoweto, Trevor Ngwane akazivisa gungano kuti vatsigiri veSocial Movements Indaba vaida kufora vakabatana nemazana evanhu. akanga achangosungwa nemapurisa pamberi peWSSD yekutyisidzira (http://southafrica.indymedia.org).
Ruzhinji rwakabata makenduru ndokutevera, nechikomborero cheIFG chenyanzvi. Mukati me200 metres yekubva pachikoro, takavandirwa tikaparadzirwa nemagirinedhi masere. Vandana Shiva, Maude Barlow, Tony Clarke, Naomi Klein nevamwe vazhinji vanovhenekera vaive kumberi, vachinzvenga kurwiswa kwemapurisa. Mushure mekubatana patsva, takadzokera kumashure pakabuda makombi kuti asungwe vanhu vakawanda, izvo zvaisakwanisa kuitwa nevesangano revanhu.
Nezuro bepanhau reMail and Guardian remangwanani rakapa ruregerero rwusati rwamboitika kubva kuSouth African National Intelligence Agency nekuda kwemapurisa "kunyanyisa," asi kukanganisa kukuru kwekuzvizivisa kwaMbeki semutongi wedemocrat kwakaitwa. BBC nezvimwe zvitoro zvakamhanya nyaya sekutungamira Svondo rapfuura.
Zvakanyanya, vatsigiri veOntario Coalition Against Poverty vakaratidzira kuSA Consulate muToronto neChitatu mukubatana nemushandirapamwe werusununguko rweSouth Africa. Pakupedzisira, mukupera kwesvondo, mushure mekunge vatungamiriri vevashandi vapindira nevakuru, kufora kwanhasi kwakapihwa mvumo iyo Pretoria yaida kuramba ichiramba. Zvishandiso zvaMbeki zvine pfuti zvekuchengetedza zvakange zvino zvadzikama.
Zvimwe chete hazvigone kutaurwa kuna Pahad, aimbova mupepeti weEastern European World Marxist Review. Mukutanga kwesvondo pazvairatidza kuti tsitsi dzenhepfenyuro dzakanga dzaenda kune vaitungamirira varwiri vehondo, Ngwane naDennis Brutus, Pahad akanyora tsamba inoudza bepanhau guru renyika, Sowetan, ichiguma neiyi mitsetse:
"Brutus akanyangarika pasina kana tsvakiridzo kubva muhondo yekurwisa rusaruraganda makore mazhinji 1994 asati asvika, uye akatangazve mumakore mashoma apfuura kuti ape humbowo kuhurumende yegutsaruzhinji nezvirongwa zvekudzoreredza Africa. Zvisinei, kusvika pamwero wokuti pane dzimwe nyaya dzakadai sokubvisa kusaenzana kwenyika yose, tingabvumirana, zvichida pane tariro yokushandira pamwe. Tikugashirei kumba Dennis the Menace!
"Ndinovimba panguva ino uchagara, zviri nani kutenda kuti isu hatigone kubvumira zvatakawana zvine mwero kukanganisa nekusagadzikana. Vanopikisa democracy vanotsvaka kuparadza kwakadaro. Asi kana muchida kuenda kunoratidzira kumwe kunhu, tinogona kungopindura: et tu Brute! Rombo rakanaka."
Pasina kupokana kuzvidemba kwaPahad, mweya wekuratidzira kune imwe nzvimbo-Seattle, Washington, Prague, Quebec City, Genoa, New York-yakaitwa naBrutus yakauya kumba naye nhasi, sezvo aimbove musungwa weRobben Island ane makore 78 akatambira zvinopfuura kungoona. yeAnti-global-apartheid activism kune WSSD kuratidzira.
Kunyangwe pasina mumwe munhu wesangano repasi rose kunze kwaBrutus akataura pamusangano wekupedzisira weUnited Social Movements, vaisafanira kudaro. Mazwi akaburitswa naDennis pano zvino anoimba nziyo dzemanyepo nezve global capitalism, World Bank, IMF neWTO, neUS imperialism inogona kunyevera chero munhu ane moyo wepasi rose.
Pakasvika 4pm Pahad paakasvika pagungano kuti agamuchire memorandamu yakanyorerwa Mbeki chete (hapana anotsiva anotenderwa), murwiri wenharaunda Virginia Setshedi akamukwevera panhandare ndokubvunza mhomho, "Tinoda kunzwa kubva kuna comrade Pahad?" Mhinduro: "Phansi!" (Pasi! Kure!). (Handina kuona chiso chaBrutus sezvo Pahad akanga atendeuka, asi ndinogona kufungidzira kugutsikana.)
Zvisinei, kwakanga kusiri mubatanidzwa mutsva uyu wemapato akasiyiwa asina kupesana kwawo. Pakavhurwa musangano wekupedzisira, mutauriri weboka revanhu vasina minda akashevedzera kuti, “Viva Robert Mugabe, Viva!–Viva ZanuPF, Viva!”, vachiombera maoko zvakasimba kubva kunhumwa huru dzekumaruwa.
Vatungamiriri veSouth Africa vane matarenda vasina minda vakanga vakwezva zviuru nezviuru kubva munyika yose. Vakashandura nehunyanzvi nzvimbo yavo yekusangana kubva panzvimbo yakasiiwa, yesurreal 1960s yevaraidzo padyo neSoweto kuenda kunzvimbo uko kukakavadzana kwakaitika uye uko, mumashopu madiki evanhu vekumaruwa, vadzidzisi venzvimbo vakanaka vakabatana nevaongorori vepasi rese vakaita saBerkeley geographer Gillian Hart (munyori webhuku idzva rinoshamisa. "Disbling Globalisation").
Zvichakadaro, musangano wevasina minda uyu wanga uzere nevimbiso asi kune hunza, sekuonekwa kwesangano iri richifarira kukokwa kwaVaMugabe nekutambirwa kunhandare yendege yeJohannesburg nhasi masikati pamberi pemusangano wevatungamiri venyika kutanga mangwana.
Ngwane akatora maikorofoni mushure mekunge zita remutongi weZimbabwe rataurwa: “Kunyange tichifara kuva nekubatana nevasina minda, tinopokana neruremekedzo panyaya yaVaMugabe. Mudzvinyiriri uye akauraya zvizvarwa zveZimbabwe zvakawanda.” Mhirizhonga yemvumo yakatevera kubva, pakati pevamwe, veZimbabwe Coalition on Debt and Development iro rakanga rafamba zuva rose nebhazi kuti riuye.
Sezvineiwo, panguva imwe cheteyo, ANC yainge iine manyemwe kubva mukushoropodzwa kwepasi rose mukupikisa kushandiswa kwezwi rekuti “Zanufication”. Mukutanga kwegore, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri webato reCommunist, Jeremy Cronin, vakapindura vachishoropodzwa nemudzidzi wekuCanada, John Saul mubepanhau reMonthly Review, vachibvuma, munhaurirano isina kujeka padandemutande, kuti hutungamiriri hwebato riri kutonga hune hudzvinyiriri hwaVaMugabe hunosanganisira kunyararidza kusiya chokwadi. tsoropodzo (http://www.comms.dcu.ie/sheehanh/sheehan.htm).
Chaizvoizvo, kubvunzurudzwa kwaCronin kwaive kudzivirira-kweruoko kwekutsvaga basa rezvematongerwo enyika mukati meANC. Asi vaimushora vaimupomera mhosva yokupandukira hurumende, vakamutambidza kadhi remujaho, uye vakamuti akumbire ruregerero kana kuti adzingwe. Zvinonyadzisa, kuratidzira 1930s kuratidza miedzo, Cronin akati ndine urombo zvisingaverengeki. Vaimuyemura vakatonyanya kuzvidemba, nokuti uku kwaiva kuzvipa basa kunonyadzisa zvikuru.
Saizvozvowo, kutadza kwebato rerusununguko kuruboshwe muSACP neCongress of SA Trade Unions kutarisira uye kubuda mhirizhonga itsva yemagariro, iko zvino, yakabatanidzwa mundangariro dzedu dzisingakanganwiki dzechiitiko chanhasi. “Masangano matsva asvika,” akadaro Ngwane, uye munhu wose akaziva kuti chaiva chokwadi uye chaicho.
Vakuru vari kuona kubva munzvimbo dzakatenderedza Sandton skyscrapers vanoyambirwa. Pavanotadza svondo rino kuita chero zvibvumirano zveWSSD zvekuunza kupasi kana vanhu, zvinongosimbisa kunyangadza kwezita reJohannesburg pakati pevanoona nezvezvakatipoteredza uye vanofambira mberi. Asi mazita ekuti Alexandra naSandton nhasi ane tang yakasiyana zvachose, yevashambadzi vanodada vakatyora zvipingamupinyi zvinotyisa, kupinda munhoroondo yeruboshwe yenyika uye neramangwana.
(Patrick Bond anodzidzisa paWits University uye munyori webhuku rinonzi “Unsustainable South Africa: Environment, Development and Social Protest,” rinowanikwa pahttp://www.unpress.co.za uye kuburikidza neMerlin Press, London neAfrica World Press, Trenton. )